Research Library — Analysierte Artikel

Jede Studie mit einer eigenständigen ASH-Relevanzanalyse (2.288 Artikel), nach Thema gruppiert.

Zuletzt aktualisiert: 18. Juni 2026Geprüft von: ASH Editorial Board

Forschungsindex

Jeder dieser 2.288 Artikel enthält eine eigenständige, abstractbasierte Relevanznotiz der ASH: was die Studie untersucht hat, warum sie für die Hirudotherapie und das Sekretom des medizinischen Blutegels relevant ist, sowie einen ehrlichen Evidenzvorbehalt. Studien, die nur einen bloßen importierten Abstract enthalten, bleiben in der Smart Library suchbar, werden jedoch aus diesem Verzeichnis herausgehalten.

Klinische Studien (971)

Leech Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis — The Landmark RCT — Michalsen et al. (2003)
Leech-Assisted Flap Salvage — Systematic Review of 277 Cases — Whitaker et al. (2012)
Auswirkungen der Hirudotherapie auf Leberfunktionen, Lipidprofil und Insulinsensitivität bei Ratten mit metabolischem Syndrom — Bilden A et al. (2026)
Efficacy and Safety of Hirudotherapy for Improving Sperm Quality Parameters in Male Infertility: A Randomized Controlled Trial — Abtahi-Forooshani M et al. (2026)
Reverse Sural Flap Venous Congestion Successfully Managed With Enoxaparin in a Male Patient With a Traumatic Foot Crush Injury: A Case Report — Velasco-Bustamante J et al. (2026)
Investigation of the therapeutic effects of medicinal leech treatment on lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion injury — Ünal K et al. (2026)
Wirksamkeit der Therapie mit medizinischen Blutegeln bei unterschiedlichen klinischen Anwendungen: Eine umfassende Studie aus Aserbaidschan — Farzali S et al. (2025)
HIRUDOTHERAPY IN RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY: CASE-REPORTS AND REVIEW — Heinz P et al. (2020)
Hirudotherapy in Wound Healing — Nair H et al. (2022)
Hirudotherapy for limb ischemia in the pediatric intensive care unit: A retrospective observational cohort — Resch J et al. (2022)
Controversy: hirudotherapy (leech therapy) as an alternative treatment for osteoarthritis — Gunawan F et al. (2015)
Hirudotherapy in veterinary medicine — Sobczak N, Kantyka M (2014)
Kutanes Pseudolymphom durch Hirudotherapie — Temiz S et al. (2019)
Medicinal leech therapy (hirudotherapy): a brief overview — Singh A (2010)
Management of Chronic Non-healing Wounds by Hirudotherapy — Iqbal A et al. (2017)
Lichen Planus Due to Hirudotherapy — Daye M, Işık B, Kılınç F (2021)
Kutanes Pseudolymphom nach Hirudotherapie: Fallbericht und Übersicht — Hanner S et al. (2022)
HIRUDOTHERAPY IN PRESBYACUZIS PRAECOX IN CLEAN-UP WORKERS AFTER THE CHORNOBYL ACCIDENT DURING THE POST-CATASTROPHE YEARS — Zabolotnyi D, Mishchanchuk N (2019)
Intraoral Hirudotherapy for Venous Congestion following Free Flap Head and Neck Reconstruction: Novel Intraoral Technique — Amanian A et al. (2022)
Hirudotherapie lindert arthritische Schmerzen bei Patienten mit verschiedenen chronischen Schmerzsyndromen: eine retrospektive Analyse — Loeser J et al. (2020)
Hirudotherapy for neonatal limb ischemia during ECMO support: A word of caution — Resch J et al. (2021)
Hirudotherapy for Venous Congestion in an Almost Completely Avulsed Earlobe without Microsurgical Repair — Vargas N et al. (2023)
Leech Me Alone! Atraumatic Hemarthrosis after Hirudotherapy — Curcio J, Lloyd C (2020)
Investigation of oxidant-antioxidant status in patients treated with hirudotherapy: an experimental study — Sarikan I, Savas H (2024)
Leech therapy — Yantis M, O'Toole K, Ring P (2009)
Verbesserung der Symptome der peripheren arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit durch Hirudotherapie — Afify O, Alkhouri S, Lauder N (2021)
Beneficial effects of hirudotherapy in a chronic case of complex regional pain syndrome — Kulbida R, Mathes A, Loeser J (2019)
Leech therapeutic applications — Abdualkader A et al. (2013)
The Relationship between Explanation and Patient Compliance in Hirudotherapy — Kim K et al. (2017)
Scientometric analysis of medicinal leech therapy — Şenel E, Taylan Özkan A, Mumcuoglu K (2020)
Non-Occlusive Mesenteric Ischemia Due to Hirudotherapy: A Case Report — Akalın Ç, Ekmen N (2020)
Ein Fallbericht: Hirudotherapie als Behandlungsmodalität in der Mikrochirurgie — Arusan S et al. (2013)
Medicinal leech therapy-an overall perspective — Sig A et al. (2017)
Hirudotherapie in der Behandlung peripherer kochleovestibulärer Störungen vaskulärer Genese — Morozova S, Aksenova O (2009)
Der Einfluss der Hirudotherapie auf den biochemischen Status von Patienten mit Gonarthrose — Luneva S et al. (2011)
Treatment Protocol for Compromised Nasal Skin — Kerolus J, Nassif P (2019)
Wound healing potential of bark paste of Pongamia pinnata along with hirudotherapy: A case report — Balasooriya D, Karunarathna C, Uluwaduge I (2021)
Leech Therapy Following Digital Replantation and Revascularization — Pickrell B et al. (2020)
Medical leech therapy in Ayurveda and biomedicine - A review — Singh S, Rajoria K (2020)
Leech Therapy Protects Free Flaps against Venous Congestion, Thrombus Formation, and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Benefits, Complications, and Contradictions — Mousavian A et al. (2022)
Anwendungen der Blutegeltherapie in der Medizin: Eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit — Hosseini M et al. (2024)
Medicinal leech therapy in venous congestion and various ulcer forms: Perspectives of Western, Persian and Indian medicine — Koeppen D et al. (2020)
Leech therapy in flap salvage: Systematic review and practical recommendations — Herlin C et al. (2017)
Leech therapy in digital replantation — Golden M, Quinn J, Partington M (1995)
Leech Therapy for Complex Facial Lacerations — Cohn J et al. (2021)
Utilization of Leech Therapy after Rhinoplasty — Shtraks J, Peng G, Nassif P (2022)
Leech Therapy in the Head and Neck — Moen G, Dillon J (2025)
Medicinal Leech Therapy in Urology: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review — Battin A, Hobeika N, Zdilla M (2023)
Leech therapy: when once is not enough — West B, Nichter L, Halpern D (1991)
Predictors of leech therapy failure in revascularized and replanted digits — Toshinskiy S, Frees M, Hillard C (2024)
New Dermoscopic Sign in Leech Therapy — Bhat N, Bhat Y (2023)
Medicinal Leech Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: A Retrospective Study — Kermanian C, Buote N, Bergman P (2022)
Blutegeltherapie bei der Penisreplantation: ein Fall von rezidivierender Selbstamputation des Penis — Mineo M, Jolley T, Rodriguez G (2004)
Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit der medizinischen Blutegeltherapie bei Gonarthrose: eine Metaanalyse randomisierter kontrollierter Studien — Wang H, Zhang J, Chen L (2018)
Medicinal leech therapy on head and neck patients: a review of literature and proposed protocol — Elyassi A, Terres J, Rowshan H (2013)
Leech therapy in the treatment of a penile haematoma in a stallion — Nowicki A, Jaworska J, Baranski W (2021)
Exploration of leech therapy in treating gouty rats and its uric acid lowering mechanism — Chao G et al. (2024)
Chemische und mechanische Alternativen zur Blutegeltherapie: eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit und kritische Bewertung — Azzopardi E et al. (2011)
Leech therapy in reconstructive maxillofacial surgery — Gröbe A et al. (2012)
Quantifying outcomes for leech therapy in digit revascularization and replantation — Lee Z et al. (2019)
The Vascularity of Ayurvedic Leech Therapy: Sensory Translations and Emergent Agencies in Interspecies Medicine — Brooks L (2021)
The Effectiveness of Leech Therapy in Chronic Low Back Pain — Hohmann C et al. (2018)
Medicinal Leech Therapy: Friend or Foe — Spear M (2016)
Keratitis following leech therapy for periocular eczematous dermatitis: a case report — Özkaya D (2023)
Leech therapy- a holistic approach of treatment in unani (greeko-arab) medicine — Lone A et al. (2011)
Medical leech therapy in plastic reconstructive surgery — Houschyar K et al. (2015)
Leech therapy and bleeding wound techniques to relieve venous congestion — Smoot E et al. (1990)
Clinical uses of the medicinal leech: a practical review — Porshinsky B et al. (2011)
The medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis: clinical use of the animal and therapeutic prospects of hirudin — Henriot J et al. (1990)
Study on the effect of medicinal leech therapy (Hirudo medicinalis) on full-thickness excisional wound healing in the animal model — Zakian A et al. (2022)
Exploring the attachment of the Mediterranean medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) to porous substrates — Kampowski T et al. (2020)
Serotonin mediates stress-like effects on responses to non-nociceptive stimuli in the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana — Mack D et al. (2022)
Die Wirkung von Blut des Menschen, von Haus- und kleinen Labortieren auf die Lebensfähigkeit und das Verhalten des medizinischen Blutegels — Aminov R (2023)
Intestinal flora of the medicinal leech Hirudinaria manillensis — Bickel K et al. (1994)
Medicinal leeches — Massart D, Sohawon S, Noordally O (2009)
Hirudo medicinalis-leech applications in plastic and reconstructive microsurgery--a literature review — Knobloch K et al. (2007)
Leech hirudo medicinalis: a therapeutic alternative available in Mexico — Cornejo-Esquerra A et al. (2009)
Hirudo Medicinalis and the plastic surgeon — Whitaker I et al. (2004)
Therapeutic effects of Hirudo medicinalis extract antigens on modulation of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3 T cell activity in murine eimeriosis — Al-Sayed S et al. (2022)
Infektionen im Zusammenhang mit der Behandlung mit Hirudo medicinalis – Bericht über zwei Fälle und Literaturübersicht — Reese K et al. (2015)
Durch Hirudo medicinalis (Blutegel) induzierte kutane lymphoide Hyperplasie — Sadati M et al. (2019)
Fingerreplantation unter Anwendung des Blutegels Hirudo medicinalis — Brody G, Maloney W, Hentz V (1989)
Changes in epithelial cells in Hirudo medicinalis during wound healing — Huguet G, Molinas M (1992)
Hirudin enhances perforator flap survival: Clinical application report and mechanistic exploration — Wei D et al. (2024)
Cardiovascular drug highlight: hirudin — Cheng-Lai A (1999)
Leech management before application on patient: a nationwide survey of practices in French university hospitals — Grau D et al. (2018)
Cutaneous complications of improper leech application — Pietrzak A et al. (2012)
Vom uralten Blutegel zu direkten Thrombininhibitoren und darüber hinaus: Neues aus Altem — Montinari M, Minelli S (2022)
Klinische Wirksamkeit von Jalaukawacharana (Blutegelapplikation) bei thrombosierten Hämorrhoiden — Bhagat P, Raut S, Lakhapati A (2012)
Prolonged Bleeding after a Single Leech Application in Pediatric Hand Surgery — Kotick J, Taghinia A (2017)
The return of the leech — Abdelgabar A, Bhowmick B (2003)
Microsurgical complications in the upper extremity — Shores J, Andrew Lee W (2010)
Nurses' experiences of leech therapy in plastic and reconstructive surgery — Reynolds A, OBoyle C (2016)
The use of medicinal leeches, Hirudo medicinalis, to restore venous circulation in trauma and reconstructive microsurgery — Soucacos PN, Beris AE, Malizos KN et al. (1994)
Prophylactic versus reactive leech therapy for venous congestion after fingertip replantation: A retrospective comparative study and literature review — Kameda Y, Motomiya M, Watanabe N, Ota M, Iwasaki N (2025)
Medicinal leeches and the microsurgeon: a four-year study, clinical series and risk benefit review — Whitaker IS, Josty IC, Hawkins S et al. (2011)
Comparison of the effectiveness of medicinal leech and TENS therapy in the treatment of primary osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized controlled trial — Isik M, Ugur M, Yakisan RS, Sari T, Yilmaz N (2017)
Effectiveness of topical gel of medical leech (Hirudo medicinalis) saliva extract on patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized clinical trial — Shakouri A, Adljouy N, Balkani S et al. (2017)
Randomised controlled trial with medical leeches for osteoarthritis of the knee — Stange R, Moser C, Hopfenmueller W, Mansmann U, Buehring M, Uehleke B (2011)
Leech therapy for symptomatic treatment of knee osteoarthritis: results and implications of a pilot study — Michalsen A, Moebus S, Spahn G, Esch T, Langhorst J, Dobos GJ (2002)
The use of medicinal leeches in fingertip replantation without venous anastomosis - case report of a 4-year-old patient — Streit L, Dvořák Z, Novák O, Stiborová S, Veselý J (2014)
Medicinal leech therapy: a case study — Baker CA, Nayduch DA (1989)
The use of medicinal leeches in microsurgery — Valauri FA (1991)
Avulsion of the auricle in an anticoagulated patient: is leeching contraindicated? A review and a case — Mommsen J, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Mateos-Micas M, Vázquez-Bouso O, Gumbao-Grau V, Forteza-Gonzalez G (2011)
Leeching as Salvage Venous Drainage in Ear Reconstruction: Clinical Case and Review of Literature — Facchin F, Lancerotto L, Arnež ZM, Bassetto F, Vindigni V (2018)
Effectiveness of leech therapy in chronic lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial — Bäcker M, Lüdtke R, Afra D et al. (2011)
Effectiveness of leech therapy in women with symptomatic arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint: a randomized controlled trial — Michalsen A, Lüdtke R, Cesur Ö et al. (2008)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating lateral elbow pain in adults — Pattanittum P, Turner T, Green S, Buchbinder R (2013)
Effective Management of Venous Ulcer with Leech Therapy: A Case Report — Wani KR, Shah HA, Ashraf A, Nazir A, Mehraj M, Ansari AN, Nayab M (2025)
The use of leeches for treatment of venous congestion of the nipple following breast surgery — Gross MP, Apesos J (1992)
Outcomes of flap salvage with medicinal leech therapy — Nguyen MQ et al. (2012)
Management of flaps with compromised venous outflow in head and neck microsurgical reconstruction — Kubo T, Yano K, Hosokawa K (2002)
Medicinal leeches for surgically uncorrectable venous congestion after free flap breast reconstruction — Pannucci CJ et al. (2014)
Ultrasound localization of a tunneled leech beneath a microvascular scalp reconstruction: A case report — Martin G et al. (2013)
Artery-Only Ear Replantation in a Child: A Case Report With Daily Photographic Documentation — Mendenhall SD, Sawyer JD, Adkinson JM (2016)
Impact of the number of veins repaired in short-term digital replantation survival rate — Efanov JI et al. (2015)
Use of the mechanical leech for successful zone I replantation — Kim SW, Han HH, Jung SN (2014)
The Use of Medicinal Leeches for the Treatment of Venous Congestion in Replanted or Revascularized Digits — Arami A et al. (2018)
The success of salvage procedures for failing digital replants: A retrospective cohort study — Hatchell AC et al. (2018)
Faktoren, die mit frühem und spätem Versagen der digitalen Revaskularisation und Replantation assoziiert sind: eine retrospektive Kohortenstudie — Florczynski M et al. (2021)
Multiple venous anastomoses decrease the need for intensive postoperative management in Tamai zone I replantations — Ryu DH et al. (2017)
The use of leeches in distal digital replantation — Baudet J (1991)
Standardized protocol for artery-only fingertip replantation — Buntic RF, Brooks D (2010)
Management of Artery-Only Digit Replantation: A Systematic Review of the Literature — Crowe CS et al. (2022)
Microsurgical replantation and salvage procedures in traumatic ear amputation — Lin PY et al. (2010)
Microsurgical replantation of an ear in a child without venous repair — Concannon MJ, Puckett CL (1998)
Successful microvascular replantation of a completely amputated ear — Rapaport DP et al. (1993)
Microvascular salvage of a thrombosed total ear replant — Senchenkov A, Jacobson SR (2013)
The use of medicinal leeches in the salvage of flaps with venous congestion — Dabb RW, Malone JM, Leverett LC (1992)
Use of the medicinal leech for salvage of venous congested microvascular free flaps of the head and neck — Koch CA, Olsen SM, Moore EJ (2011)
Leech therapy for patients with surgically unsalvageable venous obstruction after revascularized free tissue transfer — Chepeha DB et al. (2002)
Salvage of partial facial soft tissue avulsions with medicinal leeches — Frodel JL, Barth P, Wagner J (2004)
The Use of Medicinal Leeching in Breast Surgery: A Systematic Review — Rajaram R et al. (2024)
Salvage of ear replantation using the temporoparietal fascia flap — Chun JK et al. (2000)
Salvage of venous congestion using medicinal leeches for traumatic nasal flap — Jose M, Varghese J, Babu A (2013)
Meningococcal purpura fulminans treated with medicinal leeches — Dippenaar R et al. (2006)
Clinical and scientific considerations in leech therapy for the management of acute venous congestion: an updated review — Weinfeld AB et al. (2000)
Microsurgical lip replantation: evaluation of functional and aesthetic results of three cases — Duroure F et al. (2004)
The efficacy of medicinal leeches in plastic and reconstructive surgery: a systematic review of 277 reported clinical cases — Whitaker IS et al. (2012)
Current concepts in salvage procedures for failing microvascular flaps: is there a superior technique? Insights from a systematic review of the literature — Troeltzsch M et al. (2016)
Reconstruction of upper lip avulsion after dog bite: case report and review of literature — Daraei P et al. (2013)
Unani treatment and leech therapy saved the diabetic foot of a patient from amputation — Zaidi SMA (2014)
Diabetisches Fußulkus mit Osteomyelitis, erfolgreich behandelt mit dem ganzheitlichen Ansatz mehrerer ayurvedischer Behandlungsmodalitäten – ein Fallbericht — Bopparathi S, KV NR (2023)
Healing with integrative management of Diabetic foot ulcer - A case report — Katkar R, Aadithyaraj KT, Rana U (2025)
Reconstruction of the soft tissue defects of foot and ankle with neural-island flaps: mono-institutional case series — Sonmez E, Safak T (2011)
Experience with distal finger replantation: a 20-year retrospective study from a major trauma center — Nazerani S et al. (2011)
Preliminary Study on Functional and Aesthetic Reconstruction by Using a Small Artery-only Free Medial Flap of the Second Toe for Fingertip Injuries — Li M et al. (2019)
The venocutaneous fistula: a new technique for reducing venous congestion in replanted fingertips — Kamei K, Sinokawa Y, Kishibe M (1997)
A technique for replantation of the finger tip — Tsai TM, McCabe SJ, Maki Y (1989)
Rekonstruktion der Durchblutung der Fingerkuppe ohne Venennaht bei der Replantation in Zone I — Zhang X et al. (2008)
Arterielle und venöse Revaskularisation mittels Bifurkation einer einzelnen zentralen Arterie: eine zuverlässige Strategie für die Replantation in Tamai-Zone I — Hsu CC et al. (2010)
Ticagrelor vs. clopidogrel in bivalirudin-treated patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI: The BRIGHT-4 trial — Li Y et al. (2025)
Salvage of pedicled anterolateral thigh flap for closure of a massive full-thickness abdominal wall defect using modified Perez protocol for chemical leeching - a case report — Babalola OF et al. (2026)
Pedicled Anterolateral Thigh Flap Reconstruction of Exposed Renal Allograft — Brammer IY et al. (2026)
A Disaster and Salvage Revisited: Chest Wall Reconstruction (5-Rib Defect) With Gore-Tex, TRAM Flap, and Salvage With Leeches — Gatti JE (2026)
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy as an Artificial Leech to Save a Congestive Flap: Case Report — Ardila MP et al. (2022)
Destructive Mold Osteomyelitis of the Wrist Caused by Scedosporium apiospermum-A Case Report — Bo C et al. (2026)
Ein vielschichtiger Ansatz bei traumatischer Ohrmuschelavulsion mit venöser Stauung — Gross E et al. (2020)
Is simple reimplantation a viable option in pediculated auricular avulsions? A systematic review of the literature — Román Padilla JC et al. (2025)
Anterior approach to posterior auricular artery in microvascular anastomosis - a new concept in replanting amputated ears - experience from four successful cases and literature review — Hong Ha N et al. (2025)
Investigating the therapeutic potential of medical leech and leech saliva extract in flap survival: an in vivo study using rats — Ünal K et al. (2025)
Wiederbelebung alter Weisheit: Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit von Jalaukavacharan bei Schmerzbehandlung und Wundheilung — eine Fallserie — Gautam A et al. (2025)
Assessment of leech therapy for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized study — Andereya S et al. (2008)
Effectiveness of leech therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial — Michalsen A et al. (2003)
Leeches, phytotherapy and physiotherapy in osteo-arthrosis of the knee — a geriatric case study — Teut M et al. (2008)
A systematic review and meta-analysis of medical leech therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee — Lauche R et al. (2014)
Posttraumatic lip replantation in a pregnant woman — Caragher SP et al. (2022)
Replantation of a lip thrown in the bin — Galmard L et al. (2021)
Successful microsurgical lip replantation: monitoring venous congestion by blood glucose measurements in the replanted lip — Tachi K et al. (2017)
Microvascular replantation of a composite facial avulsion in a 24-month-old child after dog bite — Macias D et al. (2017)
Diselenide crosslinks for enhanced and simplified oxidative protein folding — Mousa R et al. (2021)
Microvascular replantation of scalp and facial parts — Kind GM et al. (1995)
Exploring the use of the medicinal leech: a clinical risk-benefit analysis — de Chalain TM (1996)
Bivalirudin vs heparin anticoagulation in STEMI: confirmation of the BRIGHT-4 results — Stone GW (2024)
Impact of heparin-to-bivalirudin bridging time on hospitalization and safety outcomes in PCI for acute coronary syndrome — Wang G et al. (2026)
Clinical outcomes after TAVR with heparin or bivalirudin as periprocedural anticoagulation in patients with and without peripheral arterial disease: results from the BRAVO-3 randomized trial — Zilberszac R et al. (2019)
Bivalirudin zur Erhaltungsantikoagulation während der venovenösen extrakorporalen Membranoxygenierung bei COVID-19 — Seelhammer TG et al. (2020)
Utilization and outcomes of children treated with direct thrombin inhibitors on paracorporeal ventricular assist device support — VanderPluym CJ et al. (2020)
Klinische Effekte durch Hemmung mehrerer Gerinnungswege bei wegen eines akuten Koronarsyndroms hospitalisierten Patienten — Cavallari I et al. (2018)
Anticoagulation in children: making the most of little patients and little evidence — Young G (2017)
Bivalirudin for pediatric procedural anticoagulation: a narrative review — Zaleski KL et al. (2019)
Verantwortungsvoller, sicherer und wirksamer Einsatz von Antithrombotika und Antikoagulanzien bei Patienten, die sich interventionellen Verfahren unterziehen: Leitlinien der American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) — Kaye AD et al. (2019)
BMI-Unterschiede bei der Antikoagulation mit Bivalirudin versus Heparin während primärer PCI: eine BRIGHT-4-Subanalyse — Zhang D et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin Versus Heparin Monotherapy in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Study-level Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials — Sun B et al. (2024)
Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von Bivalirudin und Heparin bei Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom: eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit und Metaanalyse — Zhai Y et al. (2025)
Prospective randomized pilot study comparing bivalirudin versus heparin in neonatal and pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — McMichael A et al. (2024)
Revisiting the Efficacy and Safety of Bivalirudin in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From a Mixed Treatment Comparison Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials — Maqsood MH et al. (2024)
Reduced-dose of bivalirudin (without the post-procedure infusion) in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention — Wang Q et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin versus heparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes — Krittanawong C et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin versus heparin during PCI in NSTEMI: individual patient data meta-analysis of large randomized trials — Bikdeli B et al. (2023)
Bivalirudin versus heparin in STEMI after BRIGHT-4 trial: an updated meta-analysis — Oli PR et al. (2023)
Heparin versus Bivalirudin zur Antikoagulation bei Erwachsenen unter extrakorporaler Membranoxygenierung: eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit und Metaanalyse — Wieruszewski PM et al. (2023)
Differential Use of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors with Bivalirudin in Patients with STEMI Undergoing PCI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis — Mushahid H et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin versus Heparin zur Antikoagulation bei Patienten unter extrakorporaler Membranoxygenierung — Huang D et al. (2022)
Analysis of inter-hospital transfer on clinical outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A secondary analysis of the BRIGHT-4 trial — Su X et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin infusion at standard or low regimen during elective percutaneous coronary intervention in high-risk bleeding patients with acute coronary syndrome: Study protocol for a prospective, single-center, randomized controlled trial — Li Y et al. (2025)
Safety and efficacy of bivalirudin in female acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention — Mostofa ABM et al. (2025)
Auswirkungen von Bivalirudin und gewöhnlichem Heparin auf die Inzidenz von Blutungsereignissen und die Entzündungslage nach interventioneller Therapie des akuten Myokardinfarkts — Wu Q et al. (2025)
Dosisabschätzung für Bivalirudin während des kardiopulmonalen Bypasses im Kindesalter — Wolstencroft P et al. (2021)
Microsurgical replantation of a totally amputated ear without venous repair — Talbi M, Stussi JD, Meley M (2001)
Low but sustained coagulation activation ameliorates glucose-induced podocyte apoptosis: protective effect of factor V Leiden in diabetic nephropathy — Wang H et al. (2011)
Microsurgical replantation of a partial ear, with leech therapy — Cho BH, Ahn HB (1999)
Anticoagulation with r-hirudin in regular haemodialysis with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT II). The first long-term application of r-hirudin in a haemodialysis patient — Nowak G (1997)
Bloodletting therapy using subcutaneous heparin and controlled scarification for venous insufficiency in free flap reconstruction — Yalcin CE (2025)
Penile Replantation: A Review of Microsurgical Techniques, Patient Outcomes, and Solutions to Complex Reconstructive Challenges — Arbel EJ et al. (2024)
Leeches and hand surgery: history, physiology, and a scoping review — Chabridon AI et al. (2026)
The Preoperative Planning, Design, and Execution of the Freestyle Propeller Flap: A Detailed Description and the Case Series — Kim HB et al. (2025)
The efficacy of arterial only microsurgical nasal replantation: a systematic review — Secanho MS et al. (2024)
Successful Microsurgical Replantation of Amputated Penis: A Case Report and Review of Literature — Akhoondinasab MR et al. (2023)
Tumorresektion im Kopf-Hals-Bereich und freie Lappenrekonstruktion in einem Zentrum mit geringem Fallvolumen — Brennan M et al. (2020)
Successful local use of heparin calcium for congested fingertip replants — Kadota H et al. (2020)
Superior epigastric artery perforator flap for reconstruction of deep sternal wound infection — Bertheuil N et al. (2021)
Alternative nicht-medikamentöse Behandlungsoptionen für die am stärksten vernachlässigte parasitäre Erkrankung kutane Leishmaniose: eine narrative Übersichtsarbeit — Orabi MAA et al. (2023)
Heroic medicine in neurology: A historical perspective — Sakalauskaitė-Juodeikienė E (2023)
Leeching in the history - a review — Munshi Y et al. (2008)
Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von topischem Hirudin (Hirudex): eine doppelblinde, placebokontrollierte Studie — Stamenova PK et al. (2001)
Gesteigerte Blutentfernung nach Fütterung medizinischer Blutegel in gestauten Gewebelappen — Connor NP et al. (2002)
Leech therapy in cutaneous surgery and disease — Mamelak AJ et al. (2010)
First aid for failing flaps — Talbot SG et al. (2010)
Comparisons of medicinal leech therapy with venous catheterization in the treatment of venous congestion of the sural flap — Mozafari N et al. (2010)
Successful microsurgical revascularization of an almost totally amputated ear lobe by horse bite — Dadaci M et al. (2014)
Using an unconventional perfusion pattern in ear replantation - arterialization of the venous system — Momeni A et al. (2014)
Mikrochirurgische Ohrreplantation – ist eine venöse Rekonstruktion erforderlich? Eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit — Momeni A et al. (2015)
Partial salvage of avulsed tissue after dog bite — Øregaard JS et al. (2016)
Replantation of amputated ear with anastomosis of vessel — Shubin H et al. (2015)
Anastomose mit den gemeinsamen und eigentlichen Fingergefäßen bei der Weichgeweberekonstruktion der Hand mit freien Lappen — Diaz-Abele J et al. (2016)
Supermicrosurgical replantation of a small amputated nasal tissue in a child — Tee R et al. (2017)
Experience with pharmacologic leeching with bivalirudin for adjunct treatment of venous congestion of head and neck reconstructive flaps — Harun A et al. (2018)
Progress of monitoring methods and preventions of disorder of blood supplying of expanded flaps — Lin Y et al. (2018)
Treatment of deep cavities using a perforator-based island flap with partial de-epithelization — Chang JW et al. (2018)
Microsurgical replantation of completely avulsed nasal segment — Akyurek M et al. (2019)
Total nose and upper lip replantation: a case report and literature review — Elzinga K et al. (2018)
Successful replantation of an amputated helical rim with microvascular anastomosis — Seo BF et al. (2018)
Indikationen zur Replantation und Revaskularisation an der Hand — Pet MA et al. (2019)
Effect of vasopressor use on digit survival after replantation and revascularization - a large retrospective cohort study — Retrouvey H et al. (2019)
Experience of replantation and reconstruction in total scalp, partial forehead, and ear avulsions — Dadaci M et al. (2019)
Funktionelle Ergebnisse sekundärer Eingriffe bei Replantation und Revaskularisation der oberen Extremität — Khan N et al. (2019)
Digital replantation/revascularization: predictive factors to microsurgery success - a single-center study — Tejedor Navarro A et al. (2019)
The impact of microsurgery on the treatment of ring avulsion injuries — Chiu DT et al. (2019)
Three end-to-end techniques for microvascular anastomosis of vessels with different size discrepancy — Zhang Y et al. (2020)
Digitale Avulsionsverletzungen: Epidemiologie und Einflussfaktoren auf den Fingererhalt — Struckmann VF et al. (2020)
Ein globaler Überblick über digitale Replantation und Revaskularisation — Tang JB et al. (2020)
Microsurgical replantation of traumatic amputated lip — Makki A et al. (2020)
Primary reattachment of near-complete ear amputation: a successful outcome — D'Arcangelo M et al. (2020)
Modified method of multiple cranial burr holes for treatment of total scalp avulsion — Patil H et al. (2020)
The Dark Age of medieval surgery in France in the first part of Middle Age (500-1000): royal touch, wound suckers, bizarre medieval surgery, monk surgeons, Saint Healers, but foundation of the oldest worldwide still-operating hospital — Hernigou P et al. (2021)
Optimising hand surgery during COVID-19 pandemic — Saha S et al. (2021)
Non-microvascular successful management of near-total ear avulsion — Albdour M et al. (2021)
Identifying factors affecting outcomes in scalp replantation: a systematic review of the literature — Kotamarti VS et al. (2021)
Vierjährige Erfahrung eines kommunalen Krankenhauses mit Verfahren zur Replantation und Revaskularisation von Fingern — Gürbüz K et al. (2021)
Microvascular ear replantation: a multicenter study of 22 patients with complete ear amputation — Jiang Y et al. (2021)
Variation der Kompetenzscores von Chirurgen und Zusammenhang mit den Ergebnissen nach Fingerreplantation — Yoon AP et al. (2021)
Successful microsurgical scalp replantation utilizing loupe magnification — Chopan M et al. (2022)
Face autotransplantation after an accident — Kim KS et al. (2022)
Resuscitation with blood products in patients with trauma-related haemorrhagic shock receiving prehospital care (RePHILL): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial — Crombie N et al. (2022)
Microsurgical scalp replantation: lessons learned and technical considerations — Wechselberger G et al. (2022)
Management of the partial avulsions of the auricle — Huseynov S et al. (2022)
Nonreplantable Total Scalp Avulsion Reconstruction with Acellular Biologic Matrix and Long-Term Outcome — Anderson et al. (2022)
Replantation of pediatric scalp avulsions — Gur et al. (2022)
Successful management of scalp avulsion with full-thickness graft — Almoshantaf et al. (2022)
Reconstruction of a Near-total Scalp Avulsion with NovoSorb Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix: Pediatric Case Report — Patel et al. (2022)
Microsurgical replantation of a traumatic total scalp avulsion — Madsen et al. (2023)
A Comparison of Outcomes between Finger and Pulp Replantation/Revascularization in a Single Center — Duah-Asante et al. (2023)
Experience in microsurgical treatment of complete scalp avulsion — Lin et al. (2023)
Is Prolonged Use of Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Postoperative Antithrombotic and Antispasmodic Treatments Necessary After Digit Replantation or Revascularization? — Chen et al. (2023)
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for patients with hypertension after microsurgery of total avulsion of auricle: a case report — Liu et al. (2023)
Prognostic Factors for Attempted Finger Replantation and Revascularisation after Traumatic Amputation: A 16-Year Retrospective Cohort Study — Lu et al. (2023)
Vergleich der Replantationstechniken bei Ohrmuschelamputationen — Baldini et al. (2023)
Indications for replantation and factors that predict success — Bregman et al. (2023)
Microvascular Replantation for partial auricle Amputation: Only Arterial anastomoses and Acupuncture Bloodletting — Li et al. (2023)
Success rates of finger revascularization and replantation — Kobayashi et al. (2024)
Erfolgreiche Replantation eines avulsierten frontalen Skalps durch mikrovaskuläre Anastomosen von nur einer Arterie und einer Vene: ein Fallbericht — Kim et al. (2024)
Modified scalp replantation for total scalp avulsion: scalp-shifting technique — Zhang et al. (2024)
Hand digit revascularization: could be an elective-urgence surgery? — De Francesco et al. (2024)
Partial Reconstruction of the Auricle With the Tubed Postauricular Flap: A Case Report and Proposed Innovation for Flap Conditioning — Shteynberg et al. (2024)
Modified method of scalp fixation promotes survival of complete scalp avulsion replantation — Xu et al. (2024)
Einsatz der Nagelfalz-Kapillaroskopie zur Beurteilung von Patienten mit Fingerreplantation und -revaskularisation — Köroğlu et al. (2024)
Verzögerte totale Skalpreplantation nach katastrophaler Explosion: Erfolg mit bilateraler Einzelgefäßanastomose — Chalhoub et al. (2025)
Ohrreplantation als Supermikrochirurgie: technische Tipps — Kang et al. (2025)
Overcoming Prolonged Ischemia in Total Scalp Avulsion After Industrial Accident: A Case Report — Ngo Duc et al. (2025)
Meat Grinder-related Hand Injuries: A 50-year Systematic Review of Case Reports and Series — Alhusain et al. (2025)
Distale Fingerreplantation: Herausforderungen und Strategien zur Verbesserung der Ergebnisse — Hsu et al. (2025)
Resource Utilization and Cost Associated With Hand Trauma: An Analysis Outside of the Surgical Global Period — Harirah et al. (2025)
Treatment of severe scalp avulsion injury through microsurgical vascular anastomosis, subarea multi-tubenegative pressure drainage, and anchoring sutures: a case report — Zhou et al. (2025)
Kompetenz- und Schwierigkeitsbewertungsinstrumente für die Fingerreplantation — Chung et al. (2025)
Two cases of microscopic replantation of auricular dissection in different planes: Case report — Zhao et al. (2025)
Staged Thumb Reconstruction Via Primary Ectopic Banking of Detached Skeletal Elements and Amputated Thumbs With Secondary Replantation — Ni et al. (2025)
Single vessel microvascular replantation of a partially amputated auricle in a paediatric patient — Franchi et al. (2025)
Surgical Procedures for Planting and Revascularization in Catastrophic Hand Injuries and Preliminary Outcome Assessment: Experience of a Regional Care Center — González-Vargas et al. (2025)
Successful replantation of total scalp avulsion: a case report and literature review — Akhoondi Nasab et al. (2025)
Total scalp replantation: staged reconstruction of occipital necrosis with tissue expansion — Dadaci et al. (2026)
Use of expanded reverse sural artery flap in lower extremity reconstruction — Köse R et al. (2011)
The use of medical leeches for venous congestion. A review and case report — Buote NJ (2014)
Leech Therapy For The Treatment Of Venous Congestion In Flaps, Digital Re-Plants And Revascularizations - A Two-Year Review From A Regional Centre — Butt AM et al. (2016)
Mechanical leech therapy to relieve venous congestion — Smoot EC et al. (1995)
Frühe venöse Stauung nach DIEP-Lappen-Brustrekonstruktion: Fallbericht über ein erfolgreiches Management — Baccarani A et al. (2022)
Anwendung von Heparincreme bei venöser Stauung im erweiterten reversen Metakarpalarterienlappen: Ein Fallbericht — Tatar BE et al. (2022)
A Case of Medical Leech Therapy for Venous Congestion Following Forearm Flap Reconstruction — Karino M et al. (2018)
Leech therapy for venous congestion following myocutaneous pectoralis flap reconstruction — Adams JF, Lassen LF (1995)
Evaluation of performance characteristics of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) for the treatment of venous congestion — Conforti ML et al. (2002)
Evaluation of clinically applicable exsanguination treatments to alleviate venous congestion in an animal skin flap model — Cottler PS et al. (1999)
Microsurgical ear replantation without venous repair: failure of development of venous channels despite patency of arterial anastomosis for 14 days — Akyürek M et al. (2001)
Case Report: Salvation of a congested SCIP flap with a modified "chemical leech" technique — Zhao Y et al. (2024)
Replantation of an avulsed ear, using a single arterial anastamosis — O'Toole G et al. (2007)
Successful replantation of the ear as a venous flap — Trovato MJ et al. (2008)
Microsurgical replantation of a partial helix of the ear — Kim KS et al. (2009)
Erfolgreiche Replantation eines amputierten Ohrläppchens durch mikrovaskuläre Anastomose — Jung SN et al. (2009)
Microsurgical replantation of an ear with no venous repair — Hussey AJ, Kelly JI (2010)
Fingertip replantation without venous anastomosis — Chen YC et al. (2013)
Recommendations for the use of leeches in reconstructive plastic surgery — Mumcuoglu KY (2014)
Management of complications and compromised free flaps following major head and neck surgery — Kucur C et al. (2015)
Compromised breast flap treated with leech therapy, hyperbaric oxygen, pentoxifylline and topical nitroglycerin: A case report — Moffat AD et al. (2015)
Postoperative Protokolle bei Finger- und Handreplantation: Eine Literaturübersicht — Chen C et al. (2021)
Clinical Significance of Leech Therapy in Indian Medicine — Kumar S et al. (2013)
A comparative study of digital nerve and digital arterial repairs performed using running versus interrupted suture techniques in finger replantations — Özdemir B, Kucukalp A (2023)
Supramicrosurgical ear replantation: case report — Cavadas PC (2002)
Spanish-French leech trade and its consequences: From the increase in medical demand to resource depletion and technical innovation — Copena D, Gomez-Martin M (2024)
From bloodthirsty parasites to surgical superstars: The humble leech, a suck-cess story in surgical history — Bates A (2024)
Single-vessel arteriovenous revascularization of the amputated ear — Zamboni WA et al. (1999)
Medicinal leeches: once again at the forefront of medicine — Wade JW et al. (1990)
Promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis therapy for acute intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Li HQ et al. (2015)
Morphological and molecular characterization of an African freshwater fish trypanosome, including its development in a leech vector — Smit NJ et al. (2020)
Beurteilung der externen Validität der VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART-Studie — Rylance RT et al. (2021)
Clinical Impact of Intraprocedural Stent Thrombosis During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients Treated With Potent P2Y12 inhibitors - a VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART Substudy — Bergman S et al. (2021)
Determinants of Success in Single- and Multi-Digit Replant — Zhang Z et al. (2021)
Prognostic value of early sustained ventricular arrhythmias in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A substudy of VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART trial — Demidova MM et al. (2022)
Limnotrachelobdella hypophthalmichthysa n. sp. (Hirudinida: Piscicolidae) on Gills of Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis in China — Lin L et al. (2023)
Gürtelwürmer (Annelida: Clitellata) als Parasiten und Prädatoren der nordamerikanischen Herpetofauna: Checkliste der Arten, Bestimmungsschlüssel und ein neuer Nachweis für Mexiko — De Luna M et al. (2024)
Rediscovered historical lots uncover the identity of Nikolaj A. Livanow's Protoclepsis species and clarify the taxonomy of Palearctic waterfowl-associated leeches (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae) — Bolotov IN et al. (2025)
VoronaGasyCodes: A Public Database of Mitochondrial Barcodes for Malagasy Birds — Reddy S et al. (2025)
ANNiKEY Linear – Diagnosen, Beschreibungen und ein sequenzieller Bestimmungsschlüssel zu den Taxa der Annelida im Familienrang — Glasby CJ et al. (2025)
Identifying Two Ectoparasite Species of Mackerel Icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari) based on Mitochondrial Gene and Morphology — Zheng Z et al. (2025)
Unusual, Uncommon, Intriguing, and Significant Causes of Kounis Syndrome: Important Medications and Chemicals Used to Treat Kounis Syndrome and Myocardial Infarction Can Cause Kounis Syndrome — Kounis NG et al. (2025)
Scalp replantation after traumatic injury — Rivera ML et al. (1995)
Complete ear replantation without venous anastomosis — Nath RK et al. (1998)
Hirudotherapy Efficacy and Complications in the Management of Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction: A Systematic Review — Foppiani J et al. (2024)
Argatroban versus Lepirudin in critically ill patients (ALicia): a randomized controlled trial — Treschan TA et al. (2014)
Recombinant hirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass anticoagulation: a randomized, prospective, and heparin-controlled pilot study — Riess FC et al. (2007)
A journey through anticoagulant therapies in the treatment of left ventricular thrombus in post-COVID-19 heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a case report — Lázaro-García A et al. (2022)
Off-pump coronary artery bypass with heparin in a patient with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a case report — Ito Y et al. (2021)
Coronary thrombosis due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after percutaneous coronary intervention: Easy to miss, uneasy to prevent — Mele M et al. (2020)
A look into stent-related thrombus-burden: Bivalirudin versus heparin — Rajagopalan P et al. (2020)
Bivalirudin use in an infant with persistent clotting on unfractionated heparin — Malloy KM et al. (2011)
Evaluation of dose requirements for prolonged bivalirudin administration in patients with renal insufficiency and suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Wisler JW et al. (2012)
Bivalirudin use during radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures in two patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Baetz BE et al. (2010)
Bivalirudin for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing cardiovascular surgery — Czosnowski QA et al. (2008)
Dosing lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and normal or impaired renal function: a single-center experience with 68 patients — Tschudi M et al. (2008)
Evaluation of a standardized protocol using lepirudin or argatroban for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Kennedy K et al. (2011)
Argatroban Anticoagulation for Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia After Heartmate 3 Implantation: A Case Series — Palacios-Castelló C et al. (2026)
Thromboembolism related to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during Impella support after cardiac surgery for free wall rupture: a case report — Aratame A et al. (2026)
Delayed-onset, persisting autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis following craniofacial surgery — Will VJ et al. (2026)
Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia During Multiple Extracorporeal Mechanical Support for Fulminant Myocarditis: A Case Report with a Literature Review — Morita Y et al. (2026)
Verbesserte Ergebnisse mit pulsatilem parakorporalem Ventrikelunterstützungssystem bei Kindern: eine monozentrische Erfahrung — Iaprintsev V et al. (2025)
Multicenter Registry Analysis of Bivalirudin for Primary Anticoagulation in Pediatric HeartMate 3 Recipients: ACTION Analysis — Lynch A et al. (2026)
Successful pediatric heart transplantation with bivalirudin use in a cyanotic single ventricle patient with an intracorporeal continuous flow ventricular assist device and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Sainathan S, Mulinari L (2025)
Steroid Utilization for Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device-Associated Inflammation and Association With Outcomes — Ankola AA et al. (2025)
Risk factors for thromboembolic events in pediatric patients with ventricular assist devices — Adderley J et al. (2024)
Improving Mechanical Circulatory Support Outcomes in Failing Bidirectional Glenn Physiology — Kobayashi RL et al. (2024)
Arterial only anastomosis associated with modified Baudet technique in ear replantation: Case reports and literature review — Pertea M et al. (2021)
Atypical replantation and reconstruction of frozen ear: A case report — Dvořák Z, Stupka I (2020)
Prefilter bivalirudin for preventing hemofilter occlusion in continuous renal replacement therapy — Mueller SW et al. (2009)
Clinical experience of Bushen Huoxue therapy in treatment of infertility due to endometriosis — Ma K et al. (2019)
Effect of taleeq (leech therapy) in dawali (varicose veins) — Nigar Z, Alam MA (2011)
Effects and related mechanism of bivalirudin on the survival of random skin flap on the back of rat — Cai LY et al. (2017)
Effect of hyperbaric oxygen and medicinal leeching on survival of axial skin flaps subjected to total venous occlusion — Lozano DD et al. (1999)
Adjunctive use of direct thrombin inhibitors in patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction — French JK et al. (2004)
Off-pump coronary artery bypass with bivalirudin for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or antiplatelet factor four/heparin antibodies — Dyke CM et al. (2007)
Management of anticoagulation in patients with subacute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia scheduled for heart transplantation — Selleng S et al. (2008)
Auftreten von Heparin-Plättchenfaktor-4-Antikörpern bei kardio- und thoraxchirurgischen Patienten unter Desirudin oder Heparin zur postoperativen Venenthromboseprophylaxe — Avidan MS et al. (2011)
Replantation of amputated facial tissues with microvascular anastomosis — Jeng SF et al. (1994)
Prolonged bleeding due to a medicinal leech bite: another treatment method, primary suture — Zengin S et al. (2012)
Microsurgical replantation of the lip: a multi-institutional experience — Walton RL et al. (1998)
Overview of herbal and traditional remedies in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis based on Traditional Persian Medicine — Parvizi MM et al. (2020)
Efficacy and safety of bivalirudin in coronary artery disease patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease: Meta-analysis — Zeng X et al. (2017)
Intracoronary Bivalirudin Bolus in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Treated with Primary Angioplasty: Theoretical Bases, Clinical Experience, and Future Applications — Lupi A et al. (2016)
Bivalirudin for primary percutaneous coronary interventions: outcome assessment in the Ottawa STEMI registry — Hibbert B et al. (2012)
Schwere Puffotter-Vergiftung (Bitis arietans) mit Gerinnungsstörung — Lavonas EJ et al. (2002)
Zweistündige Bivalirudin-Infusion nach PCI bei ST-Hebungs-Myokardinfarkt — Anderson PR et al. (2011)
Recombinant hirudin in patients with chronic, stable coronary artery disease. Safety, half-life, and effect on coagulation parameters — Zoldhelyi P et al. (1993)
Clinical observation on 30 cases of transient cerebral ischemia attack treated with acupuncture and medication — Feng L et al. (2007)
Gingivitis from the Viewpoint of Traditional Persian Medicine — Sedigh-Rahimabadi M et al. (2016)
Topical therapies for knee osteoarthritis — Rodriguez-Merchan EC (2018)
10-Year Outcomes of Deferred or Conventional Stent Implantation in Patients With STEMI (DANAMI-3-DEFER) — Marquard JM et al. (2025)
Emergent reuse leech therapy: a better method — West BR et al. (1994)
Cost effectiveness of anticoagulation in acute coronary syndromes — Latour-Pérez J et al. (2012)
Anticoagulant for treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism patients with renal dysfunction: A systematic review and network meta-analysis — Fan G et al. (2022)
The TGF-R1 inhibitor galunisertib re-shapes the PDAC-TME by limiting decidual-like natural killer cells polarization — Cucchiara M et al. (2026)
Effizienz des medizinischen Blutegels auf die experimentell induzierte Inzisionswundheilung bei Ratten — Bilden A et al. (2025)
Antithrombotic and Antiplatelet Drug Toxicity — Liss DB et al. (2021)
Leistungsmerkmale des DOAC-Dipsticks zur Bestimmung direkter oraler Antikoagulanzien im Urin — Harenberg J et al. (2021)
Laboratory determination of old and new targeted anticoagulant agents for prevention of bleeding and thrombotic events in cancer patients — Harenberg J (2016)
Hypersensitivity reactions to modern antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs — Hofmeier KS (2015)
Prevention and Treatment of Lower Limb Deep Vein Thrombosis after Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation: Results of a Prospective active controlled Study — Li L et al. (2016)
Paediatric fingertip composite grafts: Do they all go black? — Murphy AD et al. (2016)
Effect of major gastrointestinal tract surgery on the absorption and efficacy of direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) — Hakeam HA et al. (2017)
Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit von Bivalirudin bei Patienten mit perkutaner Koronarintervention: eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit und Metaanalyse — Ahmad Hamdi AH et al. (2017)
Phalloplastik mit gestieltem anterolateralem Oberschenkellappen und freiem radialem Unterarmlappen zur Penisrekonstruktion bei Patienten mit Blasenekstrophie — Harris TGW et al. (2020)
Long-term clinical results of 33 thumb replantations — Giardi D et al. (2020)
Dabigatran etexilate for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism in children (DIVERSITY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 2b/3, non-inferiority trial — Halton J et al. (2020)
Comparing digital replantation versus revision amputation patient reported outcomes for traumatic digital amputations of the hand: A systematic review and meta-analysis — Stone N et al. (2021)
Prospective Trial of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Continuous Noninvasive Monitoring of Free Fibular Flaps — Ouyang SY et al. (2021)
Intramuskuläre Nahinfrarot-Spektroskopie zur Überwachung von Muskellappen im Schweinemodell — Bai W et al. (2021)
Uninterrupted edoxaban vs. vitamin K antagonists for ablation of atrial fibrillation: the ELIMINATE-AF trial — Hohnloser SH et al. (2019)
Anterolateral thigh free flap in reconstruction of lateral skull base defects after oncological resection — Trojanowski P et al. (2019)
Pediatric Digit Replantation Following Traumatic Amputation: Nationwide Analysis of Patient Selection, Outcomes, and Cost — Li NY et al. (2019)
Non-Pharmacological Treatments of Psoriasis in Persian Medicine a Narrative Review — Rasanan FM et al. (2022)
Total lower lip and chin replantation following a trampoline accident: Rescue surgery with intensive leech therapy — Sounthakith V et al. (2026)
Submental flap for reconstruction of anterior skull base, orbital, and high facial defects — Chang BA et al. (2018)
Case report of auricular avulsion injury, repair, and adjunctive treatment — Fischer GA et al. (2026)
Rivaroxaban und Apixaban sind weniger wirksam als Enoxaparin zur Prävention katheterinduzierter Gerinnselbildung in vitro — Guan Z et al. (2022)
Nahinfrarotspektroskopie zur kontinuierlichen nichtinvasiven Überwachung von Freilappen bei der Kopf-Hals-Rekonstruktion: Systematische Literaturübersicht und persönliche Erfahrung — Festa BM et al. (2023)
Treating Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Patients Undergoing HeartMate 3 Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation — Eisenberger J et al. (2023)
Replantation eines teilweise amputierten Ohres ohne Mikrochirurgie — Bozan N et al. (2016)
Serendipitous diagnosis of protein S deficiency — Aguirre A et al. (2002)
Thrombosis during off pump LVAD placement in a patient with heparin induced thrombocytopenia using bivalirudin — Awad H et al. (2013)
Antithrombotic drugs in cardiovascular medicine: a year in review — Ibrahim H et al. (2018)
Medicinal Leeches to Aid in Post-procedural Hematoma Evacuation — Marquez-Gil KY et al. (2023)
Adipofascial anterolateral thigh free flap in head and neck reconstruction: a case series — Sorrentino JM et al. (2025)
Argatroban plus dual antiplatelet therapy: Preliminary evidence for managing early neurological deterioration after lacunar stroke — Zhang H et al. (2025)
Anticoagulation in critical care — Pötzsch B et al. (2026)
Mystical Effect of Leech Therapy an Alternative Ayurvedic Intervention in Thrombophlebitis: A Case Report — Dagar M et al. (2025)
An unusual cause of hemoptysis: a leech — Hanim FZ (2012)
An unusual cause of unilateral epistaxis: a leech in the nose — Yaşar M (2025)
Bewertung von rekombinantem Hirudin (CGP 39,393/TMREVASC) zur Prävention der Restenose nach perkutaner transluminaler Koronarangioplastie. Rationale und Design der HELVETICA-Studie, einer multizentrischen, randomisierten, doppelblinden, heparinkontrollierten Studie — Herrman JP (1995)
A comparison of hirudin with heparin in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Helvetica Investigators — Serruys PW (1995)
Comparative trial of local pharmacotherapy with L-arginine, r-hirudin, and molsidomine to reduce restenosis after balloon angioplasty of stenotic rabbit iliac arteries — Kalinowski M (2001)
Drug-eluting stents in vascular intervention — Fattori R (2003)
Pharmacological approaches for the prevention of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention — Lefkovits J (1997)
Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: II. Possibilities for pharmacologic intervention — Böger RH (1996)
Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty — Barry WL (1994)
Zusammenhang zwischen aktivierter Gerinnungszeit und ischämischen oder hämorrhagischen Komplikationen: Analyse von 4 aktuellen randomisierten klinischen Studien zur perkutanen Koronarintervention — Brener SJ (2004)
Differential antithrombotic therapy in patients with low and high PTCA risk — Silber S (1996)
Future prospects of prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis — Pini M (1999)
Erfolgreiche Ergebnisse mit der Anwendung eines neuen Rekonstruktionsmaterials für Weichteildefekte der unteren Extremität: neurokutane Lappen — Gideroğlu K et al. (2004)
Argatroban anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring renal replacement therapy — Reddy BV et al. (2005)
Argatroban therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with hepatic dysfunction — Levine RL et al. (2006)
Predictive factors for thrombosis and major bleeding in an observational study in 181 patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia treated with lepirudin — Tardy B et al. (2006)
Leeches in the intensive care unit: nursing care — de Los Mozos-Pérez B et al. (2007)
Reduced argatroban doses after coronary artery bypass graft surgery — Hoffman WD et al. (2008)
Argatroban anticoagulation in renal dysfunction: a literature analysis — Hursting MJ et al. (2008)
Nonarterialized venous replantation of part of amputated thumb-a case report and review of the literature — Kalimuthu R et al. (2006)
Reducing harm associated with anticoagulation: practical considerations of argatroban therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Hursting MJ et al. (2009)
Prolonged elevation of plasma argatroban in a cardiac transplant patient with a suspected history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis — Genzen JR et al. (2009)
Argatroban therapy for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in ICU patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: a retrospective study — Saugel B et al. (2010)
Behandlung der venösen Thrombose in freien fibularen osteomuskulokutanen Lappen zur Unterkieferrekonstruktion: klinische Techniken und Behandlungsüberlegungen — Draenert FG et al. (2010)
A case of irritant contact dermatitis with leech — Karadag AS et al. (2011)
Prognostic value of the SYNTAX score in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: analysis from the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage StrategY) trial — Palmerini T et al. (2011)
Wie ernst ist das Problem der Blutungen bei Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom? — Baber U et al. (2011)
Anaphylactoid reactions associated with contaminated heparin from China — Montpas N et al. (2011)
Gestielte Lappenplastiken an der Arteria und Vena temporalis superficialis in der Gesichtsrekonstruktion: eine vielseitige Option mit venösem Fallstrick — Ausen K et al. (2011)
Clinical experience with argatroban for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a large teaching hospital — Bates D et al. (2009)
Case study: contamination of heparin with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate — Chess EK et al. (2012)
Outcomes of patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting and acute coronary syndromes: analysis from the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) trial — Nikolsky E et al. (2012)
Strategies to increase flap survival in nasal reconstruction in patients with deep panfacial burns — Medina A et al. (2013)
Quantitative analysis of hemodynamics of congested island flaps under leech therapy — Kashiwagi K et al. (2013)
Scientific foundation and possible implications for practice of the Minimizing Adverse Haemorrhagic Events by Transradial Access Site andSystemic Implementation of AngioX (MATRIX) trial — Valgimigli M et al. (2014)
Contaminated heparin and outcomes after cardiac surgery: a retrospective propensity-matched cohort study — Kaiser HA et al. (2014)
MULTInational non-interventional study of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with PRimary Angioplasty and Concomitant use of upstream antiplatelet therapy with prasugrel or clopidogrel--the European MULTIPRAC Registry — Clemmensen P et al. (2014)
Prognostic value of angiographic lesion complexity in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (from the acute catheterization and urgent intervention triage strategy trial) — Goto K et al. (2014)
Design and rationale for the Minimizing Adverse haemorrhagic events by TRansradial access site and systemic Implementation of angioX program — Valgimigli M et al. (2014)
Bivalirudin for acute coronary syndromes: premises, promises and doubts — Capodanno D et al. (2014)
Comprehensive meta-analysis of safety and efficacy of bivalirudin versus heparin with or without routine glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with acute coronary syndrome — Navarese EP et al. (2014)
Bivalirudin as compared to unfractionated heparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization: A meta-analysis of 22 randomized trials — Verdoia M et al. (2015)
The Reverse Superficial Sural Artery Flap Revisited for Complex Lower Extremity and Foot Reconstruction — Sugg KB et al. (2015)
Reverse posterior interosseous flap for defects of the dorsal ulnar wrist using previously burned and recently grafted skin — Baylan JM et al. (2015)
Potential mechanism of acute stent thrombosis with bivalirudin following percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes — Laine M et al. (2016)
Determining the appropriate number and duration of leech therapy in congested tissues using tissue spectrophotometry and laser Doppler flowmetry — Rothenberger J et al. (2016)
Effect of valve design and anticoagulation strategy on 30-day clinical outcomes in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Results from the BRAVO 3 randomized trial — Linke A et al. (2017)
Antithrombotic Strategies in Valvular and Structural Heart Disease Interventions: Current Status and Future Directions — Capodanno D et al. (2013)
Antithrombotic strategies in the catheterization laboratory for patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: insights from the EmploYEd antithrombotic therapies in patients with acute coronary Syndromes HOspitalized in iTalian cardiac care units Registry — De Luca L et al. (2017)
Behandlung refraktärer Blutungen nach Herz-Lungen-Maschine bei einem Patienten mit akuter Heparin-induzierter Thrombozytopenie Typ II und Nierenversagen, der sich einer dringenden Herzoperation mit Bivalirudin (Angiox)-Antikoagulation unterzog — Hassen K et al. (2017)
Bivalirudin versus heparin in patients undergoing percutaneous transcatheter aortic valve interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis — Villablanca PA et al. (2017)
Stroke After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Incidence, Definitions, Etiologies and Management Options — Patel PA et al. (2017)
Efficacy and safety of bivalirudin for percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials — Nührenberg TG et al. (2018)
Exploring the Difference in Post-procedural Stroke Rates Between Patients with Aortic Stenosis Who Undergo Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement — Burke H et al. (2018)
Usefulness of Clopidogrel Loading in Patients Who Underwent Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (from the BRAVO-3 Randomized Trial) — Nijenhuis VJ et al. (2019)
Revacept, a Novel Inhibitor of Platelet Adhesion, in Patients Undergoing Elective PCI-Design and Rationale of the Randomized ISAR-PLASTER Trial — Schüpke S et al. (2019)
Crude Heparin Preparations Unveil the Presence of Structurally Diverse Oversulfated Contaminants — Mendes A et al. (2019)
Impact of diabetes mellitus on short term vascular complications after TAVR: Results from the BRAVO-3 randomized trial — Goel R et al. (2019)
The importance of the Heart Team evaluation before transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Results from the BRAVO-3 trial — Camaj A et al. (2020)
Supplemental Fibrinogen Restores Platelet Inhibitor-Induced Reduction in Thrombus Formation without Altering Platelet Function: An In Vitro Study — Bärnthaler T et al. (2020)
Assessment of platelet biology in equine patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome — Ehrmann C et al. (2020)
A novel oncotherapy strategy: Direct thrombin inhibitors suppress progression, dissemination and spontaneous metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer — Zhao B et al. (2021)
Venöse Stauung bei Lappenplastiken und Verfahren zur Lappenrettung: eine systematische Literaturübersicht — Boissiere F et al. (2021)
Incidence, predictors, and outcomes associated with acute kidney injury in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: from the BRAVO-3 randomized trial — Chandrasekhar J et al. (2021)
Impact of anemia on short-term outcomes after TAVR: A subgroup analysis from the BRAVO-3 randomized trial — Razuk V et al. (2021)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia After Mitral Valve Replacement — Tugulan C et al. (2021)
Reperfusion After Fibrinolytic Therapy (RAFT): An open-label, multi-centre, randomised controlled trial of bivalirudin versus heparin in rescue percutaneous coronary intervention — Faour A et al. (2021)
Impact of coronary artery disease on clinical outcomes after TAVR: Insights from the BRAVO-3 randomized trial — Feldman D et al. (2023)
Bivalirudin in acute coronary syndromes — Galli M et al. (2023)
Comparison of Outcomes in Patients Requiring Mechanical Circulatory Support Who Received Cangrelor in Addition to Anticoagulation Versus Anticoagulation Alone — Martin TC et al. (2024)
Heparin-induced DRESS syndrome in a paediatric patient and successful anaesthetic management in cardiovascular bypass surgery: case report — Peña-Blanco L et al. (2024)
Successful Thrombolytic Therapy for Mechanical Mitral Valve Thrombosis Using Bivalirudin-Based Thrombolytic Regimen — Alaiwah M et al. (2025)
2025 Guidelines for direct oral anticoagulants: a practical guidance on the prescription, laboratory testing, peri-operative and bleeding management — Tran HA et al. (2025)
Sonorheometry parameters during dabigatran reversal with idarucizumab for major bleeding — Teissandier D et al. (2025)
Diagnostics and management of direct oral anticoagulants-induced bleeding — von Heymann C et al. (2025)
Thrombosis and Coagulopathy — Savi M et al. (2025)
Management of emergencies in direct oral anticoagulant-treated patients: practice pearls — Zátroch I et al. (2025)
Kosteneffektivität von Dabigatran zur Prävention thromboembolischer Ereignisse bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern in Chile — Abbot T et al. (2025)
Von Thrombozyten stammende prothrombotische Mikropartikel und unerwünschte Ereignisse bei Patienten mit Impella-5.5-Unterstützung — D'Ettore N et al. (2025)
Optimization of conditions related to Chrono-log platelet aggregation in feline whole blood — Huang W et al. (2025)
Latin America Multidisciplinary Consensus Panel on Management of Severe Bleeding in the Anticoagulated Patient — Pontes-Neto OM et al. (2025)
Idarucizumab-Antagonisierung bei Subduralblutung: eine monozentrische Erfahrung — Mrvar Brečko A et al. (2025)
The clinical efficacy of herbal medicines containing leeches in the treatment of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Ziyuan Z et al. (2025)
Emergency Reversal of Antithrombotics in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Update — Li M et al. (2025)
Post-Ablation Stroke Despite NOAC Use: Successful Reperfusion Therapy After Dabigatran Reversal with Incidental Discovery of a Large MCA Aneurysm-A Case Report — Sari SM et al. (2025)
Balancing Bleeding and Thrombosis in Dental Management of Patients on Novel Oral Anticoagulants: A Narrative Evidence Synthesis — Choudhary RS et al. (2025)
Role of argatroban infusion in controlling clot formation in post-cardiac surgical extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pediatrics: A case series of three patients — Samhan LM et al. (2026)
Dabigatran-induced Gastrointestinal Bleed Treated by 4-factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Sikkim — Dhakal M et al. (2026)
Anticoagulation Stewardship Program in the DOAC Era — Ng JX et al. (2026)
Intravenous thrombolysis for acute cerebral embolism during atrial fibrillation ablation: a case report and systematic review with meta-analysis — Cai B et al. (2026)
Safety and Outcomes of Dabigatran Reversal With Idarucizumab Before IV Thrombolysis in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke — Säflund M et al. (2026)
Anticoagulation associated intracerebral haemorrhage trends, treatment and outcomes in a metropolitan cohort: analysed by availability of specific versus non-specific reversal agents — El-Masri S et al. (2026)
Microvascular replantation of a traumatically amputated ear — Funk GF et al. (1996)
Medicinal leeches used to salvage a traumatic nasal flap — Mortenson BW (1998)
Cardiopulmonary bypass in humans: bypassing unfractionated heparin. — Frederiksen (2000)
Cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. — Follis et al. (2000)
Lower extremity microsurgical reconstruction. — Heller et al. (2001)
Alternatives to unfractionated heparin for anticoagulation in cardiopulmonary bypass. — von Segesser et al. (2001)
Heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuits: current status. — Hsu (2001)
Presentation, management and outcomes of thrombosis for children with cardiomyopathy. — McCrindle et al. (2006)
Vergleich von Alteplase und Heparin zur Aufrechterhaltung der Durchgängigkeit zentralvenöser Hämodialysekatheter bei Kindern: eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie — Gittins et al. (2006)
Implantable Doppler flow system: experience with 24 microvascular free-flap operations. — Pryor et al. (2006)
Microvascular flap reconstruction by otolaryngologists: prevalence, postoperative care, and monitoring techniques. — Spiegel et al. (2007)
Continuous postoperative monitoring of cutaneous free flaps using near infrared spectroscopy. — Repez et al. (2007)
Allergy to protamine. — Weiss et al. (1991)
Bivalirudin. — Warkentin et al. (2008)
Locking solutions for hemodialysis catheters; heparin and citrate--a position paper by ASDIN. — Moran et al. (2008)
Near infrared spectroscopy for monitoring flap viability following breast reconstruction. — Whitaker et al. (2011)
Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. — Douketis et al. (2012)
Dabigatran or warfarin for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation? A closer look at the RE-LY trial. — DiNicolantonio (2012)
Meta-analysis comparing bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy on ischemic and bleeding outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention. — Bertrand et al. (2012)
Anticoagulation in pregnancy. — Goland et al. (2012)
Direkte Thrombininhibitoren zur Behandlung der heparininduzierten Thrombozytopenie bei Patientinnen und Patienten unter Nierenersatztherapie: Vergleich klinischer Ergebnisse. — Abel et al. (2012)
Rivaroxaban in atrial fibrillation. — Giorgi et al. (2012)
Aktuelle Evidenz zur postoperativen Überwachung mikrovaskulärer freier Lappen: eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit. — Chae et al. (2015)
A prospective analysis of free flap monitoring techniques: physical examination, external Doppler, implantable Doppler, and tissue oximetry. — Lohman et al. (2012)
Sodium citrate 4% versus heparin as a lock solution in hemodialysis patients with central venous catheters. — Yon et al. (2013)
Central venous catheter care for the patient with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. — Schiffer et al. (2013)
Treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis. — Lee et al. (2013)
Breast reconstruction following conservative mastectomies: predictors of complications and outcomes. — Voineskos et al. (2015)
Bivalirudin als Alternative zu Heparin zur Antikoagulation bei Säuglingen und Kindern — Buck (2015)
Niedrigdosierter Heparinblock (1000 U/ml) erhält die Durchgängigkeit getunnelter Hämodialysekatheter im Vergleich zu hochdosiertem Heparin (5000 U/ml): eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie — Chu et al. (2016)
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Without Heparin. — Rehfeldt et al. (2016)
Meta-Analysis of Effects of Bivalirudin Versus Heparin on Myocardial Ischemic and Bleeding Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. — Barria Perez et al. (2016)
Deciphering the Sensitivity and Specificity of the Implantable Doppler Probe in Free Flap Monitoring. — Chang et al. (2016)
Mikrovaskuläre freie Lappenrekonstruktion im Kopf-Hals-Bereich: eine Analyse ungeplanter Wiederaufnahmen. — Carniol et al. (2016)
Niedrig- versus hochdosierter Heparin-Lock für Hämodialysekatheter: eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit und Metaanalyse. — Han et al. (2016)
What Are the Optimal Monitoring Techniques in Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction? — Moubayed et al. (2016)
Dabigatran bei Vorhofflimmern im Versorgungsalltag. Metaanalyse von vergleichenden Beobachtungsstudien mit Vitamin-K-Antagonisten. — Carmo et al. (2016)
Dabigatran steigert die Thrombozytenreaktivität und die Thrombinrezeptorexpression auf Thrombozyten bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern. — Achilles et al. (2017)
Rekonstruktion der unteren Extremität mit freien Gracilis-Lappen. — Franco et al. (2016)
Dabigatranetexilat: eine Übersichtsarbeit zum nichtvalvulären Vorhofflimmern. — Blair et al. (2017)
Dabigatran in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: from clinical trials to real-life experience. — Mumoli et al. (2017)
Free Flap Reconstruction Monitoring Techniques and Frequency in the Era of Restricted Resident Work Hours. — Patel et al. (2017)
Anticoagulation in the management of neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Rossor et al. (2018)
Modern postoperative monitoring of free flaps. — Kääriäinen et al. (2018)
Antikoagulation während der ECMO bei neonatalen und pädiatrischen Patienten — Barton et al. (2018)
Anticoagulation for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. — Sobieraj et al. (2018)
Management of antiphospholipid syndrome. — Uthman et al. (2018)
Long-Term Outcome after Successful Lower Extremity Free Flap Salvage. — Bigdeli et al. (2018)
Sex-related response to bivalirudin and unfractionated heparin in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A subgroup analysis of the VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART trial. — Venetsanos et al. (2018)
State of the Art Management of Mechanical Heart Valves During Pregnancy. — Aggarwal et al. (2018)
Treatment algorithm in cancer-associated thrombosis: Canadian expert consensus. — Carrier et al. (2018)
Oral Anticoagulation. — Altiok et al. (2018)
Microsurgical Reconstruction of the Lower Extremity. — Pederson et al. (2019)
Ergebnisse nach Kopf-Hals-Rekonstruktionen mit freien Lappen, die ein Interpositionsvenentransplantat oder einen Gefäßbrückenlappen erfordern. — Di Taranto et al. (2019)
EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. — Tektonidou et al. (2019)
Free Flap Outcomes of Microvascular Reconstruction after Repeated Segmental Mandibulectomy in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. — Lin et al. (2019)
Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit von Rivaroxaban bei zerebraler Venenthrombose im Kindesalter (EINSTEIN-Jr CVT) — Connor et al. (2020)
ASH-ISTH-NHF-WFH-Leitlinie 2021 zum Management des Von-Willebrand-Syndroms — Connell et al. (2021)
Locoregional Flaps in Lower Extremity Reconstruction. — Pu (2021)
Free Flaps in Lower Extremity Reconstruction. — Pu (2021)
Mechanical heart valve thrombosis during pregnancy under non-warfarin anticoagulation therapy: Two-case report and literature review — Huang et al. (2021)
Comparison of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and implantable Doppler in the monitoring of a vascularised fibular free flap for reconstruction of the mandible. — Tabrizi et al. (2020)
Ergebnisse der freien Lappenrekonstruktion im Kopf-Hals-Bereich bei Patienten mit anamnestischer venöser Thromboembolie — Crippen et al. (2021)
Cancer-Associated Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis. — Cohen et al. (2021)
Cost-Effectiveness of Vioptix versus Clinical Examination for Flap Monitoring of Autologous Free Tissue Breast Reconstruction. — Schoenbrunner et al. (2021)
Consensus of free flap complications: Using a nomenclature paradigm in microvascular head and neck reconstruction. — Mady et al. (2021)
Behandlung lebensbedrohlicher Blutungen bei Patienten mit mechanischen Herzklappen — Huda et al. (2021)
Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. — Stevens et al. (2021)
Implantable Doppler Removal After Free Flap Monitoring Among Head and Neck Microvascular Surgeons. — Ong et al. (2021)
Sarkopenie und mikrovaskuläre Rekonstruktion mit freien Lappen — Chen et al. (2021)
New Internet-Based Warfarin Anticoagulation Management Approach After Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement: Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial. — Zhu et al. (2021)
Personalizing the decision of dabigatran versus warfarin in atrial fibrillation: A secondary analysis of the Randomized Evaluation of Long-term anticoagulation therapY (RE-LY) trial. — Reinhardt et al. (2021)
Verbessert die Antikoagulation die Ergebnisse der mikrovaskulären Rekonstruktion mit freiem Lappen nach Kopf-Hals-Chirurgie? Eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit und Metaanalyse. — Dawoud et al. (2022)
Jehovah's witness head and neck free flap reconstruction patient outcomes. — Lin et al. (2022)
Textbook outcomes in DIEP flap breast reconstruction: a Delphi study to establish consensus. — Shammas et al. (2022)
Pregnancy After Cardiac Surgery. — Makhija et al. (2022)
Antiphospholipid syndrome, antiphospholipid antibodies, and stroke. — Mittal et al. (2023)
DIEP flap in breast reconstruction: A morbidity study of bilateral versus unilateral reconstruction. — Laurent et al. (2023)
NEOnatal Central-venous Line Observational study on Thrombosis (NEOCLOT): evaluation of a national guideline on management of neonatal catheter-related venous thrombosis. — van Ommen et al. (2022)
Umbilical Complications following DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction: Demonstrating the Added Benefit of Preoperative Imaging. — Huang et al. (2022)
Reducing donor-site complications in DIEP flap breast reconstruction with closed incisional negative pressure therapy: A cost-benefit analysis. — Munro et al. (2022)
Canadian Trends in Free Flap Management for Microsurgical Lower Limb Reconstruction. — Bonapace-Potvin et al. (2021)
Antiphospholipid syndrome: advances in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management. — Knight et al. (2023)
Antiphospholipid syndrome management: a 2023 update and practical algorithm-based approach. — Ambati et al. (2023)
Updates in Traumatic Lower Extremity Free Flap Reconstruction. — Lee et al. (2023)
The Use of the Implantable Doppler Probe as a Blood Flow Monitoring Device in Clinical Settings: A Narrative Review of the Evidence. — Malik et al. (2023)
Harms Reporting in Systematic Reviews of the Microvascular Free Flap in Head and Neck Reconstruction. — Wilson et al. (2023)
Cancer-associated thrombosis: enhanced awareness and pathophysiologic complexity. — Falanga et al. (2023)
Prolonged infusion of bivalirudin after elective percutaneous coronary intervention protects against procedural myocardial injury (a COBER study)-a randomized trial. — Wu et al. (2023)
Clinical Outcomes of Anticoagulated Patients With Atrial Fibrillation After Falls or Head Injury: Insights From RE-LY. — Caldeira et al. (2023)
SCIP flap in head and neck reconstruction after oncologic ablative surgery: a systematic review. — Rosti et al. (2023)
Effect of machine learning-guided haemodynamic optimization on postoperative free flap perfusion in reconstructive maxillofacial surgery: A study protocol. — Pražetina et al. (2023)
Apixaban versus no anticoagulation for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or lymphoma (PREVAPIX-ALL): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. — O'Brien et al. (2023)
Apixaban for Prevention of Thromboembolism in Pediatric Heart Disease. — Payne et al. (2023)
When Direct Oral Anticoagulants Should Not Be Standard Treatment: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. — Bejjani et al. (2024)
Mental health is strongly associated with capability after lower extremity injury treated with free flap limb salvage or amputation. — Krijgh et al. (2024)
Outcomes of Head and Neck Free Tissue Transfer Requiring Vein Grafting: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Kota et al. (2024)
Dilemmas in the diagnosis and management of antiphospholipid syndrome. — Manning et al. (2024)
Management options for pediatric venous thromboembolic disease: Beyond anticoagulation with endovascular therapies. — Mitta et al. (2024)
Evaluation and Management of Mechanical Heart Valve Dysfunction and Thrombosis. — Parizher et al. (2024)
Management of Neonatal Aortic Thrombosis: Challenges and Outcomes With Systemic and Intra-arterial Thrombolysis. — Reddy et al. (2024)
Microvascular Free-Flap Head and Neck Reconstruction: The Utility of the Modified Frailty Five-Item Index. — Othman et al. (2024)
Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. — Soto-Peleteiro et al. (2024)
Thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome: From guidelines to clinical management. — Paredes-Ruiz et al. (2024)
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: Lessons from the "CAPS Registry". — Rodriguez-Pintó et al. (2024)
Sequential Free Flaps in Lower Extremity Reconstruction. — Huang et al. (2025)
Impact of closed-incision negative pressure therapy in donor-site complications in DIEP flap breast reconstruction: Analysis of 705 patients and 1125 flaps. — Escobar-Domingo et al. (2025)
Anticoagulation management and poor clinical outcomes in tamariki and rangatahi with rheumatic heart disease following mechanical valve replacement surgery in Counties Manukau. — Tangirala et al. (2025)
Perforator-Related Risk Factors for Perfusion-Related Complications in DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction. — Suhail Ds et al. (2025)
American Society of Hematology/International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2024 updated guidelines for treatment of venous thromboembolism in pediatric patients. — Monagle et al. (2025)
Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Patients With Cancer-Associated Thrombosis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. — Mousavi et al. (2025)
Achieving Textbook Outcomes in Bilateral DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction: Does a Co-Surgeon Matter? — DeVito et al. (2025)
Impact of postoperative complications on patient-reported outcomes in deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction. — Guo et al. (2025)
Comparison of outcomes of arterial end-to-side versus end-to-end anastomosis in autologous deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction: DIEP-ES study protocol. — Didzun et al. (2025)
Superficial Vein Thrombosis: A Review. — Piazza et al. (2025)
Monitoring free flaps with Cook-Swartz implantable Doppler probe in head-and-neck reconstruction. — Cervini et al. (2025)
Near infra-red spectroscopy: a non-invasive monitor of perfusion and oxygenation within the microcirculation of limbs and flaps. — Irwin et al. (1995)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia--recognition and treatment. — Miller (2003)
Management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a critical comparison of lepirudin and argatroban. — Warkentin (2003)
Dextran-related complications in head and neck microsurgery: do the benefits outweigh the risks? A prospective randomized analysis. — Disa et al. (2003)
Overview of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Spinler et al. (2003)
Treatment options for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Greinacher (2003)
Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: is there a role for bivalirudin? — Seybert et al. (2006)
Diagnosis and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — de Maistre et al. (2006)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: treatment options and special considerations. — Dager et al. (2007)
Argatroban: a review of its use in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Dhillon (2009)
Prevention of thrombosis in hypercoagulable patients undergoing microsurgery: A novel anticoagulation protocol. — Nelson et al. (2016)
Edoxaban: A direct oral anticoagulant. — Poulakos et al. (2017)
Anticoagulation Therapy in Children. — Radulescu (2017)
Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Greinacher et al. (2017)
Direct oral anticoagulants: An update. — Franco Moreno et al. (2017)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Infants after Heart Surgery. — Abdillah et al. (2018)
Bivalirudin Anticoagulation Dosing Protocol for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Retrospective Review. — Netley et al. (2018)
Diagnosis and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a consensus statement from the Thrombosis and Haemostasis Society of Australia and New Zealand HIT Writing Group. — Joseph et al. (2019)
Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update. — Key et al. (2019)
The Effects of Dextran on Postoperative Thrombosis and Hemodilution in Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction. — Filipan et al. (2020)
Heparin vs bivalirudin anticoagulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. — Kaseer et al. (2020)
Cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: Treatment and prevention with rivaroxaban. — Bauersachs et al. (2020)
Thrombosis and bleedings in a cohort of cancer patients treated with apixaban for venous thromboembolism. — Hannevik et al. (2020)
Diagnosis and Treatment of Lower Extremity Venous Thromboembolism: A Review. — Chopard et al. (2020)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. — Hvas et al. (2021)
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Complications in Heparin- and Bivalirudin-Treated Patients. — Giuliano et al. (2021)
The efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of the acute phase of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic review. — Sadowski et al. (2024)
Antithrombotic prophylaxis following total knee arthroplasty: a level I Bayesian network meta-analysis. — Migliorini et al. (2024)
Bleeding Complications between Bivalirudin and Heparin for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Neonates with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. — Credille et al. (2024)
Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Budd-Chiari Syndrome. — Thapa et al. (2024)
Anticoagulation Management During ECMO: Narrative Review. — Vajter et al. (2025)
Efficacy and Morbidity of Heparin Infusion in Salvaging Autologous Breast Reconstruction Free Flaps. — Odorico et al. (2025)
Venous Thromboembolism Therapy with Edoxaban in Daily Care Patients: Results from the DRESDEN NOAC REGISTRY. — Tittl et al. (2025)
Effectiveness and safety of bivalirudin anticoagulation therapy in adult patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Hu et al. (2025)
Revisiting Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia among Patients Undergoing Free Tissue Transfer: A Systematic Review. — Yamin et al. (2025)
Preoperative Deep and Superficial Venous Thrombosis in Limb Salvage Candidates: A Contraindication to Microsurgical Free Flap Reconstruction? Lessons Learned from Our 13-year Institutional Experience. — Rohrich et al. (2025)
Vascular complications of vascularized composite tissue transfer: outcome and salvage techniques. — Yajima et al. (1993)
Anticoagulation for prosthetic heart valves during pregnancy: is low-molecular-weight heparin an alternative?. — Leyh et al. (2002)
Treatment of acute ischemic stroke: recent progress. — Tanahashi et al. (2002)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Chong (2003)
LMWH for perioperative anticoagulation in patients on chronic warfarin therapy. — Heuts et al. (2004)
Argatroban anticoagulation in patients with acute ischemic stroke (ARGIS-1): a randomized, placebo-controlled safety study. — LaMonte et al. (2004)
Ximelagatran--a promising new drug in thromboembolic disorders. — Petersen (2005)
Low-molecular-weight heparins during pregnancy. — Many et al. (2005)
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran. — Wolzt et al. (2005)
Low-molecular-weight-heparins as periprocedural anticoagulation for patients on long-term warfarin therapy: a standardized bridging therapy protocol. — Jaffer et al. (2005)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Warkentin (2007)
Argatroban use in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Boggio et al. (2008)
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia. — Gupta et al. (2008)
Anticoagulation of patients on chronic warfarin undergoing arrhythmia device surgery: wide variability of perioperative bridging in Canada. — Krahn et al. (2009)
Update on perioperative bridging in patients on chronic oral anticoagulation. — Faltas et al. (2009)
Periprocedural bridging anticoagulation: current perspectives. — Palaniswamy et al. (2011)
A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey. — Pisters et al. (2010)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Szokol (2010)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Thiele et al. (2010)
CASE REPORT Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction Salvage Following Late Venous Congestion After Discharge. — Chan et al. (2010)
Pharmacology of argatroban. — Jeske et al. (2010)
Comparative validation of a novel risk score for predicting bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: the HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal Renal/Liver Function, Stroke, Bleeding History or Predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs/Alcohol Concomitantly) score. — Lip et al. (2011)
Update in bridging anticoagulation. — Kaatz et al. (2011)
Successful salvage of venous thrombosis of a free flap by creation of a venocutaneous fistula. — Jones et al. (2011)
Coagulation Monitoring using ROTEM(®): Pro — Fries (2011)
Net clinical benefit of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus no treatment in a 'real world' atrial fibrillation population: a modelling analysis based on a nationwide cohort study. — Banerjee et al. (2012)
Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. — Friberg et al. (2012)
Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. — Linkins et al. (2012)
VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. — Bates et al. (2012)
Versatility of the anterolateral thigh free flap: the four seasons flap. — Di Candia et al. (2012)
The Pharmacotherapy of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) : A Review of Contemporary Therapeutic Challenges in Clinical Practice. — Hassan et al. (2008)
A randomized controlled trial of dabigatran versus warfarin for periablation anticoagulation in patients undergoing ablation of atrial fibrillation. — Nin et al. (2013)
Stroke and bleeding risk assessment in atrial fibrillation: when, how, and why?. — Lip (2013)
Bleeding risk assessment in patients with atrial fibrillation who are taking oral anticoagulants. — Guo et al. (2013)
Current periprocedural anticoagulation in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: could bivalirudin be an option? Rationale and design of the BRAVO 2/3 studies. — Sergie et al. (2013)
Recommendations for the emergency management of complications associated with the new direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban. — Steiner et al. (2013)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Unknown (2013)
Free deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap for reconstruction of soft-tissue defects in extremities of children. — Tang et al. (2013)
Anticoagulation management of patients with long-term warfarin therapy after valve replacement during the perioperative period of pacemaker implantation. — Han et al. (2013)
A single centre experience of the efficacy and safety of dabigatran etexilate used for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. — Yap et al. (2014)
An old controversy revisited-one versus two venous anastomoses in microvascular head and neck reconstruction using anterolateral thigh flap. — Chen et al. (2014)
Bivalirudin vs Heparin in Patients Who Undergo Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation. — Lange et al. (2015)
Outcomes and costs of left atrial appendage closure from randomized controlled trial and real-world experience relative to oral anticoagulation. — Panikker et al. (2016)
Is the ORBIT Bleeding Risk Score Superior to the HAS-BLED Score in Anticoagulated Atrial Fibrillation Patients?. — Esteve-Pastor et al. (2016)
Real-world data on novel oral anticoagulants: the added value of registries and observational studies. Focus on apixaban — Pelliccia et al. (2016)
Renal Function Considerations for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. — Fanikos et al. (2017)
Low molecular weight heparin use during pregnancy and risk of postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Sirico et al. (2019)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia. — Prince et al. (2018)
Bariatric venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: an update on the literature. — Hamadi et al. (2019)
Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Obesity: An Updated Literature Review. — Sebaaly et al. (2020)
Use of direct-acting oral anticoagulants in solid organ transplantation: A systematic review. — Bixby et al. (2021)
Learning microvascular anastomosis: Analysis of practice patterns. — Mokhtari et al. (2021)
Dabigatran versus vitamin K antagonists for atrial fibrillation in clinical practice: final outcomes from Phase III of the GLORIA-AF registry. — Huisman et al. (2022)
Protocols for perioperative management of direct oral anticoagulants in hospitals: opportunities for improvement. — Mitrovic et al. (2023)
Simulation of Reconstructive Microsurgery in Soft Embalmed Cadavers: A Teaching Module for Plastic Surgery Residents. — Manikumari et al. (2022)
Low-Dose Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for Thromboprophylaxis During Pregnancy. — Rosenberg (2023)
Argatroban in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke With Early Neurological Deterioration: A Randomized Clinical Trial. — Zhang et al. (2024)
Evaluation of gaps in direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) management in an outpatient underserved clinic: a cross-sectional study. — Alghamdi et al. (2025)
Comprehensive Coagulation Management in Cardiac Surgery: Anticoagulants, Heparin Resistance, Monitoring, and Bleeding Risks : Coagulation Management in Cardiac Surgery. — Negargar et al. (2025)
Risk stratification of acute pulmonary embolism. — de Wit et al. (2023)
Submassive Pulmonary Embolism. — Rali et al. (2018)
Platelet function assays. — Rand et al. (2003)
Guidelines for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. — Alonso de Leciñana et al. (2011)
Reversal of anticoagulant effects in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. — Yates et al. (2015)
Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke on Anticoagulation Therapy. — Černík et al. (2018)
Medical Management for Secondary Stroke Prevention. — Kim (2020)
COVID-19 and stroke — Wada et al. (2020)
Intracerebral Hemorrhage. — Nobleza (2021)
Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Concomitant Intracranial Hemorrhage. — Weller et al. (2022)
Myeloproliferative neoplasms and splanchnic vein thrombosis: Contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. — Kiladjian et al. (2023)
How we manage a high D-dimer. — Franchini et al. (2024)
Contemporary outcomes of acute ischemic stroke in atrial fibrillation patients on anticoagulation. — Vasquez et al. (2024)
Scaling theory of fibrin polymerization. — Panyukov (2024)
Quality Assurance in Platelet Function Testing. — Smock et al. (2026)
Congenital dysfibrinogenemia. — Martinez (1997)
Rivaroxaban for stroke patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (RISAPS): protocol for a randomized controlled, phase IIb proof-of-principle trial. — Mittal P et al. (2024)
Exposure-Response Relationship of Tranexamic Acid in Cardiac Surgery. — Zufferey PJ et al. (2021)
Tranexamic Acid in Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Dionne JC et al. (2022)
Treatment of cancer associated thrombosis — Sanchez O (2022)
2025 ESVM Guidelines on interventional treatment of venous thromboembolism. — Schlager O et al. (2025)
Atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation, fall risk, and outcomes in elderly patients. — Sellers MB et al. (2011)
Prophylaxis for hemophilia A without inhibitors: treatment options and considerations. — Valentino LA et al. (2020)
The More Recent History of Hemophilia Treatment. — Franchini M et al. (2022)
Anticoagulation Management for Impella Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices: An Analysis of a Single-Center Experience. — Wood E et al. (2020)
Concomitant Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. — Kapadia SR et al. (2023)
Stroke in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices. — Plecash AR et al. (2021)
Evolving anticoagulation paradigms in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients: a focus on direct oral anticoagulants. — Ndakotsu A et al. (2025)
Moderate pulmonary embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the "MOPETT" Trial). — Sharifi M et al. (2012)
Neonatal thrombosis. — Makatsariya A et al. (2020)
Short term outcome of neonatal venous thromboembolism in anticoagulated versus observed patients. — Beg KA et al. (2024)
Effectiveness of early coronary angioplasty and abciximab for failed thrombolysis (reteplase or alteplase) during acute myocardial infarction (results from the GUSTO-III trial). Global Use of Strategies To Open occluded coronary arteries. — Miller JM et al. (1999)
Evaluation of mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke related to a distal arterial occlusion: A randomized controlled trial. — Clarençon F et al. (2023)
Clinical and Genetic Risk Factors for Acute Incident Venous Thromboembolism in Ambulatory Patients With COVID-19. — Xie J et al. (2022)
Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy: An Institution's 35 Year Perspective on Practice and Research. — Gonzalez E et al. (2014)
Quality of Life after Venous Stenting for Post-thrombotic Syndrome and the Effect of Inflow Disease. — Bakas JM et al. (2023)
Recent advances in the discovery and development of factor XI/XIa inhibitors. — Al-Horani RA et al. (2018)
Anticoagulation reversal (vitamin K, prothrombin complex concentrates, idarucizumab, andexanet-α, protamine). — Bekka E et al. (2024)
Clinical outcomes and a high prevalence of abnormalities on comprehensive arterial and venous thrombophilia screening in TIA or ischaemic stroke patients with a patent foramen ovale, an inter-atrial septal aneurysm or both — Lim ST et al. (2017)
Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with gastrointestinal cancer using edoxaban — Bosch FTM et al. (2021)
Evaluation of Direct Oral Anticoagulant Reversal Agents in Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis — Chaudhary R et al. (2022)
Effect of different application duration of a venous foot pump on prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip and knee arthroplasty: a multicenter prospective clinical trial — Gu S et al. (2023)
Current evidence on the effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulants in superficial venous thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Damay VA et al. (2024)
Clinical Analysis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia due to Therapeutic Plasmapheresis With Heparin Anticoagulation — Lv C et al. (2025)
Association between thrombophilic gene variants and thrombosis in the Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Safdari SM et al. (2025)
Enhanced trial efficiency of the novel "contemporaneous control recapture" parallel-cohort RCT design: Methods and application in the CRITICAL-Kids-TP trial — Sochet AA et al. (2026)
Predictors of hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage associated with factor Xa inhibitors — Komatsu Y et al. (2025)
Comparative Outcomes of Apixaban and Acenocoumarol in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Atrial Fibrillation: A Retrospective Observational Study — Suliman IL et al. (2025)
Comparing survival with vitamin K antagonists, low-molecular-weight heparin, and direct oral anticoagulants in patients with cancer-a systematic review and meta-analysis — Xirou V et al. (2025)
Comparison of 4-factor fixed-dose versus 4-factor weight-based-dose prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent warfarin reversal: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Alrashed M et al. (2025)
The Impact of NOACS versus VKAS on Absolute and Relative Cognitive Function Decline Over Time: A Machine Learning Approach — Ferrantelli S et al. (2025)
Prothrombin complex concentrate for oral factor Xa inhibitor-associated intracerebral hemorrhage — Shamiea M et al. (2026)
Non-cirrhotic portal-splenic-mesenteric vein thrombosis unmasking JAK2 V617F-positive polycythemia vera — Otake T et al. (2026)
Impact of Treatment Response to Anticoagulant Therapy on Liver-Related Events in Patients With Cirrhosis and Portal Vein Thrombosis — Maeda A et al. (2026)
Clinical outcomes following catheter-related venous thrombo-embolism among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia — Pelland-Marcotte MC et al. (2026)
Metabolic complications of citrate anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy (crrt): a delphi consensus on indications, monitoring and management — Jacobs R et al. (2026)
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Involving the Vein of Labbé and Left Sigmoid Sinus in a Patient With Immune Thrombocytopenia Treated With Romiplostim: A Case Report and Literature Review — Berrocal C et al. (2026)
Clinical implications of incidental venous thromboembolism in cancer patients — Mulder FI et al. (2020)
Identifying risk factors for major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation using direct oral anticoagulants: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Wang X et al. (2026)
Thromboembolic disease in testicular germ cell tumors-real-world evidence of three Portuguese institutions — Albuquerque J et al. (2026)
Aspirin is Not for Everyone: Discharge to Non-home Facilities After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Increases Risk of Venous Thromboembolism — McHugh M et al. (2024)
Thrombophilia and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: The Enigma Continues — Barut MU et al. (2018)
Deep vein thrombosis after total knee replacement — Ruban P et al. (2000)
The roles of endogenous membrane properties and synaptic interaction in generating the heartbeat rhythm of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis — Calabrese RL (1979)
Practice patterns for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in minimal-access surgery — Beekman R et al. (2006)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients — Selleng K et al. (2008)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a renal perspective — Syed S et al. (2009)
The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase HmLAR1 is up-regulated in the CNS of the adult medicinal leech following injury and is required for neuronal sprouting and regeneration — Sethi J et al. (2010)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: real-world issues — Linkins LA et al. (2011)
Deep vein thrombosis in arthroscopic surgery and chemoprophylaxis recommendation in an Asian population — Yeo KS et al. (2016)
Venous thromboembolism management in Northeast Melbourne: how does it compare to international guidelines and data? — Lim HY et al. (2017)
Responses to mechanically and visually cued water waves in the nervous system of the medicinal leech — Lehmkuhl AM et al. (2018)
Graduated compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis — Sachdeva A et al. (2018)
American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: optimal management of anticoagulation therapy — Witt DM et al. (2018)
Unusual presentation of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT) with multiple organ involvement — Zakhour H et al. (2025)
Increased Incidence of Thrombosis in Patients at Risk of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Receiving Epoprostenol for Cardiac Surgery — Becher EL et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin Monitoring Using Dilute Thrombin Time in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Single-Center, Retrospective Cost Analysis, 2018-2023 — Dorn LE et al. (2026)
Comparative Effectiveness of Oral Anticoagulants and Home Time After Venous Thromboembolism in Frail and Non-Frail Older Adults — Park CM et al. (2026)
Is the preoperative MPV value related to early thrombus formation in microvascular anastomosis? — Eser C et al. (2016)
A Unique Case of Replantation of Previously Replanted Fingers — Bharathi R et al. (2021)
The Learning Curve in Digital Replant Surgery: 46 Prospectively Collected Cases From a Single Surgeon Over a 10-Year Period — Hustedt JW et al. (2024)
Post-assault brachial vein thrombosis in an adolescent female: Diagnosis by CT angiography — Sumawe J (2026)
Novel use of a hemostatic dressing in the management of a bleeding leech bite: a case report and review of the literature — Fedor PJ (2012)
Long-Term Outcomes of Successful Fingertip Replantation: A Follow-Up of at Least 10 Years — Hayashi K et al. (2020)
The timing of neovascularization in fingertip replantation by external bleeding — Han et al. (2002)
Outcomes in microsurgery — Thoma et al. (2009)
More consistent postoperative care and monitoring can reduce costs following microvascular free flap reconstruction — Haddock et al. (2010)
Free flap take-back following postoperative microvascular compromise: predicting salvage versus failure — Mirzabeigi et al. (2012)
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in arthroscopic surgery — Bryll et al. (2013)
Challenges in measuring outcomes following digital replantation — Sebastin et al. (2013)
Supraclavicular flap repair in the free flap era — Trautman et al. (2018)
Factors Associated with Free Flap Failures in Head and Neck Reconstruction — Crawley et al. (2019)
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical effectiveness of point-of-care testing for anticoagulation management during ECMO — Jiritano et al. (2021)
Comparison of Screening Scores for Heparin- Induced Thrombocytopenia After Cardiopulmonary Bypass — Cutler et al. (2022)
Hemostasis in neonatal ECMO — Cortesi et al. (2022)
The Use of Machine Learning for Predicting Complications of Free-Flap Head and Neck Reconstruction — Asaad et al. (2023)
Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Worldwide Survey — Zambelli et al. (2024)
Comparison of Treatment Approaches and Subsequent Outcomes within a Pulmonary Embolism Response Team Registry — Weekes et al. (2024)
Methodologic Quality and Pharmacotherapy Recommendations for Patient Blood Management Guidelines for Cardiac Surgery on Cardiopulmonary Bypass — Huang et al. (2024)
Free Flap Perfusion in Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction: Influence of the Number of Ischemia Intervals and Ischemia Duration-A Retrospective Study — Ooms et al. (2024)
Complement activation as a biomarker for platelet-activating antibodies in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Myoung et al. (2025)
Impact of Vasopressors on Microvascular Free Flap Perfusion in Head and Neck Reconstruction — Ooms et al. (2025)
Salvage of fingertip amputated at nail level: new surgical principles and treatments — Hirase (1997)
Apixaban for the prophylaxis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: an evidence-based review — Mandernach et al. (2015)
Postoperative bridging anticoagulation and left ventricular assist system thrombosis — Nemer et al. (2019)
Remote monitoring of head and neck free flaps using near infrared spectroscopic tissue oximetry — Starr et al. (2020)
Non-anticoagulant factors affecting coagulation in the extracorporeal circulation circuit and the development of an individualized regional citrate anticoagulation protocol for hemodialysis: A real-world retrospective study — Hu et al. (2023)
Construction of a coagulation prediction model of the extracorporeal circulation circuit during hemodialysis with regional citrate anticoagulant (RCA) — Gong et al. (2024)
Return-to-Work After Attempted Digit Replantation: A Systematic Review of 31 Studies — Treger et al. (2024)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Hepatectomy: A Case Report — Sakio et al. (2025)
Glove-like hand: A case of severe-circumferential hand degloving injury — Pamuk et al. (2025)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in a Patient With Pulmonary Embolism and Bilateral Deep Venous Thrombosis: A Case Report — Ojinna et al. (2025)
Direct oral anticoagulants vs. warfarin for left ventricular thrombus — Kassab et al. (2026)
Dabigatran prevents lipopolysaccharide mediated apoptosis in zebrafish through a thrombin independent mechanism — Fleischmann et al. (2026)
Perioperative management and outcomes of hip and knee arthroplasty among heartmate 3 left ventricular assist device recipients — Turan et al. (2026)
Efficacy of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in patients with metformin associated lactic acidosis and acute kidney injury — De Simone et al. (2025)
Platelet responsiveness to aspirin in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study — Marathe et al. (2026)
Venous thromboembolism after hip arthroscopy: a systematic review of incidence, risk factors, and international guidelines — Gao et al. (2025)
Volumetric Feasibility of Lumbar Artery Perforator Flaps Compared to Abdominal Flaps for Breast Reconstruction in Low-BMI Patients: A CT-Based Study — Kim et al. (2026)
Spontaneous intramural small bowel hematoma: unusual cause of intestinal subocclusion in an anticoagulated patient-a case report — Calomeni et al. (2026)
Tumor and Flap Reconstruction Volumes and Functional Outcomes after Glossectomy — Wu et al. (2026)
The role of indocyanine green fluorescence angiography in head and neck reconstruction: a systematic review — Poen et al. (2026)
Thrombosis at the crossroads of inflammation, coagulation, and vascular biology: Recent advances and emerging therapeutic strategies — Ramarajan et al. (2026)
Recent advances in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Cuker. (2011)
Evaluation of platelet function in essential thrombocythemia under different analytical conditions — Lussana et al. (2020)
Dialdehyde pectin-crosslinked and hirudin-loaded decellularized porcine pericardium with improved matrix stability, enhanced anti-calcification and anticoagulant for bioprosthetic heart valves — Hu et al. (2021)
Examining Trends in Implantable Arterial Doppler Usage Among North American Head and Neck Microsurgeons: A Survey Study — Langenfeld et al. (2023)
Acute Kidney Injury in Different Anticoagulation Strategies: A Large-Scale Pharmacoepidemiologic Study Using Real-World Data — Xu et al. (2025)
Optimizing Anesthesia for Extensive Extraoral Fungating Lesions: Strategies and Considerations — Patel et al. (2024)
Imaging Photoplethysmography (iPPG) in Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery: A Novel Technique for Noninvasive Flap Perfusion Monitoring — van der Stel et al. (2024)
Head and Neck Free-Flap Reconstruction in Patients With Pre-Existing Coagulopathies: A Case Series — Longfellow et al. (2025)
Oral anticoagulation for adults with atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism — Chin et al. (2025)
Safety of contraception among women using anticoagulant therapy: An updated systematic review — Nguyen et al. (2025)
Global Variations in Surgical Techniques and Postoperative Care for Radial Forearm Free Flap (RFFF) in Head & Neck Surgery: A Cross-Sectional International Survey — Russo et al. (2025)
Perioperative Goal Directed Versus Conventional Fluid Therapy in Head and Neck Free Flap Surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis — Shamim et al. (2025)
Prevalence of Major Bleeding in Elderly Patients on Oral Anticoagulants for Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Single-Center 12-Year Retrospective Review — Kwan et al. (2025)
Three-dimensional visualisation of developmental stages of an apicomplexan fish blood parasite in its invertebrate host — Hayes et al. (2011)
Competitive interactions between neurons making axosomatic contacts in the leech — Gu et al. (1990)
Leech therapy in nearly total amputation of fingers without vascular repair: a case report — TarazJamshidi et al. (2014)
Shuxuetong injection protects cerebral microvascular endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion — Sun et al. (2019)
Osocimab: A Novel Agent in Preventing Venous Thromboembolism — Beavers et al. (2020)
Leeches and Caudal Analgesia After Replantation for Glans Amputation During Neonatal Circumcision — Mousa et al. (2022)
Transgenesis enables mapping of segmental ganglia in the leech Helobdella austinensis — Kuo et al. (2024)
Transposition flap and skin graft techniques for optimizing anastomosis coverage — Ha et al. (2025)
Endo-chip laser-induced thrombus formation: a vessel-on-chip model for in vitro testing of antithrombotic agents — Dupuy et al. (2025)
Thrombomodulin-Induced Prevention of Peripheral Neuropathy in Oxaliplatin-Treated Mice Involves Complement C5a Inactivation and PAR1 Activation in Addition To HMGB1 Degradation — Maruo et al. (2025)
Ultrastructural and morphological characterization of Trypanosoma bubalisi reveals an active endocytic system — Wang et al. (2025)
In vivo real-time monitoring of tissue perfusion via L-lactate levels in interstitial fluid: an innovative and portable microfluidic device trial using a pig model — Zhao et al. (2026)
Oropharyngeal Free Flap Inset With a Single Port Robot: A Case Series — Chen et al. (2026)
Utilising the Flap Vein of a Pedicled TRAM Flap for LYMPHA: A Case Report — Zhang et al. (2025)
Personal Strategies for DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction in Patients with Prior Abdominal Surgery and Hernia Repairs — Gupta et al. (2026)
A proposal for dose-adjustment of dabigatran etexilate in atrial fibrillation guided by thrombin time — Chin et al. (2014)
Rivaroxaban for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism — Liang et al. (2021)
Rivaroxaban versus aspirin in prevention of venous thromboembolism following total joint arthroplasty or hip fracture surgery: a meta-analysis — Hu et al. (2021)
Low-Dose Rivaroxaban as Extended Prophylaxis Reduces Postdischarge Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Malignancy and IBD — Ogilvie et al. (2024)
Anticoagulation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease — Elenjickal et al. (2024)
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety Between Apixaban, Dabigatran, Edoxaban, and Rivaroxaban Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation : A Multinational Population-Based Cohort Study — Lau et al. (2022)
Pharmacological properties of betrixaban — Huisman et al. (2018)
Executive Summary: Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report — Stevens et al. (2021)
Fondaparinux sodium — Reverter. (2002)
Tridegin, a novel peptidic inhibitor of factor XIIIa from the leech, Haementeria ghilianii, enhances fibrinolysis in vitro — Seale et al. (1997)
Supermicrosurgical Experience pertaining to Replantation of Tamai Zone 1 Fingertip Amputations — Pamuk. (2023)
Functional Assays in the Diagnosis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Review — Minet et al. (2017)
How I treat cancer-associated thrombosis — Moik et al. (2020)
How I Manage Cancer-Associated Thrombosis — Moik et al. (2020)
Anticoagulation Strategies in Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Weight-Based vs. Concentration-Based Approaches — Harnish et al. (2022)
Systemic anticoagulation related to heparin locking of non-tunnelled venous dialysis catheters in intensive care patients — Bong et al. (2016)
Pulmonary embolus — Dix et al. (2022)
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcomes of Patients With Subsegmental Pulmonary Embolism With and Without Anticoagulation Treatment — Bariteau et al. (2018)
Putative nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing cells in the central nervous system of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis: NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry — Leake et al. (1996)
Fibrinogen degradation by hementin, a fibrinogenolytic anticoagulant from the salivary glands of the leech Haementeria ghilianii — Malinconico et al. (1984)
Design of selective eglin inhibitors of HCV NS3 proteinase — Martin et al. (1998)
Predictors of Complications in Autologous Breast Reconstruction Using DIEP Flaps: Implications for Management — Wu et al. (2023)
Delineating the risk factors of venous congestion: An analysis of 455 deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps with radiographic correlation — Huang et al. (2022)
Morbidity of microsurgical breast reconstruction in patients with comorbid conditions — Seidenstuecker et al. (2011)
Measuring the pressure in the superficial inferior epigastric vein to monitor for venous congestion in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator breast reconstructions: a pilot study — Smit et al. (2010)
Early institutional head and neck oncologic and microvascular surgery practice patterns across the United States during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19) pandemic — Patel et al. (2020)
Delayed-onset functional ischemia 16 years after digital replantation: A Raynaud's-like vasospasm case report — Wu et al. (2026)
Use of the labial artery for replantation of the lip and chin — Schubert et al. (1988)
Entire scalp replantation: case report and review of the literature — Arashiro et al. (1995)
Microsurgical replantation of a total scalp avulsion. Case report — Fogdestam et al. (1986)
Replantation of the totally avulsed scalp — Tantri et al. (1980)
Avoiding prophylactic tracheostomies in head and neck surgeries with reconstructive free flaps: An institutional shift in practice — Liu et al. (2026)
Evaluation of Sensibility of Noninnervated, Intraoral, Microsurgically Transferred Flaps — Modabber et al. (2026)
Clinical use of leeches in reconstructive surgery — Daane et al. (1997)
Leeching as initial treatment in a cat with polycythaemia vera — Nett et al. (2001)
Reconstruction of a Volar Thumb Defect Using a Princeps Pollicis Artery Perforator Flap: A Case Report of Partial Flap Congestion and Successful Salvage — Zin et al. (2026)
Assessing current applications of tranexamic acid in reconstructive microsurgery and future direction: An 11-year meta-analysis — Bright et al. (2026)
Clinical reliability of pedicled perforator flaps in the management of adult limb and trunk soft tissue sarcomas: Experience of two French expert centres — Lafaye et al. (2022)
Reconstruction of intraoral defects after resection of cancer with two types of submental artery perforator flaps — Huang et al. (2018)
Free temporal artery posterior auricular skin (TAPAS) flap: A new option in facial and intra-oral reconstruction — Lassus et al. (2017)
Salvage of a failed partial prosthetic breast reconstruction using a free deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap — Cherian et al. (2025)
Lower limb salvage in necrotizing burn wound infection: The role of fibular ostectomy and local flaps in a resource-limited setting - A case report and literature review — Dawit (2024)
High Above-Knee Amputations for Femoral Osteosarcomas Treated with Free Microsurgical Tibial Reconstruction in the Pediatric Population — Wilkes et al. (2025)
Comparison of Lymphatic Drainage of the Lower Limbs After Soft Tissue Reconstruction by Microvascular Muscle Flap Versus Fasciocutaneous Flaps — Cordelia et al. (2023)
The Partial Removal of Rectus Abdominis Muscle Inserting into Ribs in Ipsilateral Pedicled TRAM Flap for Breast Reconstruction — Son et al. (2022)
Is It Reasonable to Use Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging to Determine the Border of Pedicled TRAM Flap Zone IV? — Chirappapha et al. (2020)
Survival Differences in Women with and without Autologous Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy for Breast Cancer — L et al. (2017)
A Cadaveric Anatomy Study of the Shape-Modified Radial Forearm Flap — Charvillat et al. (2025)
Simultaneous Bi-Jaw Reconstruction: Double Free Fibula Flap Following Resection of Synchronous Oral Malignancy — Khan et al. (2026)
Relationship between fibula free flap complications and dental implant outcomes: a retrospective cohort study — Attia et al. (2025)
Reconstruction of mandibular defects using free fibula flaps with a spliced surgical template system — Cao et al. (2026)
Flap reconstruction following Fournier's gangrene: A systematic review of techniques and outcomes — Alammar et al. (2026)
Extremity and Mandibular Reconstruction After Gunshot Trauma-Orthoplastic Strategies from Five Years of Humanitarian Missions in a Resource-Limited Setting — Koenig et al. (2025)
Evolution and practice pattern in microsurgical breast reconstruction-A European multicenter study — Siegwart et al. (2025)
The Effect of Medial Circumflex Artery Variation on the Success Rate of Gracilis Flap Procedures: A Systematic Review — Vallas et al. (2024)
Low Skeletal Muscle Mass as a Key Predictor of Postoperative Diet Outcomes in Circumferential Hypopharyngeal Cancer Reconstruction — Kodama et al. (2026)
Oblique Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Versus Anterolateral Thigh-Vastus Lateralis Flap for Perineal Reconstruction: A Retrospective Comparative Study — Guillier et al. (2026)
Heparin-induced thrombosis with a normal platelet count — Alvarez et al. (2007)
Delayed-onset eptifibatide-induced thrombocytopenia — Huffman et al. (2024)
Clinical impact of kidney function in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving oral anticoagulants — Matsuoka et al. (2025)
Renal outcomes following oral anticoagulation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A multicentre, propensity-matched retrospective analysis in an Asian population — Koh et al. (2025)
Effectiveness and Safety in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation Who Switched from Warfarin to Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Medicare Population — Atreja et al. (2025)
Bleeding Associated With Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Using Direct Oral Anticoagulants: A Nationwide Population Cohort Study — Wu et al. (2024)
Comparing Efficacy and Safety of Different Anticoagulants in Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis — Waseem et al. (2026)
PROS1 (Cys228Tyr) missense mutation associated with mesenteric and pulmonary venous thromboembolism during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case report — Huang et al. (2025)
Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis Secondary to Gastric Cancer: A Case Report — Takano et al. (2026)
Treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis: The evolution of anticoagulant choice and clinical insights into practical management — Riess et al. (2021)
An update on the efficacy and safety of novel anticoagulants for cancer associated thrombosis — Cosmi (2021)
Real-world evidence comparing oral anticoagulants for NVAF in Europe: a systematic review and network meta-analysis — Cichewicz et al. (2025)
Segmented worms (Phylum Annelida): a celebration of twenty years of progress through Zootaxa and call for action on the taxonomic work that remains — Magalhães et al. (2021)
A new subspecies of Trypanosoma cyclops found in the Australian terrestrial leech Chtonobdella bilineata — Ellis et al. (2021)
Batracobdella leeches, environmental features and Hydromantes salamanders — Lunghi et al. (2018)
In-hospital outcomes after switching from a bivalirudin-first strategy to an unfractionated heparin-first strategy for percutaneous coronary interventions — Jaswaney et al. (2018)
Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and venous limb gangrene after aortic dissection repair: in vitro and in vivo effects of intravenous immunoglobulin — Arcinas et al. (2019)
Bleeding and Thrombotic Adverse Events in Hospitalized Patients Under Empiric Treatment for Suspected Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia While Awaiting Confirmatory Testing — Dykes et al. (2021)
Argatroban dosage requirements and outcomes in intensive care versus non-intensive care patients — Smythe et al. (2009)
Retrospective study of clinical settings, indications and consequences of measurement of direct oral anticoagulant plasma levels in Northern Tasmania, Australia — Lim et al. (2024)
Treatment of dabigatran intoxication in critically ill patients with Acute Kidney Injury: The role of Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis — Pacchiarini et al. (2023)
Atrial Fibrillation Detected before or after Stroke: Role of Anticoagulation — Lyrer et al. (2023)
Coagulation factor XI and cardiovascular disease: A complex, cardio-specific conundrum — Cate et al. (2026)
Factor XI and XIa inhibition: a new approach to anticoagulant therapy — Sammut et al. (2024)
Factor XII in Thrombosis and Thromboinflammation: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Translation — Stępnicki et al. (2026)
Engineering the Cyclization Loop of MCoTI-II Generates Targeted Cyclotides that Potently Inhibit Factor XIIa — Tian et al. (2022)
CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION IN OTHERWISE HEALTHY CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: Association With Multigenetic Variants of Thrombophilia — BremondGignac et al. (2020)
Tirofiban-Associated Profound Thrombocytopenia in a Patient With Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Case Report — Zhao et al. (2026)
Resolution of thrombocytopenia through sodium bicarbonate intervention as an alternative diluent for heparin in an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patient: a case report — AlFaifi et al. (2026)
Bilateral Adrenal Infarction as an Uncommon Complication of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report — Singla et al. (2026)
A Case of Piperacillin-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia: Diagnostic Challenges and Management — Patel et al. (2025)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring VA-ECMO management during percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome: A case report — Kawamura et al. (2024)
A Case of COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia — Harrison et al. (2022)
PF4-dependent P-selectin expression assay in comparison to the heparin-induced platelet activation assay for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Meier et al. (2025)
The use of 1E12, a monoclonal anti-platelet factor 4 antibody, to improve the diagnosis of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia — Vayne et al. (2024)
Challenges in the Monitoring of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange during Acute Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Adults under ECMO — Gendron et al. (2024)
Molecular mechanism underlines heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis — Qian et al. (2010)
Advances in flap monitoring and impact of enhanced recovery protocols — Karinja et al. (2018)
Head and neck pedicled flap autonomization using a new high-resolution indocyanine green fluorescence video-angiography device — Giordano et al. (2022)

Arzneimittelentwicklung (714)

Hirudotherapy in Medicine and Dentistry — Jha K et al. (2015)
Leech therapy: a history — Hyson J (2005)
Hirudine der asiatischen medizinischen Blutegelart Hirudinaria manillensis: gleich und doch verschieden — Lukas P et al. (2019)
Transcriptomic analysis of the salivary gland of medicinal leech Hirudo nipponia — Lu Z et al. (2018)
Molecular dynamic and pharmacological studies on protein-engineered hirudin variants of Hirudinaria manillensis and Hirudo medicinalis — Sun Y et al. (2022)
Cell-free synthesis of the hirudin variant 1 of the blood-sucking leech Hirudo medicinalis — Wüstenhagen D et al. (2020)
Hirudin variants production by genetic engineered microbial factory — Zhang J, Lan N (2018)
Hirudin in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Lubenow N, Greinacher A (2002)
Hirudin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting Gsdmd-mediated pyroptosis — Han J et al. (2023)
Hirudin as alternative anticoagulant--a historical review — Markwardt F (2002)
Hirudin in renal insufficiency — Fischer K (2002)
Hirudin: clinical potential of a thrombin inhibitor — Johnson P (1994)
Hirudin for diagnostic purposes — Stocker K (1991)
Der direkte Thrombininhibitor Hirudin — Greinacher A, Warkentin T (2008)
Past, present and future of hirudin — Markwardt F (1991)
Hirudin, a new therapeutic tool? — Bichler J, Fritz H (1991)
Bivalent direct thrombin inhibitors: hirudin and bivalirudin — Warkentin T (2004)
Production and evaluation of recombinant hirudin — Courtney M et al. (1989)
Pharmacology of recombinant hirudin — Nowak G (2002)
Novel drug delivery systems for hirudin-based product development and clinical applications — Mo L et al. (2025)
Hirudin und Hirudin-Analoga als neue Antikoagulanzien — Pineo G, Hull R (1995)
Clinical monitoring of hirudin and direct thrombin inhibitors — Nowak G (2001)
Tyrosine phosphorylation of recombinant hirudin increases affinity to thrombin and antithrombotic activity — Volkova A, Semenyuk P (2024)
Hirudin versus citrate as an anticoagulant for ROTEM platelet whole blood impedance aggregometry in thrombocytopenic patients — Wickramasinghe W et al. (2023)
Leech bionic Hirudin fusion protein prodrug loaded microneedles for long-term inhibition of thrombosis — Tian X et al. (2025)
Surface modification with PEG and hirudin for protein resistance and thrombin neutralization in blood contact — Alibeik S, Zhu S, Brash J (2010)
Recombinant hirudin in clinical practice: focus on lepirudin — Greinacher A, Lubenow N (2001)
Thrombin inhibition by hirudin: how hirudin inhibits thrombin — Fenton J et al. (1991)
RGD-hirudin-based low molecular weight peptide prevents blood coagulation via subcutaneous injection — Li Y et al. (2020)
The hirudin-like factors HLF3 and HLF4-hidden hirudins of European medicinal leeches — Müller C et al. (2020)
Die Wirkungen eines Hirudin/Liposom-Komplexes in einem Rattenmodell der diabetischen Nephropathie — Wang H et al. (2019)
Some objective considerations for the neutralization of the anticoagulant actions of recombinant hirudin — Fareed J et al. (1991)
An objective perspective on recombinant hirudin: a new anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent — Fareed J et al. (1991)
Pharmacological properties of hirudin and its derivatives. Potential clinical advantages over heparin — Monreal M, Costa J, Salva P (1996)
Aktueller Stand des Antikoagulans Hirudin: biotechnologische Herstellung und klinische Praxis — Sohn J et al. (2001)
Die Geschichte der Blutegelanwendung und des Hirudins — Fields W (1991)
Hirudin or hirudin-like factor - that is the question: insights from the analyses of natural and synthetic HLF variants — Müller C et al. (2020)
Hirudin und Hirudinfragmente — Deschamps A, Samama M (1992)
Kinetik der Hemmung von Thrombin durch Hirudin — Stone S, Hofsteenge J (1986)
Klinische Pharmakologie des rekombinanten Hirudins — Markwardt F, Nowak G, Stürzebecher J (1991)
In-vitro antileishmanial potential of peptide drug hirudin — Khan H et al. (2017)
Therapeutic Potentials of Medicinal Leech in Chinese Medicine — Wu S et al. (2024)
Revisiting the Asian Buffalo Leech (Hirudinaria manillensis) Genome: Focus on Antithrombotic Genes and Their Corresponding Proteins — Liu Z et al. (2023)
Parenteral anticoagulants: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines — Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, Samama MM (2012)
Self-regulated hirudin delivery for anticoagulant therapy — Xu X, Huang X, Zhang Y et al. (2020)
Bivalirudin: a review — Warkentin TE, Koster A (2005)
Direct thrombin inhibitors — Lee CJ, Ansell JE (2011)
Bivalirudin: pharmacology and clinical applications — Shammas NW (2005)
Saratin, an inhibitor of von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet adhesion, decreases platelet aggregation and intimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid endarterectomy model — Cruz CP, Eidt J, Drouilhet J, Brown AT, Wang Y, Barnes CS, Moursi MM (2001)
A large fragment approach to DNA synthesis: total synthesis of a gene for the protease inhibitor eglin c from the leech Hirudo medicinalis and its expression in E. coli — Rink H, Liersch M, Sieber P, Meyer F (1984)
The medicinal leech: a page from the annelids of internal medicine — Adams SL (1988)
History of the leech trade in Ireland, 1750-1915: microcosm of a global commodity — Sawyer RT (2013)
Management of thrombotic and cardiovascular disorders in the new millenium — Fareed J, Hoppensteadt DA, Bick RL (2003)
New anticoagulants - direct thrombin inhibitors — Brand B, Graf L (2012)
Structure-activity relationships of recombinant hirudins — Stürzebecher J, Walsmann P (1991)
Antihirudin-Antikörper nach niedrig dosierter subkutaner Behandlung mit Desirudin zur Thromboseprophylaxe nach Hüftgelenkersatz: Inzidenz und klinische Relevanz — Greinacher A, Eichler P, Albrecht D, Strobel U, Pötzsch B, Eriksson BI (2002)
The role of recombinant hirudins in the management of thrombotic disorders — Fischer KG (2004)
Eglin c, a pharmacologically active elastase inhibitor — Schnebli HP, Seemüller U, Fritz H et al. (1985)
Discovery of a Thrombin-Targeting Anticoagulant Peptide From Whitmania pigra via a 'Computation-Guided Experimentation' Strategy — Hua YT et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin: a new approach to anticoagulation — Nawarskas JJ, Anderson JR (2001)
Bivalirudin: ein Antikoagulans bei akuten Koronarsyndromen und koronaren Interventionen — White HD, Chew DP (2002)
Bivalirudin: a direct thrombin inhibitor — Gladwell TD (2002)
Nanoencapsulation of Hirudo medicinalis proteins in liposomes as a nanocarrier for inhibiting angiogenesis through targeting VEGFA in the Breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) — Shakouri A et al. (2021)
The leech: a novel invertebrate model for studying muscle regeneration and diseases — Grimaldi A et al. (2010)
Effect of Unloading Condition on the Healing Process and Effectiveness of Platelet Rich Plasma as a Countermeasure: Study on In Vivo and In Vitro Wound Healing Models — Cialdai F et al. (2020)
Shuxuetong injection and its peptides enhance angiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia by activating the MYPT1/LIMK1/Cofilin pathway — Sun W et al. (2022)
A systematic review on Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu capsule in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: Pharmacological actions, molecular mechanisms and clinical outcomes — Liang P et al. (2021)
Historischer Artikel: Hirudo medicinalis: Ursprünge in der Antike und Trends in der Anwendung medizinischer Blutegel im Laufe der Geschichte — Whitaker IS et al. (2004)
A Comprehensive Review of Medicinal Leeches in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery — Hackenberger PN, Janis JE (2019)
Hijamat in traditional Persian medicine: risks and benefits — Nimrouzi M et al. (2014)
The historical course of varicose vein surgery in the Persian medicine — Asadi MH et al. (2023)
Antikoagulanzien bei akuten Koronarsyndromen — Turpie AG (1999)
Peptidomimetic thrombin inhibitors — Kikelj D (2005)
By what mechanism do leeches help to salvage ischaemic tissues? A review — Whitaker IS et al. (2005)
Updates on Use and Monitoring of Direct Thrombin Inhibitors — Navaei A et al. (2026)
Alternative Antikoagulanzien bei heparinempfindlichen Patienten mit Karotisinterventionen: ein Scoping-Review — Dmitriev AP et al. (2026)
Retrospective, Single-Center Cohort Study of Bivalirudin Compared to Unfractionated Heparin in Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation — Lofy T et al. (2025)
Evaluation of bivalirudin-based anticoagulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, including patients with COVID-19 — Raguindin M et al. (2026)
Resolving Bivalirudin Interference on Fibrinogen Testing by the Use of Activated Carbon — Du J et al. (2026)
Supramolecular Prodrug Hydrogel for One-Week Protection Against Thrombosis — Zhang W et al. (2025)
Catheter-Directed Bivalirudin for Local Anticoagulation and Clot Dissolution in Children Requiring Mechanical Circulatory Support — Chaudhry-Waterman N et al. (2025)
Antikoagulation bei heparininduzierter Thrombozytopenie vor, während und nach peripheren endovaskulären Eingriffen — Cardi S et al. (2025)
Safety and Efficacy of Bivalirudin as a Heparin Alternative in Patients Undergoing Carotid Artery Stenting — Kania TA et al. (2025)
Hämokompatibilitätsbezogene Komplikationen bei Patienten mit Impella 5+ unter Bivalirudin und dualer Thrombozytenaggregationshemmung: eine Auswertung anhand des SHEAR-Scores — Bandini M et al. (2025)
Production and functional characteristics of a novel hirudin variant with better anticoagulant activities than bivalirudin — Ge P et al. (2025)
Outcomes of patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a contemporary multicenter cohort — Nilius H et al. (2025)
Microneedle patch-assisted transdermal administration of recombinant hirudin for the treatment of thrombotic diseases — Men Z et al. (2021)
Impact of CytoSorb on kinetics of vancomycin and bivalirudin in critically ill patients — Scandroglio AM et al. (2021)
Pharmakologische Wirkungen und Mechanismen von Hirudin und seinen Derivaten – eine Übersichtsarbeit — Junren C et al. (2021)
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation analysis of CTB-001, a recently developed generic of bivalirudin — Han S et al. (2019)
Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TNHH, a novel targeted neutrophil-inhibitory hirulog hybrid glycoprotein, in healthy volunteers — Gou ZP et al. (2019)
Evaluating prodrug characteristics of a novel anticoagulant fusion protein neorudin, a prodrug targeting release of hirudin variant 2-Lys47 at the thrombosis site, by means of in vitro pharmacokinetics — Dong X et al. (2018)
Effects of combined natural hirudin and hyperbaric oxygen therapy on survival of transplanted random-pattern skin flap in rats — Cai J et al. (2018)
Development, validation, and clinical pharmacokinetic application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneously determining a novel recombinant hirudin derivative (Neorudin) and its active metabolite in human serum — Dong X et al. (2017)
Pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic properties of a dual-function peptide 5rolGLP-HV — Ni Z et al. (2016)
Recombinant neorudin and its active metabolite hirudin: the fate in vivo of a novel anticoagulant drug — Li Q et al. (2024)
A biomimetic macrophage-membrane-fused liposomal system loaded with GVs-HV recombinant plasmid for targeted anti-atherosclerosis therapy — Zhang Y et al. (2025)
Distribution and Blood Penetration of Hirudin in Various Organs and Tissues of Rabbits With Carotid Artery Injury by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry — Feng Y et al. (2025)
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacokinetics of Recombinant Neorudin, a New Anticoagulant Drug in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome — Liu YB et al. (2024)
Biomimetic platelet nanomotors for site-specific thrombolysis and ischemic injury alleviation — Chen YT et al. (2023)
LC-MS/MS method for determination of r-RGD-hirudin in human plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic study — Peng A et al. (2022)
Ecarin-basierte Methoden zur Messung von Thrombininhibitoren — Gosselin RC (2023)
A substrate-selective enzyme-catalysis assembly strategy for oligopeptide hydrogel-assisted combinatorial protein delivery — Jiang T et al. (2017)
Recombinant hirudin prevents against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating PAR1/JAK2/STAT5/STAT3/CD36 pathway — Xiaoyu YU et al. (2025)
The place of chemical leeching with heparin in digital replantation: subcutaneous calcium heparin for patients not treatable with systemic heparin — Yokoyama T et al. (2007)
Novel inhibitors of factor X for use in cardiovascular diseases — Spencer FA et al. (2000)
Inhibition of coagulation activation and inflammation by a novel Factor Xa inhibitor synthesized from the earthworm Eisenia andrei — Joo SS et al. (2009)
Role of bivalirudin for anticoagulation in adult perioperative cardiothoracic practice — Erdoes G et al. (2019)
Leech extract alleviates idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway — Zhang Y et al. (2024)
Reconstruction of Wagner Grade 4 diabetic foot ulcers with the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator free flap — Evin N et al. (2025)
Managing Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections of the Lower Limb: Microsurgical Reconstruction and Hospital Resource Demands-A Case Series from a Tertiary Referral Center — Karamitros G et al. (2025)
Anticoagulants: from chance discovery to structure-based design — Chan N et al. (2025)
Hirudin-basierte Behandlung der diabetesinduzierten erektilen Dysfunktion durch Inhibition von HIF-1α zur Regulation des RhoA/ROCK-Signalwegs: ein In-vivo-Tierexperiment — Sun L et al. (2025)
Efficacy and potential mechanism of atherosclerosis prevention by the active components of leech based on network pharmacology combined with animal experiments — Lv Q et al. (2024)
Netzwerkpharmakologie und experimentelle In-vitro-Verifikation decken den Mechanismus von Hirudin bei der Unterdrückung der Myokardhypertrophie auf — Liu M et al. (2022)
Functional expression of a thrombin exosite I inhibitor triabin in Escherichia coli and elucidation of the role of key residues in its inhibitory activity — Mo Z et al. (2023)
Distinct 3-disulfide-bonded isomers of tridegin differentially inhibit coagulation factor XIIIa: The influence of structural stability on bioactivity — Bäuml CA et al. (2020)
NMR-basierte strukturelle Charakterisierung eines Analogons des FXIIIa-Inhibitors Tridegin mit zwei Disulfidbrücken: Neue Einblicke in Struktur-Wirkungs-Beziehungen — Schmitz T et al. (2021)
Combined systems pharmacology and fecal metabonomics to study the biomarkers and therapeutic mechanism of type 2 diabetic nephropathy treated with Astragalus and Leech — Chen R et al. (2018)
A Bioinspired and Cost-Effective Device for Minimally Invasive Blood Sampling — Zoratto N et al. (2024)
Potent Trivalent Inhibitors of Thrombin through Hybridization of Salivary Sulfopeptides from Hematophagous Arthropods — Agten SM et al. (2021)
Biomimetic nanoparticles co-deliver hirudin and lumbrukinase to ameliorate thrombus and inflammation for atherosclerosis therapy — Cheng M et al. (2024)
Combined drug anti-deep vein thrombosis therapy based on platelet membrane biomimetic targeting nanotechnology — Xiao H et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin and sirolimus co-eluting coronary stent: Potential strategy for the prevention of stent thrombosis and restenosis — Sane M et al. (2021)
Novel Strategy of Gene Delivery System Based on Dendrimer Loaded Recombinant Hirudine Plasmid for Thrombus Targeting Therapy — Chen J et al. (2019)
Direkte Thrombininhibitoren — Kaplan KL (2003)
Direct thrombin inhibitors: patents 2002-2012 (Review) — Kong Y et al. (2014)
Use of direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndrome — Nemergut C et al. (2000)
Entwicklung ultrapotenter trivalenter Antikoagulanzien durch Hybridisierung von Speichelpeptiden aus mehreren hämatophagen Organismen — Maxwell JWC et al. (2025)
In the transition from fibrinolysis to primary PCI, the HERO trials help refine STEMI ECG interpretation and Q wave analysis potentially alters future management — Wong CK et al. (2018)
Overcoming Heparin-Associated RT-qPCR Inhibition and Normalization Issues for microRNA Quantification in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction — Coelho-Lima J et al. (2018)
Implications of the Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes-2 (OASIS-2) study and the results in the context of other trials — Fox KA et al. (1999)
Translational success stories: development of direct thrombin inhibitors — Coppens M et al. (2012)
Structural basis of RGD-hirudin binding to thrombin: Tyr3 and five C-terminal residues are crucial for inhibiting thrombin activity — Huang Y et al. (2014)
Postprocedural Anticoagulation After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Trial — Yan et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin versus heparin in ST and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction-Outcomes at two years — Omerovic et al. (2024)
Antithrombotische Therapie bei Patienten mit komplexer perkutaner Koronarintervention und kardiogenem Schock — Larrubia Valle et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin versus heparin in patients with or without bail-out GPI use: a pre-specified subgroup analysis from the BRIGHT-4 trial — Liao et al. (2024)
Vergleich der Auswirkungen von Bivalirudin und Heparin auf Gerinnungsfunktion und Sicherheit bei Patienten mit perkutaner Koronarintervention: eine randomisierte Studie — Wang et al. (2024)
Vergleich der kurz- bis mittelfristigen Ischämie- und Blutungsrisiken zwischen unfraktioniertem Heparin und Bivalirudin bei Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom nach PCI — Hou et al. (2024)
Heparin und Bivalirudin in der perkutanen Koronarintervention bei akuten Koronarsyndromen: eine Übersichtsarbeit — Wang et al. (2024)
Impact of pre-PCI activated clotting time on outcomes of bivalirudin versus heparin during primary PCI — Liu et al. (2025)
Multi-Target Anticoagulant Regulation by Peptides from Medicinal Leeches: A Unique Natural Strategy against Thrombosis — Shi et al. (2025)
Postprocedural Anticoagulation After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: 1-Year Results From the RIGHT Trial and Meta-analyses — Yan et al. (2026)
Bivalirudin-Antikoagulation bei Neugeborenen und Säuglingen in der Herzchirurgie — Hasija S et al. (2022)
Bivalirudin anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery — Meshulami N et al. (2023)
Quantitative methods to improve bivalirudin dosing in pediatric cardiac ICU patients — Brinkley L et al. (2025)
Heparin Versus Bivalirudin in Pediatric Patients Assisted With Mechanical Circulatory Support: A Retrospective Before-and-after Study — Giorni C et al. (2025)
Titration of Bivalirudin Infusion in the Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory: A Case Report — Streiff A et al. (2019)
Bivalirudin May Reduce the Need for Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Pediatric Cardiac Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation — Machado DS et al. (2021)
Ist Bivalirudin eine mit Heparin vergleichbare Antikoagulation bei pädiatrischer extrakorporaler Lebensunterstützung? Ergebnisse aus einem Hochvolumenzentrum — Schill MR et al. (2020)
Pediatric Mechanical Circulatory Support: Pathophysiology of Pediatric Hemostasis and Available Options — Giorni C et al. (2021)
Evaluation eines Protokolls zur Dosierung und Überwachung von Bivalirudin bei pädiatrischer extrakorporaler Membranoxygenierung — Smith LM et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin or Unfractionated Heparin for Anticoagulation in Pediatric Patients on Continuous Flow Ventricular Assist Device Support: Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study — Puri K et al. (2022)
Staged mechanical circulatory support in paediatric HIT: Bivalirudin anticoagulation across ECMO, VAD, and cardiac transplantation — Beeman A et al. (2025)
Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia in Pediatrics Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass — Yuan SM (2019)
Randomized Controlled Trial of Heparin Versus Bivalirudin Anticoagulation in Acyanotic Children Undergoing Open Heart Surgery — Hasija S et al. (2018)
Lehren aus der Steuerung der antithrombotischen Therapie bei Kindern mit pädiatrischen ventrikulären Unterstützungssystemen — Murray JM et al. (2022)
A Comparative Analysis of Bivalirudin and Heparin for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Pediatric Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit — Daniels Z et al. (2025)
Comparison of two pediatric cases requiring the use of bivalirudin during cardiopulmonary bypass — Bryant ME et al. (2018)
Anticoagulation with Intravenous Direct Thrombin Inhibitors in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review of the Literature — Kiskaddon AL et al. (2023)
Erfahrungen mit Bivalirudin in einer heterogenen Population mit ventrikulären Unterstützungssystemen — Bates A et al. (2020)
Bivalirudin-based versus conventional heparin anticoagulation for postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — Ranucci M et al. (2011)
Bivalirudin Anticoagulation for a Pediatric Patient with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Ventricular Assist Device Placement — Faella KH et al. (2016)
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Heparininduzierte Thrombozytopenie — Depasse F, Samama MM (2000)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis — Patel VP et al. (2007)
Heparininduzierte Thrombozytopenie mit verzögertem Beginn — Smythe MA et al. (2005)
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenetic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects — Castelli R et al. (2007)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a general review — Swanson JM (2007)
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Heparin-induzierte Thrombozytopenie: eine häufige Komplikation nach Herzchirurgie — Pouplard C et al. (2007)
Heparin-induzierte Thrombozytopenie: wenn eine niedrige Thrombozytenzahl eine Antikoagulation zwingend erforderlich macht — Ortel TL (2009)
Heparininduzierte Thrombozytopenie: wie behandeln, wie vermeiden — Caiola E (2000)
Current agents for the treatment of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Warkentin TE (2002)
Heparininduzierte Thrombozytopenie: natürlicher Verlauf, Diagnose und Behandlung — Deitcher SR, Carman TL (2001)
Lepirudin-induced thrombocytopenia following subcutaneous administration — Schroeder WS et al. (2009)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the pediatric population: a review of current literature — Vakil NH et al. (2012)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in a Patient with Essential Thrombocythemia: A Case Based Update — Noel E et al. (2015)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with acute aortic and renal thrombosis in a patient treated with low-molecular-weight heparin — Chevalier J et al. (2005)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia complicated by warfarin-induced skin necrosis — Howard-Thompson A et al. (2008)
Standardizing the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Fugate S, Chiappe J (2008)
Frühes Auftreten einer Heparin-induzierten Thrombozytopenie mit Thrombose nach einer offenen Herzoperation: Bedeutung der Frühdiagnose und Lepirudin-Behandlung — Paparella D et al. (2004)
Investigation on the microcirculation effect of local application of natural hirudin on porcine random skin flap venous congestion — Yin GQ et al. (2012)
Effect of plant Kunitz inhibitors from Bauhinia bauhinioides and Bauhinia rufa on pulmonary edema caused by activated neutrophils — Neuhof C et al. (2003)
Two engineered eglin c mutants potently and selectively inhibiting kexin or furin — Liu Z et al. (2004)
Recombinant destabilase-lysozyme: synthesis de novo in E. coli and action mechanism of the enzyme expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda — Zavalova LL et al. (2004)
Destabilase-Lysozym des medizinischen Blutegels. Multifunktionalität des rekombinanten Proteins — Zavalova LL et al. (2010)
Effect of O-glycosylation and tyrosine sulfation of leech-derived peptides on binding and inhibitory activity against thrombin — Hsieh YS et al. (2011)
Whitmania Pigra Whitman Extracts Inhibit Lipopolysaccharide Induced Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Migration and their Adhesion Ability to THP-1 and RAW 264.7 Cells — Li S et al. (2017)
Von Haemadin zu Haemanorm: Synthese und Charakterisierung von Volllängen-Haemadin aus dem Blutegel Haemadipsa sylvestris und eines neuartigen bivalenten, hochpotenten Thrombininhibitors (Haemanorm) — Acquasaliente L et al. (2023)
Neutrophil elastase and acute lung injury: prospects for sivelestat and other neutrophil elastase inhibitors as therapeutics — Zeiher BG et al. (2002)
Differences between human proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase and their murine homologues are relevant for murine model experiments — Wiesner O et al. (2005)
N-terminal proteolytic processing by cathepsin G converts RANTES/CCL5 and related analogs into a truncated 4-68 variant — Lim JK et al. (2006)
Neutrophil interaction with the hemostatic system contributes to liver injury in rats cotreated with lipopolysaccharide and ranitidine — Deng X et al. (2007)
Long-range electrostatic complementarity governs substrate recognition by human chymotrypsin C, a key regulator of digestive enzyme activation — Batra J et al. (2013)
Phagocytosis of live and dead Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in human whole blood is markedly reduced by combined inhibition of C5aR1 and CD14 — Skjeflo EW et al. (2019)
Ecarin based coagulation testing — Gosselin RC, Douxfils J (2020)
Avoiding ambient air in test tubes during incubations of human whole-blood minimizes complement background activation — Storm BS et al. (2020)
A Conformational Change of Complement C5 Is Required for Thrombin-Mediated Cleavage, Revealed by a Novel Ex Vivo Human Whole Blood Model Preserving Full Thrombin Activity — Nilsson PH et al. (2021)
Air Bubbles Activate Complement and Trigger Hemostasis and C3-Dependent Cytokine Release Ex Vivo in Human Whole Blood — Storm BS et al. (2021)
Application of the C3 inhibitor compstatin in a human whole blood model designed for complement research - 20 years of experience and future perspectives — Mollnes TE et al. (2022)
Thrombin Differentially Modulates the Acute Inflammatory Response to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Human Whole Blood — Johnson C et al. (2022)
Hirudin in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease — Liu SJ et al. (2024)
Economic evaluation of desirudin vs heparin in deep vein thrombosis prevention after hip replacement surgery — Levin LA et al. (1998)
New therapeutic options in DVT prophylaxis — Wille-Jørgensen P et al. (2000)
The potential role of new therapies in deep-vein thrombosis prophylaxis — Wille-Jørgensen P (2001)
Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Dager WE et al. (2002)
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Clinical potential of oral direct thrombin inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism — Agnelli G (2004)
Clinical use of a new class of anticoagulant drugs: the direct thrombin inhibitors — Puccio D et al. (2006)
Role of clopidogrel loading dose in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: results from the HORIZONS-AMI (harmonizing outcomes with revascularization and stents in acute myocardial infarction) trial — Dangas G et al. (2009)
Direct thrombin inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists or low molecular weight heparins for prevention of venous thromboembolism following total hip or knee replacement — Salazar CA et al. (2010)
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A risk score to predict bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes — Mehran R et al. (2010)
Outcome of the HORIZONS-AMI trial: bivalirudin enhances long-term survival in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing angioplasty — Shah A et al. (2012)
Bivalirudin zur primären perkutanen Koronarintervention bei akutem Myokardinfarkt: die HORIZONS-AMI-Studie — Capranzano P et al. (2012)
Multicenter trial of desirudin for the prophylaxis of thrombosis: an alternative to heparin-based anticoagulation (DESIR-ABLE) — Bergese SD et al. (2012)
Intra-procedural stent thrombosis: a new risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes — Brener SJ et al. (2012)
Comparison of prasugrel and bivalirudin vs clopidogrel and heparin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Design and rationale of the Bavarian Reperfusion Alternatives Evaluation (BRAVE) 4 trial — Schulz S et al. (2014)
Bivalirudin or Unfractionated Heparin in Acute Coronary Syndromes — Valgimigli M et al. (2015)
Impact of anticoagulation regimen prior to revascularization in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: The ACUITY trial — Geisler T et al. (2015)
Bewertung der Position der kardiologischen Fachgemeinschaft zur transradialen Intervention und zum Einsatz von Bivalirudin bei Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom unter invasiver Strategie: Ergebnisse einer EAPCI-Umfrage — Adamo M et al. (2016)
Impact of Bleeding and Bivalirudin Therapy on Mortality Risk in Women Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (from the REPLACE-2, ACUITY, and HORIZONS-AMI Trials) — Ng VG et al. (2015)
The safety and effectiveness of bivalirudin in female patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: A subgroup analysis of the BRIGHT trial — Liang Z et al. (2016)
Early Stent Thrombosis and Mortality After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Patient-Level Analysis of 2 Randomized Trials — Dangas GD et al. (2016)
Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit von Bivalirudin bei Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus unter perkutaner Koronarintervention: aus den Studien REPLACE-2, ACUITY und HORIZONS-AMI — Giustino G et al. (2016)
Efficiency and safety of bivalirudin in patients undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention via radial access: A subgroup analysis from the bivalirudin in acute myocardial infarction versus heparin and GPI plus heparin trial — Wang H et al. (2016)
Bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes managed invasively with and without ST elevation (MATRIX): randomised controlled trial — Leonardi S et al. (2016)
Bivalirudin as an Alternative Anticoagulant for Cardiopulmonary Bypass During Adult Cardiac Surgery-A Change in Practice — Gatt P et al. (2017)
The Use of Bivalirudin in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Advantages and Limitations — Sergie Z et al. (2012)
In-Hospital Outcome Comparing Bivalirudin to Heparin in Real-World Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention — Hasun M et al. (2017)
Bivalirudin or Heparin in Patients Undergoing Invasive Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes — Gargiulo G et al. (2018)
Impact of sex on comparative outcomes of bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: a pre-specified analysis of the MATRIX trial — Gargiulo G et al. (2019)
A Patient With Remote Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Antiphospholipid Syndrome Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Do Current Guidelines Apply? — Ibrahim W et al. (2018)
Radial versus femoral access and bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin in invasively managed patients with acute coronary syndrome (MATRIX): final 1-year results of a multicentre, randomised controlled trial — Valgimigli M et al. (2018)
Post-Procedural Bivalirudin Infusion at Full or Low Regimen in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome — Gargiulo G et al. (2019)
Radial versus femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing invasive management: A prespecified subgroup analysis from VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART — Völz S et al. (2019)
Safety and efficacy of bivalirudin monotherapy in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes with positive biomarkers undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a report from the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy trial — Huang X et al. (2020)
Individual Patient Data Pooled Analysis of Randomized Trials of Bivalirudin versus Heparin in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Rationale and Methodology — Bikdeli B et al. (2019)
Assessment of residual thrombus burden in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin infusion: The MATRIX (minimizing adverse hemorrhagic events by transradial access site and angioX) OCT study — Garcia-Garcia HM et al. (2019)
Choice of access site and type of anticoagulant in acute coronary syndromes with advanced Killip class or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest — Gargiulo G et al. (2020)
Bivalirudin Versus Heparin Monotherapy in Elderly Patients With Myocardial Infarction: A Prespecified Subgroup Analysis of the VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART Trial — Wester A et al. (2020)
Acute kidney injury in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing invasive management treated with bivalirudin vs. unfractionated heparin: insights from the MATRIX trial — Landi A et al. (2021)
Verbesserte Hämokompatibilität durch Modifikation azellulärer Blutgefäße mit Bivalirudin und Bewertung ihrer Biokompatibilität — Du P et al. (2021)
Bivalirudin Versus Heparin Monotherapy in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction — James S et al. (2021)
Bivalirudin plus a high-dose infusion versus heparin monotherapy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomised trial — Li Y et al. (2022)
Periprocedural antithrombotic strategies in acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Have we discarded bivalirudin too soon? — Benenati S et al. (2023)
Bivalirudin für den kardiopulmonalen Bypass bei einem Patienten mit Heparinallergie — Boysan E et al. (2023)
Intraoperative Bivalirudin Use in Patient Undergoing Femoral Endarterectomy with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: Case Report and Review of the Literature — Haffler ZJ et al. (2023)
Prävention der tiefen Venenthrombose nach Hüfttotalendoprothese: direkte Thrombinhemmung mit rekombinantem Hirudin, CGP 39393 — Eriksson BI et al. (1996)
Prevention of thromboembolism with use of recombinant hirudin. Results of a double-blind, multicenter trial comparing the efficacy of desirudin (Revasc) with that of unfractionated heparin in patients having a total hip replacement — Eriksson BI et al. (1997)
A comparison of recombinant hirudin with a low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent thromboembolic complications after total hip replacement — Eriksson BI et al. (1997)
Intravenous Direct Thrombin Inhibitors for Acute Venous Thromboembolism or Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia with Thrombosis in Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature — Kiskaddon AL et al. (2024)
Monitoring of argatroban and lepirudin anticoagulation in critically ill patients by conventional laboratory parameters and rotational thromboelastometry - a prospectively controlled randomized double-blind clinical trial — Beiderlinden M et al. (2018)
Recognition and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass patients — Boshkov LK et al. (2006)
Laboratory Monitoring of Parenteral Direct Thrombin Inhibitors — Van Cott EM et al. (2017)
Emerging therapy options in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Chaudhary RK et al. (2014)
Neue Entwicklungen in der parenteralen Antikoagulation bei arterieller und venöser Thromboembolie — van Es N et al. (2013)
Update in hematology: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and bivalirudin — Augoustides JGT (2011)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a practical review — Hong MS, Amanullah AM (2010)
Lepirudin in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Gajra A et al. (2008)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the critical care setting: diagnosis and management — Napolitano LM et al. (2006)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. A contemporary clinical approach to diagnosis and management — Shantsila E et al. (2009)
Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (VITT)-like Syndrome: A Case Report and Some Considerations on a Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge — Delfino L et al. (2026)
Nitric oxide in the ECMO circuit as a treatment option for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: A case report — Joelsons D et al. (2026)
An Overview of Anticoagulant Drugs Pharmacology, Therapeutic Approaches, Limitations and Perspectives — Morgovan C et al. (2026)
Anticoagulation management and monitoring in ECMO: an international survey: communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Pediatric and Neonatal Thrombosis and Hemostasis — Regling K et al. (2026)
Alternate and Emerging Anticoagulation Strategies for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Scoping Review — Kumar A et al. (2026)
Current use and limitations of direct thrombin inhibitors in pediatric ECMO: A European survey — Gardeton P et al. (2026)
Bivalirudin Monitoring in Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Analysis of Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Data 2018-2022 — Engel ER et al. (2024)
Einfluss von Entzündung und Steroiden auf die Antikoagulation bei Kindern mit ventrikulärem Unterstützungssystem — Brandewie K et al. (2024)
Anticoagulants in Children with Renal Impairment: A Narrative Review — Kiskaddon AL et al. (2025)
Anticoagulant use in patients with chronic renal impairment — Grand'Maison A et al. (2005)
Bivalirudin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: effect of renal function, dose, and gender — Robson R et al. (2002)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in cardiac surgery and critically ill patients — Selleng S, Selleng K (2016)
Effect of renal function on argatroban therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Guzzi LM et al. (2006)
Extensive prolongation of aPTT with argatroban in an elderly patient with improving renal function, normal hepatic enzymes, and metastatic lung cancer — Kubiak DW et al. (2005)
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of argatroban: effects of age, gender, and hepatic or renal dysfunction — Swan SK, Hursting MJ (2000)
The Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Dabigatran and Lepirudin Inhibit GPIbα-Mediated Platelet Aggregation — Trabold K et al. (2019)
An assay to measure levels of factor Xa inhibitors in blood and plasma — Kim PY et al. (2019)
Emerging anticoagulants — Kennedy B et al. (2012)
Brave new world: the current and future use of novel anticoagulants — Spyropoulos AC (2008)
New anticoagulant agents: direct thrombin inhibitors — Nutescu EA et al. (2008)
Direct thrombin inhibitors for treatment of heparin induced thrombocytopenia, deep vein thrombosis and atrial fibrillation — Francis CW (2005)
Temperaturgesteuertes Molekulargewicht der von gentechnisch verändertem Bacillus subtilis produzierten Hyaluronsäure — Li Y et al. (2020)
Eliminating the capsule-like layer to promote glucose uptake for hyaluronan production by engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum — Wang Y et al. (2020)
Construction of engineered Streptococcus zooepidemicus for the production of hyaluronic acid ligosaccharide — Wei C et al. (2019)
Production of specific-molecular-weight hyaluronan by metabolically engineered Bacillus subtilis 168 — Jin P et al. (2016)
Combinatorial Evolution of Enzymes and Synthetic Pathways Using One-Step PCR — Jin P et al. (2016)
Recombinant hirudin attenuates pulmonary hypertension and thrombosis in acute pulmonary embolism rat model — Wei X et al. (2024)
Recombinant Neorudin for the Prevention of Deep-Vein Thrombosis After Spinal-Cord Injury — Liu YB et al. (2023)
The Antithrombotic Effect of Recombinant Neorudin on Thrombi — Liu YB et al. (2022)
Efficacy and safety of next-generation tick transcriptome-derived direct thrombin inhibitors — Koh CY et al. (2021)
Thrombolytic and anticoagulant effects of a recombinant staphylokinase-hirudin fusion protein — Ren K et al. (2021)
Engineering a 'three-in-one' hirudin prodrug to reduce bleeding risk: A proof-of-concept study — Zhu Y et al. (2021)
Ein neuartiges Hirudin-Derivat zur subkutanen Injektion, das Thrombin ohne Blutungen hemmt — Zhao B et al. (2016)
A novel stearic acid-modified hirudin peptidomimetic with improved pharmacokinetic properties and anticoagulant activity — Liu Z et al. (2015)
Evaluation of a multifunctional staphylokinase variant with thrombin inhibition and antiplatelet aggregation activities produced from salt-inducible E. coli GJ1158 — Kumar A et al. (2013)
Elucidating the Neuroinflammatory Modulatory Mechanisms of Maixuekang Capsule via Network Pharmacology in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Rats — Han H et al. (2026)
Hirudin alleviates acute ischemic stroke by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation: In vivo and in vitro approaches — Li WQ et al. (2022)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Fabris F et al. (2000)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients — Selleng K et al. (2007)
Qualities of Whitmania pigra in different-month-age and best harvest time — Shi H et al. (2009)
Hirudin-based anticoagulant strategies for patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions and bypass grafting — Becker RC (2000)
Pathophysiologie und therapeutische Beeinflussung der Thrombingenerierung bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit — Pothula A et al. (2000)
Comparison of enoxaparin, hirulog, and heparin as adjunctive antithrombotic therapy during thrombolysis with rtPA in the stenosed canine coronary artery — Leadley RJ et al. (1997)
Versagen der Thrombinhemmung zur Verhinderung der intrakoronaren Thrombose beim Hund — Belcher PR et al. (1996)
Selective inhibition of factor Xa during thrombolytic therapy markedly improves coronary artery patency in a canine model of coronary thrombosis — Nicolini FA et al. (1996)
Inhibition of arterial thrombus formation in two canine models: comparison of ancrod, a fibrinogen-depleting agent, the thrombin-inhibitor r-hirudin, and the glycoprotein 11b/IIIa-receptor antagonist Ro 43-8857 — Rübsamen K et al. (1995)
Prevention of rethrombosis after coronary thrombolysis in a chronic canine model. II. Adjunctive therapy with r-hirudin — Rote WE et al. (1994)
A new rat model of arterial thrombosis with a platelet-rich head and an erythrocyte-rich tail: thrombolysis experiments with specific thrombin inhibition — Lenfors S et al. (1993)
Combination of inhibition of thrombin and blockade of thromboxane A2 synthetase and receptors enhances thrombolysis and delays reocclusion in canine coronary arteries — Yao SK et al. (1992)
Elevating local concentrations of GPIIb-IIIa antagonists counteracts platelet thrombus stability — Speich HE et al. (2013)
Specific factor Xa inhibition reduces restenosis after balloon angioplasty of atherosclerotic femoral arteries in rabbits — Ragosta M et al. (1994)
Purification and characterization of a novel thermostable anticoagulant protein from medicinal leech Whitmania pigra Whitman — Zhang Y et al. (2022)
Identification and characterization of novel anticoagulant peptide with thrombolytic effect and nutrient oligopeptides with high branched chain amino acid from Whitmania pigra protein — Ren Y et al. (2016)
Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia In The Setting Of Urgent Cardiac Surgery: Can Bivalirudin Be A Safe Option? - A Case Report — Alves B et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation — Dunham S et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin as a substitute for heparin in neurointervention for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Sukumaran M et al. (2024)
Outcomes of systemic bivalirudin and sodium bicarbonate purge solution for Impella 5.5 — Bashline M et al. (2022)
Bewertung der Antikoagulation mit Bivalirudin bei heparininduzierter Thrombozytopenie unter extrakorporaler Membranoxygenierung — Hanna DJ et al. (2022)
Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Using Plasmapharesis in Patients Undergoing HeartMate 3 Left Ventricular Assist Device — Naqvi SY et al. (2021)
Survey of Practice Pattern in Patients With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass — Wanat-Hawthorne A et al. (2021)
Outcomes of systemic anticoagulation with bivalirudin for Impella 5.0 — Fabrizio C et al. (2021)
Bivalirudin als systemisches Antikoagulans und Zusatz zur Spüllösung bei sequenzieller perkutaner Edge-to-Edge-Reparatur der Mitral- und Trikuspidalklappe bei einem Patienten mit heparininduzierter Thrombozytopenie — Colbaugh Z et al. (2021)
Novel Knowledge about Molecular Mechanisms of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Type II and Treatment Targets — Mongirdienė A et al. (2023)
Superior outcomes with Argatroban for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a Bayesian network meta-analysis — Colarossi G et al. (2021)
Mit Fondaparinux behandelte heparininduzierte Thrombozytopenie: Erfahrung eines Einzelzentrums — Dulicek P et al. (2019)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia during Obstetric Hospital Admissions — Sagaram D et al. (2018)
Comparisons of argatroban to lepirudin and bivalirudin in the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Sun Z et al. (2017)
Monitoring of Argatroban and Lepirudin: What is the Input of Laboratory Values in Real Life? — Seidel H et al. (2017)
Overtreatment of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in the Surgical ICU — Harada MY et al. (2017)
Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia Presenting With Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism Successfully Treated With Rivaroxaban: Clinical Case Report and Review of Current Experiences — Samoš M et al. (2016)
Dabigatran approaching the realm of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Ho PJ et al. (2016)
Management und Ergebnis der heparininduzierten Thrombozytopenie in der Schwangerschaft: eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit — Chaudhary RK et al. (2015)
Erfolgreicher Einsatz eines Bivalirudin-Behandlungsprotokolls zur Verhinderung extrakorporaler Thrombosen bei ambulanten Hämodialysepatienten mit heparininduzierter Thrombozytopenie — Al-Ali FS et al. (2015)
Vergleich von Bivalirudin mit Lepirudin und Argatroban bei Patienten mit heparininduzierter Thrombozytopenie — Bain J et al. (2015)
Trends in parenteral direct thrombin inhibitor use in pediatric patients: analysis of a large administrative database — Moffett BS et al. (2014)
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Die richtige Passform finden: wirksame Stratifizierung des Thromboserisikos bei orthopädischen Patienten — Arcelus JI et al. (2000)
Hirudin reduces tissue factor expression and attenuates graft arteriosclerosis in rat cardiac allografts — Hölschermann H et al. (2000)
Desirudin: a review of its use in the management of thrombotic disorders — Matheson AJ et al. (2000)
New therapeutic options in deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis — Eriksson BI et al. (2000)
Diagnosis and therapy of laryngeal diseases in the history of medicine. I: The pre-laryngoscopic era — Feldmann H et al. (2001)
Cost effectiveness of desirudin compared with a low molecular weight heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement surgery — Levin LA et al. (2001)
Desirudin (Revasc) to prevent thromboembolic complications after hip or knee replacement surgery — Heiz-Valle C et al. (2002)
Hirudins in the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and in thrombosis prophylaxis — Lubenow N et al. (2002)
Conformationally restricted thrombin inhibitors resistant to proteolytic digestion — Szewczuk Z et al. (1992)
Gegenwart und Zukunft von Heparin, niedermolekularen Heparinen, Pentasaccharid und Hirudin bei venöser Thromboembolie und akuten Koronarsyndromen — Haas S et al. (2003)
Direct antithrombins: new perspectives in cardiovascular medicine — Lettino M et al. (2004)
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Dabigatran: new drug. Continue to use heparin, a better-known option — Prescrire International et al. (2009)
Rationale and design of the PREVENT-HIT study: a randomized, open-label pilot study to compare desirudin and argatroban in patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with or without thrombosis — Frame JN et al. (2010)
Bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin for prevention of hemofilter occlusion during continuous renal replacement therapy — Kiser TH et al. (2010)
Impact of stage 3B chronic kidney disease on thrombosis and bleeding outcomes after orthopedic surgery in patients treated with desirudin or enoxaparin: insights from a randomized trial — Shorr AF et al. (2012)
Safety of desirudin in thrombosis prevention after total knee arthroplasty: the DESIR-ABLE study — Jove M et al. (2014)
Is routine post-procedural anticoagulation warranted after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction? Insights from the HORIZONS-AMI trial — Madhavan MV et al. (2015)
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Comparative analysis of anti-thrombotic effect and metabonomic mechanism of aqueous extract of leech before and after talc processing — Liu Y et al. (2025)
Characterization of active peptides derived from three leeches and comparison of their anti-thrombotic mechanisms using the tail vein thrombosis model in mice and metabonomics — Dong Y et al. (2024)
Noncoded amino acids in protein engineering: Structure-activity relationship studies of hirudin-thrombin interaction — De Filippis V et al. (2018)
Design allosterischer Regulatoren von Thrombin. Monosulfatierte Benzofuran-Dimere wechselwirken selektiv mit Arg173 der Exosite 2, um eine Hemmung zu induzieren — Abdel Aziz MH et al. (2012)
Synthesis, structure, and structure-activity relationships of divalent thrombin inhibitors containing an alpha-keto-amide transition-state mimetic — Krishnan R et al. (1996)
Comparative pharmacology of site directed antithrombin agents. Implication in drug development — Callas DD et al. (1995)
New N alpha-guanidinobenzoyl derivatives of hirudin-54-65 containing stabilized carboxyl or phosphoryl groups on the side chain of phenylalanine-63 — Thurieau C et al. (1994)
Inhibition of in vitro clot growth by r-hirudin is more effective and longer sustained than by an analogous peptide — Römisch J et al. (1994)
Hirulog peptides with scissile bond replacements resistant to thrombin cleavage — Kline T et al. (1991)
Structure-function and refolding studies of the thrombin-specific inhibitor hirudin — Johnson PH et al. (1991)
The regulation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases in the injured rat carotid artery — Lille ST et al. (1997)
Intimahyperplasie nach Gefäßverletzung wird durch ein Antisense-Oligodesoxynukleotid gegen den Thrombinrezeptor nicht gehemmt — Herbert JM et al. (1997)
Die Thrombinbildung nach arterieller Verletzung ist ein kritisches Initialereignis in der Pathogenese der proliferativen Stadien des atherosklerotischen Prozesses — Walters TK et al. (1994)
Antithrombotic effects of recombinant hirudin in experimental angioplasty and intravascular thrombolysis — Kaiser B et al. (1990)
Preparation of dextran-bound recombinant hirudin and its pharmacokinetic behaviour — Markwardt F et al. (1990)
Displacement of fibrin-bound thrombin by r-hirudin precludes the use of 131I-r-hirudin for detecting pulmonary emboli in the rabbit — Rubens FD et al. (1994)
Radiolabeled r-hirudin as a measure of thrombin activity at or within the rabbit aorta wall in vitro and in vivo — Hatton MW et al. (1994)
Bloodletting a popular form of treatment that disappeared — Keeman JN et al. (2007)
The cruelty and failings of therapies for neurological diseases in French literature — Walusinski O et al. (2013)
True and artificial leeches and their use in otology. Images from the history of otorhinolaryngology, presented with instruments from the Ingolstadt German Medical History Museum collection — Feldmann H et al. (1994)
Production of a murine mAb against Bothrops alternatus and B. neuwiedi snake venoms and its use to isolate a thrombin-like serine protease fraction — Belo AA et al. (2022)
De Novo Assessment and Review of Pan-American Pit Viper Anticoagulant and Procoagulant Venom Activities via Kinetomic Analyses — Nielsen VG et al. (2019)
A functional and thromboelastometric-based micromethod for assessing crotoxin anticoagulant activity and antiserum relative potency against Crotalus durissus terrificus venom — Prezoto BC et al. (2018)
Exploiting the antithrombotic effect of the (pro)thrombin inhibitor bothrojaracin — Assafim M et al. (2016)
Bothrops jararaca envenomation: Pathogenesis of hemostatic disturbances and intravascular hemolysis — Senise LV et al. (2015)
Aqueous leaf extract of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) inhibits enzymatic and biological actions of Bothrops jararaca snake venom — Félix-Silva J et al. (2014)
Intraspecific differences in the immunochemical reactivity and neutralization of venom from Argentinean Bothrops (Rhinocerophis) alternatus by specific experimental antivenoms — Lanari LC et al. (2014)
Batroxobin mobilizes circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with deep vein thrombosis — Zhang L et al. (2009)
Identification and characterization of a new member of snake venom thrombin inhibitors from Bothrops insularis using a proteomic approach — Oliveira-Carvalho AL et al. (2007)
Hemorrhagic, coagulant and fibrino(geno)lytic activities of crude venom and fractions from mapanare (Bothrops colombiensis) snakes — Girón ME et al. (2007)
Biochemical and biological characterization of the venoms of Bothriopsis bilineata and Bothriopsis taeniata (Serpentes: Viperidae) — Porto BN et al. (2007)
Suramin counteracts the haemostatic disturbances produced by Bothrops jararaca snake venom — Fernandes RS et al. (2007)
Antagonistische Wirkung von Glycyrrhizin auf die durch Bothrops-jararaca-Schlangengift induzierten hämostatischen Störungen — Assafim M et al. (2006)
Purification and properties of a coagulant thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of Bothrops leucurus — Magalhães A et al. (2006)
Thrombocytopenia and platelet hypoaggregation induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxins involved and their contribution to metalloproteinase-induced pulmonary hemorrhage — Rucavado A et al. (2005)
National survey of the use and application of leeches in oral and maxillofacial surgery in the United Kingdom — Taneja P et al. (2010)
A systematic overview of the medicinal importance of sanguivorous leeches — Zaidi SM et al. (2011)
Chinese Medicinal Leech: Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities — Dong H et al. (2016)
Research progress on processing history evolution, chemical constituents, and pharmacological effects of Hirudo — Jiang Q et al. (2022)
Improving long circulation and procoagulant platelet targeting by engineering of hirudin prodrug — Han H et al. (2020)
Revisiting antithrombotic therapeutics; sculptin, a novel specific, competitive, reversible, scissile and tight binding inhibitor of thrombin — Iqbal A et al. (2017)
Aptameric hirudins as selective and reversible EXosite-ACTive site (EXACT) inhibitors — Yu HC et al. (2024)
The 1.2 A crystal structure of hirustasin reveals the intrinsic flexibility of a family of highly disulphide-bridged inhibitors — Usón I et al. (1999)
X-ray structure of antistasin at 1.9 A resolution and its modelled complex with blood coagulation factor Xa — Lapatto R et al. (1997)
Mutational analysis of antistasin, an inhibitor of blood coagulation factor Xa derived from the Mexican leech Haementeria officinalis — Theunissen HJ et al. (1994)
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of antistasin, a leech-derived inhibitor of blood coagulation factor Xa — Schreuder H et al. (1993)
Acceleration of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator-induced reperfusion and prevention of reocclusion by recombinant antistasin, a selective factor Xa inhibitor, in a canine model of femoral arterial thrombosis — Mellott MJ et al. (1992)
Isolation and structural characterization of a potent inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa from the leech Haementeria ghilianii — Condra C et al. (1989)
The amino acid sequence of antistasin. A potent inhibitor of factor Xa reveals a repeated internal structure — Nutt E et al. (1988)
Isolation and characterization of antistasin. An inhibitor of metastasis and coagulation — Tuszynski GP et al. (1987)
Behandlung von Blutegelbefall der oberen Atemwege — Harun K (2019)
Otorrhagie: Blutung durch einen Blutegelbiss — Askari N et al. (2012)
Gene Expression Underlying Teloblast Formation in Leech (Annelida: Hirudinae) — Hsiao S et al. (2026)
Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea — Sawyer RT et al. (2024)
First data on the Hirudinea fauna of lotic ecosystems of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area (Russia) — Fedorova LI et al. (2022)
Reproductive differences among species, and between individuals and cohorts, in the leech genus Helobdella (Lophotrochozoa; Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida; Glossiphoniidae), with implications for reproductive resource allocation in hermaphrodites — Iyer RG et al. (2019)
Na/K-ATPase gene duplications in clitellate annelids are associated with freshwater colonization — Horn KM et al. (2019)
Spatio-temporal variation and the use of host body surface by ectoparasites of the chelonians Phrynops geoffroanus and Mesoclemmys tuberculata in areas of the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest in northeast Brazil — Santana DO et al. (2019)
Temporal and spatial expression of the Fox gene family in the Leech Helobdella austinensis — Kwak HJ et al. (2018)
Phylogenetic and morphological resolution of the Helobdella stagnalis species-complex (Annelida: Clitellata: Hirudinea) — Saglam N et al. (2018)
Expression patterns of duplicated snail genes in the leech Helobdella — Kim JS et al. (2017)
Hochaktive Fraktionen des rekombinanten Destabilase-Lysozyms des medizinischen Blutegels — Fadeeva IY et al. (2014)
Genes from the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis coding for unusual enzymes that specifically cleave endo-epsilon (gamma-Glu)-Lys isopeptide bonds and help to dissolve blood clots — Zavalova LL et al. (1996)
Evaluation of Intraoperative Bivalirudin Anticoagulation in Neonates and Infants Undergoing Arterial Switch Operation on Integrated ECMO-CPB Circuit: A Prospective Study — Badge HM et al. (2025)
Anticoagulation Monitoring and Targets: The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation Collaborative Consensus Conference — Ozment CP et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin or heparin for systemic anticoagulation during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Multicenter retrospective study — Hamzah M et al. (2023)
Heparin-based versus bivalirudin-based anticoagulation in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review — Valdes CA et al. (2023)
Epidemiology of anticoagulation for children supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the United States: A Pediatric Hospital Information System database study — Nellis ME et al. (2023)
Bivalirudin in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — Ryerson LM et al. (2022)
Herausforderungen bei der Aufrechterhaltung des hämostatischen Gleichgewichts bei Kindern unter extrakorporaler Membranoxygenierung: Eine systematische Literaturübersicht — Drop JG et al. (2020)
Prospective Exploratory Experience With Bivalirudin Anticoagulation in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation — Ryerson LM et al. (2020)
Evaluation of Bivalirudin As an Alternative to Heparin for Systemic Anticoagulation in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation — Hamzah M et al. (2020)
Bivalirudin as an anticoagulation strategy for acute hemodialysis in children: Two cases with a summary of recent literature — Viaene LV et al. (2024)
Use of bivalirudin for anticoagulation in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) — Kaushik S et al. (2021)
Comparison of Bivalirudin Versus Heparin for Maintenance Systemic Anticoagulation During Adult and Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation — Seelhammer TG et al. (2021)
A Review of Bivalirudin for Pediatric and Adult Mechanical Circulatory Support — Taylor T et al. (2020)
The Use of Bivalirudin in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery and in the Interventional Cardiology Suite — Goswami A et al. (2020)
Bivalirudin for Alternative Anticoagulation in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review — Sanfilippo F et al. (2016)
Challenging Argatroban Management of a Child on Extracorporeal Support and Subsequent Heart Transplant — Latham GJ et al. (2015)
Plasma exchange on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with bivalirudin anticoagulation — Preston TJ et al. (2015)
Bivalirudin in pediatric patients maintained on extracorporeal life support — Nagle EL et al. (2013)
Antithrombotic strategies in children receiving long-term Berlin Heart EXCOR ventricular assist device therapy — Rutledge JM et al. (2013)
The Changing Landscape of Anticoagulation in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Use of the Direct Thrombin Inhibitors — Neunert C et al. (2022)
Cadmium selenide quantum dot-zinc oxide composite: Synthesis, characterization, dye removal ability with UV irradiation, and antibacterial activity as a safe and high-performance photocatalyst — Mahmoodi NM et al. (2018)
Neubewertung und Wiederbeschreibung des Branchiobdelliden Sathodrilus tetrodonta (Pierantoni, 1906) neue Kombination (Annelida: Clitellata) — Gelder SR (2024)
Shuxuetong injection promotes skin flap survival by inhibiting pyroptosis mediated by the TLR4/NF-B/NLRP3 signaling pathway — Wang K et al. (2025)
Shuxuetong injection inhibits pyroptosis in acute ischemic stroke via CD44/NLRP3/GSDMD signal — Shang J et al. (2025)
The derivatives of hirudin-like peptides from the Poecilobdella manillensis exhibit antithrombotic and anti-ischemic stroke effects — Khalid M et al. (2025)
The effect and mechanism of freeze-dried powder of Poecilobdella manillensis on improving inflammatory injury of rat glomerular mesangial cells through TXNIP / NLRP3 pathway — Sun X et al. (2024)
Pharmacological adjuvant therapies in primary coronary interventions: bivalirudin — Lupi A et al. (2013)
Comparison of antithrombotic and hemorrhagic effects of edoxaban, a novel factor Xa inhibitor, with unfractionated heparin, dalteparin, lepirudin and warfarin in rats — Morishima Y et al. (2013)
The therapeutic management of bleeding and thrombotic disorders complicating CNS malignancies — Strowd RE et al. (2012)
Novel anticoagulants for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism — Weltermann A et al. (2003)
Komplementinhibitoren blockieren die Komplement-C3-Opsonisierung und verbessern die Zielselektivität von Nanopartikeln im Blut — Gaikwad H et al. (2020)
The pharmacology of extinction — Huxtable RJ (1992)
Revisiting the effect of cholesteryl sulfate on clotting and fibrinolysis: Inhibition of human thrombin and other human blood proteases — Al-Horani RA (2024)
Neurocoagulation from a Mechanistic Point of View in the Central Nervous System — Shavit-Stein E et al. (2022)
Characterisation of antithrombin-dependent anticoagulants through clot waveform analysis to potentially distinguish them from antithrombin-independent inhibitors targeting activated coagulation factors — Wakui M et al. (2020)
Use of Fondaparinux Off-Label or Approved Anticoagulants for Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia — Schindewolf M et al. (2017)
The Coagulant Factor Xa Induces Protease-Activated Receptor-1 and Annexin A2-Dependent Airway Smooth Muscle Cytokine Production and Cell Proliferation — Schuliga M et al. (2016)
Crystal structure of the thrombin-hirudin complex: a novel mode of serine protease inhibition — Grütter MG et al. (1990)
Crystal structure of the human alpha-thrombin-haemadin complex: an exosite II-binding inhibitor — Richardson JL et al. (2000)
Refined structure of the hirudin-thrombin complex — Rydel TJ et al. (1991)
The ornithodorin-thrombin crystal structure, a key to the TAP enigma? — van de Locht A et al. (1996)
Crystal structure of a peptidyl pyridinium methyl ketone inhibitor with thrombin — Rehse PH et al. (1995)
Crystal structure of human alpha-thrombin complexed with hirugen and p-amidinophenylpyruvate at 1.6 A resolution — Chen Z et al. (1995)
Hirunorms are true hirudin mimetics. The crystal structure of human alpha-thrombin-hirunorm V complex — De Simone G et al. (1998)
Two heads are better than one: crystal structure of the insect derived double domain Kazal inhibitor rhodniin in complex with thrombin — van de Locht A et al. (1995)
Crystal structure of thrombin in complex with S-variegin: insights of a novel mechanism of inhibition and design of tunable thrombin inhibitors — Koh CY et al. (2011)
Die Kristallstruktur von humanem α-Thrombin im Komplex mit LY178550, einem nichtpeptidischen, auf das aktive Zentrum gerichteten Inhibitor — Chirgadze NY et al. (1997)
Changes in interactions in complexes of hirudin derivatives and human alpha-thrombin due to different crystal forms — Priestle JP et al. (1993)
The crystal structure of alpha-thrombin-hirunorm IV complex reveals a novel specificity site recognition mode — Lombardi A et al. (1999)
Bivalirudin during percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes — Laine M et al. (2018)
Bivalirudin versus heparin for percutaneous coronary intervention: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials — Lipinski MJ et al. (2014)
Re-infarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention — French JK et al. (2015)
Bivalirudin bei perkutaner Koronarintervention — Lehman SJ et al. (2006)
Practicability of Bivalirudin plus Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Meta-Analysis — Li S et al. (2021)
Combined Use of Bivalirudin and Radial Access in Acute Coronary Syndromes Is Not Superior to the Use of Either One Separately: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials — Mina GS et al. (2016)
C-terminal peptide alcohol, acid and amide analogs of desulfato hirudin54-65 as antithrombin agents — Krstenansky JL et al. (1989)
Direct Thrombin Inhibitor for LVAD Thrombosis: A Closer Look — Rimsans J et al. (2016)
Comparison of heparin, bivalirudin, and different glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor regimens for anticoagulation during percutaneous coronary intervention: A network meta-analysis — Lipinski MJ et al. (2016)
Free radicals inactivate human neutrophil elastase and its inhibitors with comparable efficiency — Dean RT et al. (1989)
Effect of post-primary percutaneous coronary intervention bivalirudin infusion on net adverse clinical events and mortality: A comprehensive pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials — Shah R et al. (2016)
N-terminal requirements of small peptide anticoagulants based on hirudin54-65 — Owen TJ et al. (1988)
Laboratory Monitoring of Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) — Dunois C (2021)
Überwachung von Brustrekonstruktionslappen mittels Nahinfrarot-Spektroskopie-Gewebeoximetrie — Kumbasar DE et al. (2024)
A Wireless Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Device for Flap Monitoring: Proof of Concept in a Porcine Musculocutaneous Flap Model — Wu C et al. (2021)
Neues Fondaparinux-Protokoll für die Antikoagulationstherapie bei Erwachsenen mit Nierenversagen und Verdacht auf heparininduzierte Thrombozytopenie: eine retrospektive Überprüfung eines institutionellen Protokolls — Ghaziri D et al. (2023)
Bivalirudin for left ventricular assist device thrombosis — Weeks P et al. (2018)
Complications and Pitfalls after Finger Replantation in Young Children — Lafosse T et al. (2018)
Safety and efficacy of switching from unfractionated heparin to bivalirudin during primary percutaneous coronary intervention — Shah R et al. (2018)
Transcriptomic Analysis of the Influence of Methanol Assimilation on the Gene Expression in the Recombinant Pichia pastoris Producing Hirudin Variant 3 — Li T et al. (2019)
SARS-CoV-2 triggers complement activation through interactions with heparan sulfate — Lo MW et al. (2022)
Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotide CpG Motifs Activate Human Complement through Their Backbone Structure and Induce Complement-Dependent Cytokine Release — de Boer E et al. (2022)
New derivative of staphylokinase SAK-RGD-K2-Hirul exerts thrombolytic effects in the arterial thrombosis model in rats — Szemraj J et al. (2011)
An optimized method to assess in vivo efficacy of antithrombotic drugs using optical coherence tomography and a modified Doppler flow system — Couture L et al. (2011)
Interference of thrombin in immunological assays for hirudin specific antibodies — Hamilton RG et al. (2012)
Lower Extremity Reconstruction with Anterolateral Thigh Free-Flap Anastomoses: A Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis — Jinka SKA et al. (2023)
Nahinfrarotspektroskopie zur Überwachung mikrovaskulärer Freilappen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich — Czako L et al. (2023)
Hirudins and hirudin-like factors in Hirudinidae: implications for function and phylogenetic relationships — Müller C et al. (2016)
Anticoagulation — Pötzsch B (2013)
American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Cuker A et al. (2018)
Early and Empirical High-Dose Cryoprecipitate for Hemorrhage After Traumatic Injury: The CRYOSTAT-2 Randomized Clinical Trial — Davenport R et al. (2023)
Dosing Reliability of Direct Thrombin Inhibitors in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis — Wieruszewski PM et al. (2025)
Current view on alveolar coagulation and fibrinolysis in acute inflammatory and chronic interstitial lung diseases — Wygrecka M et al. (2008)
A systematic review and meta-analysis of bivalirudin application in peripheral endovascular procedures — Hu Y et al. (2019)
Microfluidic Modeling of Thrombolysis — Loyau S et al. (2018)
Study on the activity of recombinant mutant tissue-type plasminogen activator fused with the C-terminal fragment of hirudin — Ren K et al. (2021)
Current trends in the development of anticoagulant and antithrombotic drugs — Fareed J (1994)
Anticoagulation after intracoronary stent implantation — Bode C (1996)
Verlängerte Thrombinhemmung verringert die Restenose nach Ballonangioplastie in Schweinekoronararterien — Gallo R (1998)
Pharmacologic prevention of acute ischemic complications of coronary angioplasty — Wheeldon N (1997)
Effect of leech-centipede medicine on improving erectile function in DIED rats via PKC signalling pathway-related molecules — Wang JS (2020)
Effect of leech-centipede medicine on improving erectile function in diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction rats via PDE5 signalling pathway-related molecules — Wang JS (2021)
Roles of oxygen radicals and elastase in citric acid-induced airway constriction of guinea-pigs — Lai YL et al. (1999)
Probing intermolecular backbone H-bonding in serine proteinase-protein inhibitor complexes — Lu W et al. (1999)
Functional phage display of leech-derived tryptase inhibitor (LDTI): construction of a library and selection of thrombin inhibitors — Tanaka AS et al. (1999)
The variable region-1 from tissue-type plasminogen activator confers specificity for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 to thrombin by facilitating catalysis: release of a kinetic block by a heterologous protein surface loop — Dekker RJ et al. (1999)
Incorporation of noncoded amino acids into the N-terminal domain 1-47 of hirudin yields a highly potent and selective thrombin inhibitor — De Filippis V et al. (1999)
Enhancement of heparin cofactor II anticoagulant activity — Bauman SJ et al. (1999)
Activated neutrophils impair gastric cytoprotection role of neutrophil elastase — Harada N et al. (2000)
The dual role of thrombin's anion-binding exosite-I in the recognition and cleavage of the protease-activated receptor 1 — Myles T et al. (2001)
Electrostatic steering and ionic tethering in the formation of thrombin-hirudin complexes: the role of the thrombin anion-binding exosite-I — Myles T et al. (2001)
The hydrolysis and resynthesis of a single reactive site peptide bond in recombinant antistasin by coagulation factor Xa — Dunwiddie CT et al. (1992)
Improvement of the specificity of dipetarudin by site directed mutagenesis — López M et al. (2005)
Thrombin induced tumour growth - pharmacological control — Nowak G et al. (2007)
Decrease of hirudin degradation by deleting the KEX1 gene in recombinant Pichia pastoris — Ni Z et al. (2008)
A recombinant peptide, hirudin, potentiates the inhibitory effects of stealthy liposomal vinblastine on the growth and metastasis of melanoma — Guo RR et al. (2008)
Redesigning allosteric activation in an enzyme — Rana S et al. (2011)
Sensitive detection of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate in heparin sodium or crude heparin with a colorimetric microplate based assay — Sommers CD et al. (2011)
Wechselwirkungen von übersulfatiertem Chondroitinsulfat (OSCS) verschiedener Herkunft mit unfraktioniertem Heparin — Gray A et al. (2012)
Agarose-gel electrophoresis for the quality assurance and purity of heparin formulations — Volpi N et al. (2012)
Identifizierung einer neuartigen Struktur in Heparin, erzeugt durch sequenzielle oxidativ-reduktive Behandlung — Beccati D et al. (2012)
Electrophoresis for the analysis of heparin purity and quality — Volpi N et al. (2012)
Decorsin. A potent glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonist and platelet aggregation inhibitor from the leech Macrobdella decora — Seymour JL et al. (1990)
Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: key tests for LMWH quality assurance — Ye H et al. (2013)
Method to detect contaminants in heparin using radical depolymerization and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry — Li G et al. (2013)
Morphological and molecular characterization of a new species of leech (Glossiphoniidae, Hirudinida): Implications for the health of its imperiled amphibian host (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) — Hopkins WA et al. (2014)
Identifizierung von Lactoferrin als humaner Dedifferenzierungsfaktor durch Studien zu den Mechanismen der Geweberegeneration bei Reptilien — Bae KS et al. (2014)
Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate binds to chemokines and inhibits stromal cell-derived factor-1 mediated signaling in activated T cells — Zhou ZH et al. (2014)
Rational design of stable and functional hirudin III mutants with lower antigenicity — Asgari S et al. (2015)
Effect of Astragali Radix on growth, immunity and related gene expression of Whitmania pigra — Wu B et al. (2018)
Leeches attenuate blood hyperviscosity and related metabolic disorders in rats differently than aspirin — Wang X et al. (2019)
Linear Peptides Containing d-Leucine with Neuroprotective Activities from the Leech Whitmania pigra Whitman — Zhang ZY et al. (2019)
Metabolomics-based study reveals the effect of lead (Pb) in the culture environment on Whitmania pigra — Luo X et al. (2020)
Einfluss des Zeitintervalls seit der Blutentnahme und der Antikoagulation auf die Thrombozytenuntersuchung (Zahl, Indizes und Impedanzaggregometrie): eine systematische Studie mit Blut von gesunden Probanden — Hardy M et al. (2020)
Spontane Thrombozytenaggregation im Blut wird durch FcγRIIA-Stimulation der Bruton-Tyrosinkinase vermittelt — Duan R et al. (2021)
Recombinant hirudin suppresses angiogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma through regulation of the PAR-1-VEGF — Zhao J et al. (2024)
Dabigatran-idarucizumab pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics in sheep undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass — Eaton MP et al. (2025)
Genetically Encoded Multivalent Elastin-Like Polypeptide-Haemadin Fusion Proteins for Prolonged Antithrombotic Protection — Yang H et al. (2026)
Design of potent bivalent thrombin inhibitors based on hirudin sequence: incorporation of nonsubstrate-type active site inhibitors — Tsuda Y et al. (1994)
Expression, purification and characterization of multigram amounts of a recombinant hybrid HV1-HV2 hirudin variant expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae — Lehman ED et al. (1993)
A comparison of the effect of decorsin and two disintegrins, albolabrin and eristostatin, on platelet function — McLane MA et al. (1995)
Enhancement of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis with a selective factor Xa inhibitor derived from the leech Hirudo medicinalis: comparison with heparin and hirudin in a rabbit thrombosis model — Kornowski R et al. (1996)
Chemical synthesis and structural characterization of the RGD-protein decorsin: a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation — Polverino de Laureto P et al. (1998)
Stopped flow fluorescence energy transfer measurement of the rate constants describing the reversible formation and the irreversible rearrangement of the elastase-alpha1-proteinase inhibitor complex — Mellet P (1998)
Die ICAM-1–CD18-Interaktion vermittelt Neutrophilen-Zytotoxizität durch Proteasefreisetzung — Barnett CC (1998)
Role of neutrophil elastase in compression-induced spinal cord injury in rats — Taoka Y (1998)
Polymorphkernige Leukozyten induzieren die PDGF-Freisetzung aus IL-1β-behandelten Endothelzellen: Rolle von Adhäsionsmolekülen und Serinproteasen — Totani L (1998)
Elastase in hyperpnea-induced guinea pig airway constriction — Lai YL (1998)
The stabilization and release of hirudin from liposomes or lipid-assemblies coated with hydrophobically modified dextran — Mumper RJ et al. (2000)
Studies on preparation of recombinant hirudin-2 liposome and its pharmacokinetics by nasal delivery in rats — Zhang YJ et al. (2007)
Increase of the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic efficacy of negatively charged polypeptide recombinant hirudin in rats via parenteral route by association with cationic liposomes — Meng M et al. (2008)
Structure of the leech protein saratin and characterization of its binding to collagen — Gronwald W et al. (2008)
Phylogenomic Analysis of a Putative Missing Link Sparks Reinterpretation of Leech Evolution — Phillips AJ et al. (2019)
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor. — Camici et al. (1999)
Anticoagulation and anticoagulation reversal with cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass: an update. — Despotis et al. (1999)
Design of P1' and P3' residues of trivalent thrombin inhibitors and their crystal structures. — Slon-Usakiewicz et al. (2000)
The protein C pathway. — Esmon (2000)
Discovery of 1-[3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]-N-3-fluoro-2'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (DPC423), a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of blood coagulation factor Xa. — Pinto et al. (2001)
Heparin-binding exosite of factor Xa. — Rezaie (2000)
Protein C anticoagulant pathway and its role in controlling microvascular thrombosis and inflammation. — Esmon (2001)
New anticoagulants. — Hirsh (2001)
Struktur und Biologie des Tissue-Faktor-Pathway-Inhibitors — Bajaj et al. (2001)
The tissue factor pathway in disseminated intravascular coagulation. — Østerud et al. (2001)
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor: an update of potential implications in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. — Kaiser et al. (2001)
Antithrombin abnormalities and perinatal management. — Kobayashi (2005)
Functional mapping of charged residues of the 82-116 sequence in factor Xa: evidence that lysine 96 is a factor Va independent recognition site for prothrombin in the prothrombinase complex. — Manithody et al. (2005)
Activated protein C and sepsis. — O'Brien et al. (2006)
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor: structure, biology and involvement in disease. — Lwaleed et al. (2006)
Protein C anticoagulant activity in relation to anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. — Mosnier et al. (2006)
Determinants of specificity of factor xa interaction with its physiological inhibitors. — Rezaie (2006)
The cytoprotective protein C pathway. — Mosnier et al. (2006)
Exosites in the substrate specificity of blood coagulation reactions. — Bock et al. (2007)
The haemostatic role of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. — Crawley et al. (2007)
Membrane-dependent interaction of factor Xa and prothrombin with factor Va in the prothrombinase complex. — Qureshi et al. (2009)
The protein C pathway and sepsis. — Della Valle et al. (2011)
Gewebefaktor/TFPI und Blutzellen. — Osterud (2011)
Protein C anticoagulant and cytoprotective pathways. — Griffin et al. (2012)
Structural biology of factor VIIa/tissue factor initiated coagulation. — Vadivel et al. (2012)
Review article: heparin sensitivity and resistance: management during cardiopulmonary bypass. — Finley et al. (2013)
Direct oral thrombin inhibitor, "dabigatran" — Yasaka (2013)
Neutron and X-ray crystallographic analysis of the human α-thrombin-bivalirudin complex at pD 5.0: protonation states and hydration structure of the enzyme-product complex. — Yamada et al. (2013)
Factor Xa activation of factor V is of paramount importance in initiating the coagulation system: lessons from a tick salivary protein. — Schuijt et al. (2013)
Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor: Multiple Anticoagulant Activities for a Single Protein. — Mast (2015)
Daboxin P, a Major Phospholipase A2 Enzyme from the Indian Daboia russelii russelii Venom Targets Factor X and Factor Xa for Its Anticoagulant Activity. — Sharma et al. (2016)
Conservative management of neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis with coexisting thrombophilia. — Khatri et al. (2018)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: An Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Strategies. — Papageorgiou et al. (2018)
Leitlinien der Amerikanischen Gesellschaft für Hämatologie 2018 zum Management der venösen Thromboembolie: venöse Thromboembolie im Kontext der Schwangerschaft. — Bates et al. (2018)
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor in atherosclerosis. — Yuan et al. (2019)
Einfluss eines Programms zur Selbstüberwachung und zum Selbstmanagement der oralen Antikoagulation bei Patienten mit mechanischer Herzklappenprothese — Blanch et al. (2021)
Structure-function of anticoagulant TIX-5, the inhibitor of factor Xa-mediated FV activation. — Maag et al. (2021)
Platelet tissue factor pathway inhibitor-α dampens cardiac thrombosis and associated fibrosis in mice. — Maroney et al. (2022)
Cryo-EM structure of coagulation factor V short. — Mohammed et al. (2023)
Downregulation of thrombomodulin-thrombin-activated protein C pathway as a mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 induced endotheliopathy and microvascular thrombosis. — Agarwal et al. (2022)
Met343Val mutation disrupts the shuttling of Trp380 leading to a low-activity conformer of activated protein C and causes thrombosis. — Zhou et al. (2024)
Targeting tissue factor pathway inhibitor with concizumab to improve hemostasis in patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia: an in vitro study. — Dubut et al. (2024)
Rebalancing agents in hemophilia: knowns, unknowns, and uncertainties. — Van Thillo et al. (2025)
Heparin Resistance in Cardiac Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Evidence-Based Management. — Rivera Jiménez et al. (2025)
Protein C. — Esmon (1984)
The isomorphous structures of prethrombin2, hirugen-, and PPACK-thrombin: changes accompanying activation and exosite binding to thrombin. — Vijayalakshmi et al. (1994)
Allosteric modulation of BPTI interaction with human alpha- and zeta-thrombin. — De Cristofaro et al. (1999)
The molecular basis of thrombin allostery revealed by a 1.8 A structure of the "slow" form. — Huntington et al. (2003)
Crystal structure of anticoagulant thrombin variant E217K provides insights into thrombin allostery. — Carter et al. (2004)
Molecular dissection of Na+ binding to thrombin. — Pineda et al. (2004)
Determinants of specificity in coagulation proteases. — Page et al. (2005)
The Na+ binding channel of human coagulation proteases: novel insights on the structure and allosteric modulation revealed by molecular surface analysis. — Silva et al. (2005)
How Na+ activates thrombin--a review of the functional and structural data. — Huntington (2008)
Mutagenesis studies toward understanding allostery in thrombin. — Qureshi et al. (2009)
Molecular basis of thrombomodulin activation of slow thrombin. — Adams et al. (2009)
Thrombin allosteric modulation revisited: a molecular dynamics study. — de Amorim et al. (2009)
Probing light chain mutation effects on thrombin via molecular dynamics simulations and machine learning. — Xiao et al. (2018)
Novel heparin mimetics reveal cooperativity between exosite 2 and sodium-binding site of thrombin. — Abdel Aziz et al. (2018)
Na-binding modes involved in thrombin's allosteric response as revealed by molecular dynamics simulations, correlation networks and Markov modeling. — Xiao et al. (2019)
The Na+ binding site of thrombin. — Di Cera et al. (1995)
The role of the insertion loop around tryptophan 148 in tthe activity of thrombin. — DiBella et al. (1996)
Rational engineering of activity and specificity in a serine protease. — Dang et al. (1997)
Critical role of W60d in thrombin allostery. — Guinto et al. (1997)
Molecular mechanisms of thrombin function. — Di Cera et al. (1997)
Strategies for development of novel antithrombotics: modulating thrombin's procoagulant and anticoagulant properties. — Hall et al. (1997)
Kinetic pathway for the slow to fast transition of thrombin. Evidence of linked ligand binding at structurally distinct domains. — Lai et al. (1997)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Pathogenesis, frequency, avoidance and management. — Warkentin (1997)
Lepirudin (recombinant hirudin) for parenteral anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Heparin-Associated Thrombocytopenia Study (HAT) investigators. — Greinacher et al. (1999)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thromboembolic complications: meta-analysis of 2 prospective trials to assess the value of parenteral treatment with lepirudin and its therapeutic aPTT range. — Greinacher et al. (2000)
A comparison of danaparoid and lepirudin in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Farner et al. (2001)
Production and clinical development of a Hansenula polymorpha-derived PEGylated hirudin. — Avgerinos et al. (2001)
Use of lepirudin during percutaneous vascular interventions in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Cochran et al. (2003)
Lepirudin for prophylaxis of thrombosis in patients with acute isolated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an analysis of 3 prospective studies. — Lubenow et al. (2004)
The use of direct thrombin inhibitors in cardiovascular surgery in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Greinacher (2004)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. — Warkentin et al. (2004)
Developing an algorithm for treating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — McIntosh (2004)
Lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia - results of the third prospective study (HAT-3) and a combined analysis of HAT-1, HAT-2, and HAT-3. — Lubenow et al. (2005)
Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in cardiovascular patients. — Matthai (2006)
Segmental and regional differences in neuronal expression of the leech Hox genes Lox1 and Lox2 during embryogenesis. — Gharbaran et al. (2012)
Reversal agents for use with direct and indirect anticoagulants. — Smythe et al. (2016)
Anticoagulant activity of a sulfated galactan: serpin-independent effect and specific interaction with factor Xa. — Glauser et al. (2009)
Antithrombotic therapy for acute coronary syndrome: Past, present and future. — Sibbing et al. (2017)
Real World Outcomes Associated with Idarucizumab: Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. — Singh et al. (2020)
Systematic review of drug-drug interactions between rifamycins and anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents and considerations for management. — MacDougall C et al. (2022)
Direct thrombin inhibitors — Maffrand JP (1992)
The new anticoagulants — Stone WM et al. (2007)
Global coagulation tests: their applicability for measuring direct factor Xa- and thrombin inhibition and reversal of anticoagulation by prothrombin complex concentrate — Dinkelaar J et al. (2014)
Direct factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban and apixaban) versus enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: A meta-analysis of 6 randomized clinical trials — Ma G et al. (2015)
Using metabarcoding to compare the suitability of two blood-feeding leech species for sampling mammalian diversity in North Borneo — Drinkwater R et al. (2018)
Outcomes of single digit replantation for amputation proximal to the flexor digitorum superficialis insertion: A systematic review with meta-analysis — Wong S et al. (2022)
Role of Infrared Thermography in Planning and Monitoring of Head and Neck Microvascular Flap Reconstruction — Chava SK et al. (2023)
Effect of concurrent use of rivaroxaban or apixaban with amiodarone on international normalised ratio: a retrospective observational study — Kho C et al. (2025)
Old and new natural products as the source of modern antithrombotic drugs — Beretz A et al. (1991)
Unique overlap in the prerequisites for thrombin inhibition and oral bioavailability resulting in potent oral antithrombotics — Adang AE et al. (2002)
Design, parallel synthesis, and crystal structures of pyrazinone antithrombotics as selective inhibitors of the tissue factor VIIa complex — Parlow JJ et al. (2003)
In-vitro profile and ex-vivo anticoagulant activity of the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and its orally active prodrug, dabigatran etexilate — Wienen et al. (2007)
Effects of argatroban as an anticoagulant for intermittent veno-venous hemofiltration (IVVH) in patients at high risk of bleeding — Sun et al. (2011)
Bifunctional lipocalin ameliorates murine immune complex-induced acute lung injury — Roversi et al. (2013)
Development of an Oral Anticoagulation Strategy for Permanent Artificial Lung Support — Hong et al. (2026)
Venous thromboembolism prevention and treatment with factor XI/XIa inhibitors: current status and future perspectives — Del Toro-Mijares et al. (2026)
Retrospective modeling study of ChatGPT (GPT 4) warfarin dose adjustment in patients with INRs outside the therapeutic range — Tezcan et al. (2026)
PK/PD interactions of antiarrhythmic drugs and oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients: clinical implications for stroke and dementia prevention — Oh et al. (2026)
Hirudin prevents vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and permeability enhancement induced by the serum from rat with chronic renal failure through inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway — Chen et al. (2021)
Correlation between partial thromboplastin time and thromboelastography in adult critically ill patients requiring bivalirudin for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — Buckley et al. (2023)
Investigation into the binding domains of platelet factor 4 unlocks new avenues for the design and synthesis of selective sulfated pseudo-tetrasaccharide aminoglycoside ligands — Philip et al. (2025)
Delayed-type hypersensitivity and cross-reactivity to heparins and danaparoid: a prospective study — Grassegger et al. (2001)
The therapeutic potential of novel anticoagulants — Chi et al. (1997)
Current Opinion on the use of Direct Oral Anticoagulants for the Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism among Medical Inpatients — Lee et al. (2021)
Argatroban in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Babuin et al. (2010)
Lung transplantation using argatroban in severe heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case series — Lee et al. (2020)
Dabigatran etexilate versus warfarin as the oral anticoagulant of choice? A review of clinical data — Ma et al. (2011)
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-World Studies Evaluating Rivaroxaban for Cancer-Associated Venous Thrombosis — Martinez et al. (2018)
Effectiveness and Safety of Rivaroxaban in Patients With Cancer-Associated Venous Thrombosis — Kohn et al. (2018)
Oral anticoagulation in primary care — Altirriba et al. (2017)
Fondaparinux: use in thromboprophylaxis of acute medical patients — Dhillon et al. (2008)
Fondaparinux as a treatment option for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Papadopoulos et al. (2007)
Refractory autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia following cardiac surgery — Zlamal et al. (2025)
The identification and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the vascular patient — LaMuraglia et al. (2012)
Comparison of bleeding and thrombotic outcomes in veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Heparin versus bivalirudin — Kartika et al. (2024)
Argatroban anticoagulation for heparin induced thrombocytopenia in patients with ventricular assist devices — Pappalardo et al. (2012)
Effects of Bivalirudin and Unfractionated Heparin on Liver and Renal Function in Chinese Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Coronary Angiography with/without Percutaneous Coronary Intervention — Jia et al. (2021)
Association Between Argatroban and Outcomes of Branch Atheromatous Disease: A Propensity-Matched Analysis From MRI-Based Study — Li et al. (2025)
Safety and efficacy of argatroban combined with antiplatelet therapy for acute mild-to-moderate ischemic stroke with large artery atherosclerosis — Yan et al. (2025)
Population pharmacokinetics of unfractionated heparin and multivariable analysis of activated clotting time in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation — Konecki et al. (2024)
Efficacy and safety of Xa inhibitors for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism — Kimpton et al. (2019)
Peak and Trough Concentration Ranges of Factor Xa Inhibitors for Preventing Thromboembolic Stroke in Korean Patients with Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation — Park et al. (2026)
Edoxaban-Induced Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome: A Case Report With Review of the Literature — Borgonovo et al. (2024)
Optimizing warfarin dosing for patients with atrial fibrillation using machine learning — Petch et al. (2024)
The dosing and monitoring of argatroban for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a word of caution — Phillips et al. (2014)
Direct thrombin inhibitors and factor xa inhibitors can influence the diluted prothrombin time used as the initial screen for lupus anticoagulant — Olah et al. (2013)
Factor XIa Inhibitors in Anticoagulation Therapy: Recent Advances and Perspectives — Xie et al. (2023)
Coumarins as factor XIIa inhibitors: Potency and selectivity improvements using a fragment-based strategy — Davoine et al. (2023)
Pharmacokinetic studies with recombinant hirudin in dogs — Nowak et al. (1988)
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of recombinant hirudin via four non-parenteral routes — Liu et al. (2005)
Bivalirudin in peripheral interventions — Maclean et al. (2006)
Antibodies against lepirudin are polyspecific and recognize epitopes on bivalirudin — Eichler et al. (2004)
The in vitro anticoagulant effects of danaparoid, fondaparinux, and lepirudin in children compared to adults — Ignjatovic et al. (2008)
Clinical application of argatroban as an alternative anticoagulant for extracorporeal circulation — Kawada et al. (2000)
Argatroban: a synthetic thrombin inhibitor of low relative molecular mass — Fitzgerald et al. (1996)
Removal of dabigatran using sorbent hemadsorption — Angheloiu et al. (2019)
Andexanet alfa versus PCC products for factor Xa inhibitor bleeding: A systematic review with meta-analysis — White et al. (2024)
Apixaban, an oral, direct inhibitor of activated Factor Xa — Shantsila et al. (2008)
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban--an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor — Kreutz et al. (2014)
Real world utilization of Andexanet alfa in the management of oral factor Xa inhibitor-associated gastrointestinal bleeding — Brown et al. (2023)
Alpha-1-antitrypsin-Pittsburgh. A potent inhibitor of human plasma factor XIa, kallikrein, and factor XIIf — Scott et al. (1986)
The Coagulation Factor XIIa Inhibitor rHA-Infestin-4 Improves Outcome after Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats — Krupka et al. (2016)
Substrate-Guided Design of Selective FXIIa Inhibitors Based on the Plant-Derived Momordica cochinchinensis Trypsin Inhibitor-II (MCoTI-II) Scaffold — Swedberg et al. (2016)
The full-length cDNA of anticoagulant protein infestin revealed a novel releasable Kazal domain, a neutrophil elastase inhibitor lacking anticoagulant activity — Lovato et al. (2006)
Direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: principal results of a meta-analysis based on individual patients' data — Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Trialists' Collaborative Group (2002)

Genomik & Proteomik (265)

Leech Salivary Proteome and Transcriptome: 434 Deduced Protein Sequences — Liu Z, Tong X, Su Y, et al. (2019)
Medicinal Leech Draft Genome — Anticoagulant Gene Survey — Kvist S, Manzano-Marín A, de Carle D, Trontelj P, Siddall ME (2020)
Leech therapy (Hirudo medicinalis) attenuates testicular damages induced by testicular ischemia/reperfusion in an animal model — Davoodi F et al. (2021)
New anticoagulant protein from medicinal leech — Manuvera V et al. (2024)
AIF-1 and RNASET2 Play Complementary Roles in the Innate Immune Response of Medicinal Leech — Baranzini N et al. (2019)
Medicinal leech antimicrobial peptides lacking toxicity represent a promising alternative strategy to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens — Grafskaia E et al. (2019)
Structural insights into thrombolytic activity of destabilase from medicinal leech — Marin E et al. (2023)
The genome of medicinal leech (Whitmania pigra) and comparative genomic study for exploration of bioactive ingredients — Tong L et al. (2022)
Medicinal Leech CNS as a Model for Exosome Studies in the Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons — Raffo-Romero A et al. (2018)
Transcriptomic profiling and the first spatial expression analysis of candidate genes in the salivary gland of the East Asian medicinal leech, Hirudo nipponia — Kim J et al. (2024)
Genomentwurf des europäischen medizinischen Blutegels Hirudo medicinalis (Annelida, Clitellata, Hirudiniformes) mit Schwerpunkt auf Antikoagulanzien — Kvist S et al. (2020)
18s rDNA characterization and morphological investigation of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis from Felaw Pond — Jawdat Bilal S (2024)
Small bite, large impact-saliva and salivary molecules in the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis — Hildebrandt J, Lemke S (2011)
Spectral responses across a dorsal-ventral array of dermal sensilla in the medicinal leech — Groves T, Jellies J (2021)
Microglia of medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) express a specific activation marker homologous to vertebrate ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1/alias aif-1) — Drago F et al. (2014)
Antimicrobial Role of RNASET2 Protein During Innate Immune Response in the Medicinal Leech Hirudo verbana — Baranzini N et al. (2020)
Hirudo medicinalis: avascular tissues for clear-cut angiogenesis studies? — de Eguileor M et al. (2004)
Morganella Morganii Infection in Hirudo Medicinalis (Iran): A Case Report — Rahmati Holasoo H et al. (2022)
Entwürfe der mitochondrialen Genome von Hirudo medicinalis und Hirudo verbana (Annelida, Hirudinea) — Nikitina A et al. (2016)
The Hirudo medicinalis species complex — Kutschera U (2012)
Identifying genes for neuron survival and axon outgrowth in Hirudo medicinalis — Blackshaw S et al. (2004)
Protective efficacy of Eglin C from Hirudo medicinalis against Eimeria papillata-induced coccidiosis — Al-Sayed S et al. (2023)
Validation of Medicinal Leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) as a Non-invasive Blood Sampling Tool for Hematology and Biochemistry Profiling in Mammals — Kvapil P et al. (2022)
The duration of rest and feeding greatly affects the re-breeding of ectoparasites: Hirudo verbana, Hirudo medicinalis and Hirudo orientalis — Aminov R, Frolov A, Aminova A (2022)
Hirudo medicinalis: eine Plattform zur Untersuchung von Genen der neuronalen Reparatur — Wang W et al. (2005)
The influence of the planting time and conditions on the reproductive properties of Hirudo verbana and Hirudo medicinalis — Aminov R, Frolov A, Aminova A (2021)
Characterizations of Hirudo medicinalis DNA promoters for targeted gene expression — Baker M, Macagno E (2006)
Differentially expressed genes in Hirudo medicinalis ganglia after acetyl-L-carnitine treatment — Federighi G et al. (2013)
A new cellular type in invertebrates: first evidence of telocytes in leech Hirudo medicinalis — Pulze L et al. (2017)
Verschiedene molekulare Daten belegen, dass kommerziell erhältliche medizinische Blutegel nicht Hirudo medicinalis sind — Siddall M et al. (2007)
Diversity of hirudin and hirudin-like factor genes in the North-African medicinal leech, Hirudo troctina — Ahmed R, Abilov A, Müller C (2024)
Development of a mitochondrial mini-barcode and its application in metabarcoding for identification of leech in traditional Chinese medicine — Shi C et al. (2025)
Construction of a medicinal leech transcriptome database and its application to the identification of leech homologs of neural and innate immune genes — Macagno E et al. (2010)
Specific MALDI-MSI: Tag-Mass — Stauber J et al. (2010)
Extrazelluläre Ca2+-Veränderungen bei Transmitterapplikation im Zentralnervensystem des Blutegels — Lohr C, Rose C, Deitmer J (1996)
Leech blood-meal invertebrate-derived DNA reveals differences in Bornean mammal diversity across habitats — Drinkwater R et al. (2021)
Neural circuits for generating rhythmic movements — Friesen W, Stent G (1978)
High-yield novel leech hyaluronidase to expedite the preparation of specific hyaluronan oligomers — Jin P et al. (2014)
Starvation-induced changes in the proteome and transcriptome of the salivary glands of leech (Hirudo nipponia) — Cai M, Shen H, Xing Y, Wang W, Guan F, Luo Y (2024)
In-depth profiles of bioactive large molecules in saliva secretions of leeches determined by combining salivary gland proteome and transcriptome data — Liu Z, Tong X, Su Y et al. (2019)
Draft genome sequences of Hirudo medicinalis and salivary transcriptome of three closely related medicinal leeches — Babenko VV, Podgorny OV, Manuvera VA et al. (2020)
Phylogeny and phylogeography of medicinal leeches (genus Hirudo): fast dispersal and shallow genetic structure — Trontelj P, Utevsky SY (2012)
Celebrity with a neglected taxonomy: molecular systematics of the medicinal leech (genus Hirudo) — Trontelj P, Utevsky SY (2004)
Directed culturing of microorganisms using metatranscriptomics — Bomar L, Maltz M, Colston S, Graf J (2011)
Kaistia hirudinis sp. nov., isolated from the skin of Hirudo verbana — Glaeser SP, Galatis H, Martin K, Kämpfer P (2013)
Stratified bacterial community in the bladder of the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana — Kikuchi Y, Bomar L, Graf J (2009)
Flavobacterium cutihirudinis sp. nov., isoliert von der Haut des medizinischen Blutegels Hirudo verbana — Glaeser SP, Galatis H, Martin K, Kämpfer P (2013)
Castellaniella hirudinis sp. nov., isolated from the skin of Hirudo verbana — Glaeser SP, Galatis H, Martin K, Kämpfer P (2012)
Niabella hirudinis and Niabella drilacis sp. nov., isolated from the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana — Glaeser SP, Galatis H, Martin K, Kämpfer P (2013)
Mucinivorans hirudinis gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, mucin-degrading bacterium isolated from the digestive tract of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana — Nelson MC, Bomar L, Maltz M, Graf J (2015)
Devosia epidermidihirudinis sp. nov. isolated from the surface of a medical leech — Galatis H, Martin K, Kämpfer P, Glaeser SP (2013)
Charakterisierung der Mikrobiota des Verdauungstrakts von Hirudo orientalis, einem europäischen medizinischen Blutegel — Laufer AS, Siddall ME, Graf J (2008)
Determination of disulfide linkages in antimicrobial peptides of the macin family by combination of top-down and bottom-up proteomics — Hung CW, Jung S, Grötzinger J, Gelhaus C, Leippe M, Tholey A (2014)
Poly-paraphyly of Hirudinidae: many lineages of medicinal leeches — Phillips AJ, Siddall ME (2009)
Characterization of the digestive tract microbiota of Hirudo orientalis (medicinal leech) and antibiotic resistance profile — Whitaker IS, Maltz M, Siddall ME, Graf J (2014)
Gut microbiota and metabolic function in leeches with distinct feeding niches — Tong X, Yang D, Cao X et al. (2026)
Leeches and their microbiota: naturally simple symbiosis models — Graf J, Kikuchi Y, Rio RV (2006)
Culture-independent characterization of the digestive-tract microbiota of the medicinal leech reveals a tripartite symbiosis — Worthen PL, Gode CJ, Graf J (2006)
Exploring a Hirudin variant from nonhematophagous leeches: Unraveling full-length sequence, alternative splicing, function, and potential as a novel anticoagulant polypeptide — Yi X et al. (2024)
Proteome modifications of the medicinal leech nervous system under bacterial challenge — Vergote D et al. (2006)
Expression and function of an even-skipped homolog in the leech Helobdella robusta — Song MH et al. (2002)
A hedgehog homolog regulates gut formation in leech (Helobdella) — Kang D et al. (2003)
The medicinal leech genome encodes 21 innexin genes: different combinations are expressed by identified central neurons — Kandarian B et al. (2012)
A subtractive cDNA library from an identified regenerating neuron is enriched in sequences up-regulated during nerve regeneration — Korneev S et al. (1997)
Regeneration of a central synapse restores nonassociative learning — Modney BK et al. (1997)
Regeneration einer charakteristischen Gruppe axosomatischer Kontakte im Zentralnervensystem des Blutegels — French KA, Muller KJ (1986)
Effects of cyclic nucleotides and calcium/calmodulin on protein phosphorylation in the CNS of Hirudo medicinalis — Garcia-Gil M et al. (1989)
Aktivitätsabhängige Zunahme der AHP-Amplitude in sensorischen T-Neuronen des Blutegels — Scuri R, Mozzachiodi R, Brunelli M (2002)
The venomous cocktail of the vampire snail Colubraria reticulata (Mollusca, Gastropoda) — Modica MV et al. (2015)
A novel RGD-toxin protein, Lj-RGD3, from the buccal gland secretion of Lampetra japonica impacts diverse biological activities — Wang J et al. (2010)
Protective effects of microglia in multiple sclerosis — Napoli I, Neumann H (2009)
Mechanics of cocoon secretion in a segmented worm (Annelida: Hirudinidae) — Rossi AM et al. (2016)
Operculum ultrastructure in leech cocoons — Rossi AM et al. (2013)
Cell dynamics during cocoon secretion in the aquatic leech, Theromyzon tessulatum (Annelida: Clitellata: Glossiphoniidae) — Sayers CW, Coleman J, Shain DH (2008)
Production, Purification, and Characterization of a Novel Cysteine-Rich Anticoagulant from the Medicinal Leech and the Functional Role of Its C-Terminal Motif — Manuvera VA et al. (2025)
The great diversity: monomeric and oligomeric hirudins, hirudin-like factors and decorsins in the Asian medicinal leeches Hirudo nipponia and Hirudo tianjinensis — Kalatehjari P et al. (2026)
Duplication of the Antistasin-Like Structure Resulted in a New Anticoagulant Protein in the Medicinal Leech — Brovina KA et al. (2026)
Monomeric and Oligomeric Decorsins of the Asian Medicinal Leech Hirudinaria manillensis — Tolksdorf C et al. (2025)
Hirudins and fenestrins of the African medicinal leech Asiaticobdella fenestrata — Schulz L et al. (2025)
Comparative genomics suggests extensive antithrombotic gene expansion in Haemadipsa yanyuanensis — Lin Y et al. (2025)
Genetische Variation und Genexpression der antimikrobiellen Peptide Macine beim Asiatischen Büffelblutegel (Hirudinaria manillensis) — Yu Y et al. (2025)
Berichtigung zu: Entwurf der Genomsequenzen von Hirudo medicinalis und Speicheltranskriptom dreier nahe verwandter medizinischer Blutegel — Babenko VV et al. (2020)
Identification and characterization of WpDestabilase, a novel destabilase from the salivary glands of Whitmania pigra — Huang B et al. (2026)
Gut microbiota participates and remodels host metabolism: from treating patients to treating their gut flora — Han S et al. (2024)
Cloning, characterization, and heterologous expression of a candidate hirudin gene from the salivary gland transcriptome of Hirudo nipponia — Shi P et al. (2023)
Identification and characterization of hirudin-HN, a new thrombin inhibitor, from the salivary glands of Hirudo nipponia — Cheng B et al. (2019)
Marine leech anticoagulant diversity and evolution — Tessler M et al. (2018)
Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses of Three Species of Placobdella (Rhynchobdellida: Glossiphoniidae) Confirms a Single Origin of Blood Feeding in Leeches — Siddall ME et al. (2015)
Transcripts involved in hemostasis: Exploring salivary complexes from Haementeria vizottoi leeches through transcriptomics, phylogenetic studies and structural features — Amorim AM et al. (2015)
Proteomic analysis methods for characterization of proteins from the salivary gland secretions of the medicinal leech during different seasons — Baskova IP et al. (2007)
Protein mapping of the salivary complex from a hematophagous leech — Ricci-Silva ME et al. (2005)
Protein profiling of the medicinal leech salivary gland secretion by proteomic analytical methods — Baskova IP et al. (2004)
Forschungsstand zu natürlichen aktiven Wirkstoffen zur Verbesserung der Podozytenfunktion und Reduktion der Proteinurie bei diabetischer Nierenerkrankung — Gong L et al. (2023)
A novel integrated strategy for discovering absorbable anticoagulant bioactive peptides: a case study on leech protein hydrolysates — Fang KX et al. (2025)
Anticoagulant peptide LR from Whitmania pigra ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury — Liu R et al. (2026)
Exploring the mechanism of hirudin in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease using network pharmacology combined with molecular docking verification — Xinxin P et al. (2022)
Hirudin reduces nephropathy microangiopathy in STZ-induced diabetes rats by inhibiting endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis — Pang X et al. (2020)
Hirudin schützt vor Nierenschäden bei Ratten mit Streptozotocin-induzierter diabetischer Nephropathie durch Hemmung der Entzündung über den P38 MAPK/NF-κB-Signalweg — Han J et al. (2020)
Effect of heavy metal lead on anticoagulant activity of leech based on label-free quantitative proteomics — Xue M et al. (2021)
Effect of lead pollution on anticoagulant effect of Whitmania pigra based on in vitro anticoagulation experiment — Luo XM et al. (2019)
In vitro anticoagulant activity of different processed products of Whitmania pigra by water extraction and bionic extraction — Shan Y et al. (2016)
Complete cox 1 gene and ITS sequence of Hirudinaria manillensis and molecular evolution analysis — Wang W et al. (2025)
The development and application of mini-barcodes from mitochondrial DNA for identifying medicinal leeches from traditional medicines — Liu Y et al. (2025)
Chromosome-level Dinobdella ferox genome provided a molecular model for its specific parasitism — Gao JW et al. (2023)
Phylogenetic position and description of a new species of medicinal leech from the eastern United States — Phillips AJ et al. (2019)
Untersuchung der Artenvielfalt und phylogenetischen Verwandtschaft von Barbronia innerhalb der Unterordnung Erpobdelliformes (Clitellata: Annelida) — Liu Y et al. (2024)
The Origin and Evolution of Antistasin-like Proteins in Leeches (Hirudinida, Clitellata) — Iwama RE et al. (2021)
The salivary transcriptome of Limnobdella mexicana (Annelida: Clitellata: Praobdellidae) and orthology determination of major leech anticoagulants — Iwama R et al. (2019)
Isolation and Characterization of Poecistasin, an Anti-Thrombotic Antistasin-Type Serine Protease Inhibitor from Leech Poecilobdella manillensis — Tang X et al. (2018)
Therostasin, a novel clotting factor Xa inhibitor from the rhynchobdellid leech Theromyzon tessulatum — Chopin V et al. (2000)
A new factor Xa inhibitor (lefaxin) from the Haementeria depressa leech — Faria F et al. (1999)
Structure of the complex of the antistasin-type inhibitor bdellastasin with trypsin and modelling of the bdellastasin-microplasmin system — Rester U et al. (1999)
Bdellastasin, a serine protease inhibitor of the antistasin family from the medical leech (Hirudo medicinalis)--primary structure, expression in yeast, and characterisation of native and recombinant inhibitor — Moser M et al. (1998)
DNA barcoding reveals Mexican diversity within the freshwater leech genus Helobdella (Annelida: Glossiphoniidae) — Oceguera-Figueroa A et al. (2010)
Genetic barcoding of marine leeches (Ozobranchus spp.) from Florida sea turtles and their divergence in host specificity — McGowin AE et al. (2010)
Broad geographic sampling and DNA barcoding do not support the presence of Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Clitellata: Glossiphoniidae) in North America — Iwama RE et al. (2019)
DNA barcoding reveals association of Glossiphoniidae species on endangered freshwater turtles in Northeast India — Kundu S et al. (2019)
Genetische Diversität von Süßwasserblutegeln im See Gusinoe, Ostsibirien, Russland — Kaygorodova IA et al. (2014)
Buried treasure in a public repository: Mining mitochondrial genes of 32 annelid species from sequence reads deposited in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) — Kobayashi G et al. (2023)
Phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation in Haemopis (Annelida: Hirudinea: Haemopidae) — Kvist S et al. (2022)
Application of Invertebrate-Derived DNA Barcoding (iDNA) in Blood Sucking Leeches From West Sumatra: A Discovery of Blue-Eyed Litter Frog Leptobrachium waysapuntiense — Irawan AD et al. (2025)
Be ready at any time: postprandial synthesis of salivary proteins in salivary gland cells of the haematophagous leech Hirudo verbana — Lemke S et al. (2016)
Transcriptomics and differential gene expression in Whitmania pigra (Annelida: Clitellata: Hirudinida: Hirudinidae): Contrasting feeding and fasting modes — Khan MS (2019)
Description of two new species of freshwater leeches of the genus Helobdella (Hirudinea, Glossiphoniidae) from Mexico, with a redescription of Helobdella socimulcensis (Caballero, 1931) — Torres-Carrera G et al. (2025)
Beitrag zur morphologischen Beschreibung des marinen Blutegels Ozobranchus margoi (Apáthy) (Rhynchobdellida: Ozobranchidae) mittels kombinierter Histologie, Mikro-CT und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie — Cascarano MC et al. (2017)
Not that many leech species after all: Myzobdella lugubris and Myzobdella patzcuarensis (Annelida: Hirudinida) are the same species — Torres-Carrera G et al. (2024)
Molecular phylogeny of the leech genus Pontobdella (Hirudinida: Piscicolidae) with notes on Pontobdella californiana and Pontobdella macrothela — Ruiz-Escobar F et al. (2024)
ERGA-BGE reference genome of a once neglected freshwater haematophagous European medicinal leech — Manzano-Marín A et al. (2026)
Die Genomsequenz des Süßwasseregels Erpobdella octoculata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hirudinida: Erpobdellidae) — Skipp SJ et al. (2025)
Chromosome-level genome assembly and anticoagulant protein annotation of the buffalo leech Hirudinaria bpling (Hirudinea: Hirudinidae) — Khan MS et al. (2025)
Characterization of the natural peptidome of four leeches by integrated proteogenomics and pseudotargeted peptidomics — Liao J et al. (2023)
Complete mitochondrial genome of Hirudo nipponia (Annelida, Hirudinea) — Xu Y et al. (2014)
De novo transcriptome assembly databases for the central nervous system of the medicinal leech — Hibsh D et al. (2015)
Salivary transcriptome of the North American medicinal leech, Macrobdella decora — Min GS et al. (2010)
Genetische Variation von Whitmania pigra, Hirudo nipponica und Poecilobdella manillensis, drei in China endemischen und gefährdeten Arten, mittels SSR- und TRAP-Markern — Liu F et al. (2016)
Chromacin-like peptide in leeches — Salzet M et al. (2003)
Spatial regulation dominates gene function in the ganglia chain — Hibsh D et al. (2013)
Hirudin und Decorsine des nordamerikanischen medizinischen Blutegels Macrobdella decora: Die Genstruktur offenbart Homologie zu Hirudinen und hirudinähnlichen Faktoren eurasischer medizinischer Blutegel — Müller C et al. (2019)
Comparative genomics of two Asian medicinal leeches Hirudo nipponia and Hirudo tianjinensis: With emphasis on antithrombotic genes and their corresponding proteins — Zhao et al. (2024)
Vergleichende Studie zur Genexpression der Hirustasin-Superfamilie bei zwei medizinischen Blutegeln, Hirudinaria manillensis und Whitmania pigra — Sun et al. (2025)
Hirudo verbana as a freshwater invertebrate model to assess the effects of polypropylene micro and nanoplastics dispersion in freshwater — Baranzini N et al. (2022)
Internal and External Morphological Characteristics of the Medicinal Leech Species Hirudo sulukii and Hirudo verbana — Sağlam N (2019)
Characterization of a Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) in Hirudo Verbana — Kabeiseman E et al. (2024)
Comparison of body wall histologic structure of two medicinal leeches Hirudo sulukii and Hirudo verbana (Hirudinida: Hirudinidae) — Gül MU, Cakici O (2021)
Activity-Dependent Modulation of Tonic GABA Currents by Endocannabinoids in Hirudo verbana — Paulsen RT, Burrell BD (2022)
Ultrastructural Architecture and Morphological Examination of Hirudo verbana (Annelida, Hirudinea) — Selviler Sizer S et al. (2025)
Dynamic relationship among extracellular matrix and body wall cells in Hirudo verbana morphogenesis — Pulze L et al. (2024)
Characterization of a monoacylglycerol lipase in the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana — Kabeiseman E et al. (2020)
Spatio-Temporal Changes of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Stiffness in the Development of the Leech Hirudo verbana — Pulze L et al. (2022)
The effects of substrate porosity, mechanical substrate properties and loading conditions on the attachment performance of the Mediterranean medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) — Kampowski T et al. (2022)
ERGA-BGE reference genome of Hirudo verbana, a once neglected freshwater haematophagous European medicinal leech — Manzano-Marín A et al. (2026)
Building exploration with leeches Hirudo verbana — Adamatzky A, Sirakoulis GC (2015)
Destabilase from the medicinal leech is a representative of a novel family of lysozymes — Zavalova LL et al. (2000)
Trennung der monomerisierenden und der Lysozymaktivität der Destabilase aus dem Speicheldrüsensekret des medizinischen Blutegels — Baskova IP et al. (2001)
Lysozyme activity of the salivary gland secretion of the medicinal leech H. verbana, H. medicinalis and H. orientalis — Baskova IP et al. (2011)
Metagenomic analysis of the medicinal leech gut microbiota — Maltz MA et al. (2014)
Comprehensive Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis of Hirudinaria manillensis in Different Growth Periods — Shan H et al. (2022)
Characterization of shed medicinal leech mucus reveals a diverse microbiota — Ott BM et al. (2015)
Hitchhiking of host biology by beneficial symbionts enhances transmission — Ott BM et al. (2014)
Marine vampires: Persistent, internal associations between bacteria and blood-feeding marine annelids and crustaceans — Goffredi SK et al. (2023)
Molecular mechanisms underlying hematophagia revealed by comparative analyses of leech genomes — Zheng J et al. (2023)
Division of developmental phases of freshwater leech Whitmania pigra and key genes related to neurogenesis revealed by whole genome and transcriptome analysis — Liu J et al. (2023)
Motor neural networks in the leech — Szczupak L (2023)
Quantitative proteomics based bioactive proteins discovery and quality control of medicinal leeches — Li FG et al. (2023)
Transcriptomic Profiling at the Maternal-to-Zygotic Transition in Leech, Helobdella austinensis — Hsaio S et al. (2024)
Structural model of an antistasin/notch-like fusion protein from the cocoon wall of the aquatic leech, Theromyzon tessulatum — Mason TA et al. (2006)
Expression and characterization of the N-terminal half of antistasin, an anticoagulant protein derived from the leech Haementeria officinalis — Palladino LO et al. (1991)
Purification and characterization of recombinant antistasin: a leech-derived inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa — Nutt EM et al. (1991)
Cloning and expression of cDNA encoding antistasin, a leech-derived protein having anti-coagulant and anti-metastatic properties — Han JH et al. (1989)
A novel selective inhibitor to thrombin-induced platelet aggregation purified from the leech Whitmania pigra — Liu X et al. (2016)
Antistasin, a leech-derived inhibitor of factor Xa. Kinetic analysis of enzyme inhibition and identification of the reactive site — Dunwiddie C et al. (1989)
Purification and characterization of a novel anti-coagulant from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis — Cheng RM et al. (2019)
Electrophysiology and transcriptomics reveal two photoreceptor classes and complex visual integration in Hirudo verbana — Stowasser A et al. (2019)
Draft Genome of the Asian Buffalo Leech Hirudinaria manillensis — Guan DL et al. (2020)
Identification and functional characterization of multiple haemadins and an oligomeric decorsin in the Asian land leech Haemadipsa interrupta — Müller C et al. (2024)
Neuroprotective effects of hirudin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibition of CCL2-mediated ferroptosis and inflammatory pathways — Liao J et al. (2025)
Isolation and characterization of hirustasin, an antistasin-type serine-proteinase inhibitor from the medical leech Hirudo medicinalis — Söllner C et al. (1994)
Die vollständige Aminosäuresequenz einer Hirudin-Variante vom Blutegel Hirudinaria manillensis — Electricwala A et al. (1993)
Amino acid sequence of piguamerin, an antistasin-type protease inhibitor from the blood sucking leech Hirudo nipponia — Kim DR et al. (1998)
Structure and cleavage pattern of a hyaluronate 3-glycanohydrolase in the glycoside hydrolase 79 family — Huang H et al. (2021)
Taxonomic update and DNA barcoding of Tunisian nasal leeches (Annelida: Hirudiniformes; Praobdellidae): confirming Limnatis nilotica and revealing a second Limnatis species in North Africa — Ben Ahmed R et al. (2025)
Morphological data and DNA barcoding reveal the presence of the alien freshwater leech Helobdella octatestisaca (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniformes) in North Africa (Tunisia) — Ben Ahmed R et al. (2024)
Amazing Discoveries of Benthic Fauna from the Abyssal Zone of Lake Baikal — Kondratov IG et al. (2021)
DNA barcoding for species delimitation of the freshwater leech genus Glossiphonia from the Western Balkan (Hirudinea, Glossiphoniidae) — Jovanović M et al. (2021)
Prey, populations, and the pleistocene: evidence for low COI variation in a widespread North American leech — Mack J et al. (2019)
Genetic assessment of leech species from yak (Bos grunniens) in the tract of Northeast India — Chatterjee N et al. (2017)
Lessons from leeches: a call for DNA barcoding in the lab — Bely AE, Weisblat DA (2006)
Serotonin in the leech central nervous system: anatomical correlates and behavioral effects — Lent CM et al. (1991)
Multiplexed modulation of behavioral choice — Palmer CR et al. (2014)
Ingestive behaviour and physiology of the medicinal leech — Lent CM et al. (1988)
On the termination of ingestive behaviour by the medicinal leech — Lent CM, Dickinson MH (1987)
Serotonergic modulation of the feeding behavior of the medicinal leech — Lent CM (1985)
A novel trypsin Kazal-type inhibitor from Aedes aegypti with thrombin coagulant inhibitory activity — Watanabe RM et al. (2010)
Segmental differentiation in the leech central nervous system: proposed segmental homologs of the heart accessory neurons — Stewart RR et al. (1991)
Macrobdella decora: Old World Leech Gut Microbial Community Structure Conserved in a New World Leech — McClure EA et al. (2021)
Chinese herbal medicine for aspirin resistance: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials — Liu AJ et al. (2014)
Mining anticoagulant peptides from Poecilobdella manillensis by peptidomics analysis — Zheng HX et al. (2026)
Coagulation Factor XIIIa and Activated Protein C Activate Platelets via GPVI and PAR1 — De Simone I et al. (2022)
Effects of Medicinal Leech-Related Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides on Human Blood Cells and Plasma — Vakhrusheva TV et al. (2022)
MS-Proteomik liefert Einblicke in die Wirtsreaktionen auf Alginat-Mikrosphären — Coron AE et al. (2022)
Ein effizienter und robuster Labor-Workflow und eine Tetrapoden-Datenbank für Umwelt-DNA-Studien in größerem Maßstab — Axtner J et al. (2019)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in pediatric congenital heart disease: a comprehensive review — Faheem MSB et al. (2025)
Toll-like-Rezeptor-Gene (TLRs) von Capitella capitata und Helobdella robusta (Annelida) — Davidson CR et al. (2007)
The Insect Chemoreceptor Superfamily Is Ancient in Animals — Robertson HM (2015)
Timing and Scope of Genomic Expansion within Annelida: Evidence from Homeoboxes in the Genome of the Earthworm Eisenia fetida — Zwarycz AS et al. (2015)
Evidence that heparin but not hirudin reduces PAI-1 expression in cultured human endothelial cells — Orbe J et al. (1999)
From natural to synthetic multisite thrombin inhibitors — Lombardi A et al. (1999)
Modulation of clearance of recombinant serum albumin by either glycosylation or truncation — Sheffield WP et al. (2000)
Recombinant decorsin: dynamics of the RGD recognition site — Krezel AM et al. (2000)
Molecular mapping of the thrombin-heparin cofactor II complex — Fortenberry YM et al. (2004)
Ornatine: potente Glykoprotein-IIb-IIIa-Antagonisten und Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer aus dem Blutegel Placobdella ornata — Mazur P et al. (1991)
Flexibility of the thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor pro-domain enables productive binding of protein substrates — Valnickova Z et al. (2010)
Highly sensitive potentiometric strip test for detecting high charge density impurities in heparin — Kang Y et al. (2011)
The complete N-terminal extension of heparin cofactor II is required for maximal effectiveness as a thrombin exosite 1 ligand — Boyle AJ et al. (2013)
Improving the bioactivity of rHirudin with boronophenylalanine site-specific modification — Xin X et al. (2015)
Effects of Cu²⁺ enrichment and release on growth, internal quality and relative gene expression of Whitmania pigra — Shi GW et al. (2018)
Effects of 17-E2 on growth and gonad development of overwintering Whitmania pigra — Wang S et al. (2019)
Ein Peptidinhibitor der Makrophagenmigration bei Atherosklerose, gereinigt aus dem Blutegel Whitmania pigra — Hu B et al. (2020)
Serum metabolomic profiles reveal the impact of BuZangTongLuo formula on metabolic pathways in diabetic mice with hindlimb ischemia — Zheng J et al. (2020)
A Systematic Review of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine: "Miscellaneous Therapies" — Bergh A et al. (2021)
Analyse von Heparinproben im festen Zustand mittels Infrarotspektroskopie mit Fourier-Transformation und abgeschwächter Totalreflexion — Devlin AJ et al. (2023)
Intravenous Dabigatran for Anticoagulation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Sheep Model — Nadtochiy SM et al. (2025)
Comparative Study of Lefaxin Family in Two Asian Leeches: Hirudinaria manillensis and Whitmania pigra — Ye T et al. (2025)
Construction of Corynebacterium glutamicum for efficient secretion and production of recombinant proteins using the technology of ARTP mutagenesis and fluorescen activated droplet microfluidic screening — Liu X et al. (2026)
Hirudin suppresses ovarian cancer cell proliferation and glycolysis through inhibiting the NF-B/HK3 axis — Guo Y et al. (2026)
Tridegin, a new peptidic inhibitor of factor XIIIa, from the blood-sucking leech Haementeria ghilianii — Finney S et al. (1997)
A novel hirudin derivative characterized with anti-platelet aggregations and thrombin inhibition — Mo W et al. (2008)
Protein-lipid particles of medicinal leech salivary gland secretion; their size and morphology — Baskova IP et al. (2010)
Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution — Struck TH et al. (2011)
Innate and procured immunity inside the digestive tract of the medicinal leech — Silver A et al. (2011)
Biotechnological production of recombinant analogs of hirudin-1 from Hirudo medicinalis — Kostromina MA et al. (2012)
Analysis of codon usage patterns in Hirudinaria manillensis reveals a preference for GC-ending codons caused by dominant selection constraints — Guan DL et al. (2018)
Proteome and phosphoproteome profiling reveals the regulation mechanism of hibernation in a freshwater leech (Whitmania pigra) — Shi H et al. (2020)
Annelid Comparative Genomics and the Evolution of Massive Lineage-Specific Genome Rearrangement in Bilaterians — Lewin TD et al. (2024)
Chromosome-level genome assembly of the cave leech Sinospelaeobdella cavatuses (Hirudinea: Haemadipsidae) — Yao B et al. (2024)
Apparent intracellular Mg2+ buffering in neurons of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Günzel et al. (2001)
Kalziumtransienten in Subkompartimenten des Retzius-Neurons beim Blutegel, hervorgerufen durch einzelne Aktionspotenziale. — Beck et al. (2001)
Development of serotonin-induced ion currents in identified embryonic Retzius cells from the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis). — Lessmann et al. (1991)
Activity-dependent suppression of spontaneous spike generation in the Retzius neurons of the leech Hirudo medicinalis L. — Rose et al. (2006)
The regulation of intracellular pH by identified glial cells and neurones in the central nervous system of the leech. — Deitmer et al. (1987)
Axonal projections of the Retzius cells to the dorsal segmental root in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Carretta et al. (1987)
Synaptic effects elicited in the Retzius cells of the leech Hirudo medicinalis by stimulation of the segmental roots. — Carretta et al. (1985)
Immunohistochemical demonstration of peptides, serotonin and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-like material in the nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Osborne et al. (1982)
Two bidirectional nerve cord systems converging with electrical and chemical synapses on the Retzius cells of the leech Hirudo Medicinalis. — Carretta et al. (1981)
Reduced axon sprouting after treatment that diminishes microglia accumulation at lesions in the leech CNS. — Ngu et al. (2007)
In situ hybridization reveals transient laminin B-chain expression by individual glial and muscle cells in embryonic leech central nervous system. — Luebke et al. (1995)
Sodium-magnesium antiport in Retzius neurones of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Günzel et al. (1996)
An increase in activity of serotonergic Retzius neurones may not be necessary for the consummatory phase of feeding in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Wilson et al. (1996)
Activation of AMPA/kainate receptors but not acetylcholine receptors causes Mg2+ influx into Retzius neurones of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Muller et al. (2003)
Afferent sensillar inputs to the Retzius cell of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Carretta et al. (1987)
Glutaminergic responses of neuropile glial cells and Retzius neurones in the leech central nervous system. — Dörner et al. (1990)
Ingestive sensory inputs excite serotonin effector neurones and promote serotonin depletion from the leech central nervous system and periphery. — Groome et al. (1995)
Central and peripheral 5-HT receptors in the leech (Hirudo medicinalis) redefined. — Leake et al. (1995)
Mesenchyme of embryonic reproductive ducts directs process outgrowth of Retzius neurons in the medicinal leech. — French et al. (1992)
Beyond the central pattern generator: amine modulation of decision-making neural pathways descending from the brain of the medicinal leech. — Crisp et al. (2006)
Postactivation inhibition of spontaneously active neurosecretory neurons in the medicinal leech. — Gocht et al. (2007)
Two forms of sensitization of the local bending reflex of the medicinal leech. — Lockery et al. (1991)
Multiple changes in peptide and lipid expression associated with regeneration in the nervous system of the medicinal leech. — Meriaux et al. (2011)
Three-dimensional culture of leech and snail ganglia for studies of neural repair. — Babington EJ et al. (2005)
WPK5, a Novel Kunitz-Type Peptide from the Leech Whitmania pigra Inhibiting Factor XIa, and Its Loop-Replaced Mutant to Improve Potency — Zheng YZ et al. (2021)
Emerging Aeromonas spp. infections in Europe: characterization of human clinical isolates from German patients — Schwartz K et al. (2024)
High-resolution structure of a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor from the dengue vector Aedes aegypti — Torquato et al. (2017)
A new species of medicinal leech in the genus Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 (Hirudiniformes, Hirudinidae) from Tianjin City, China — Wang et al. (2022)
Comparative proteomic analysis reveals the response mechanism of freshwater leech (Whitmania pigra) under heat-stress challenge — Wang et al. (2025)
Tissue-level Consequences of Segmental Abnormalities in Hirudo verbana: A Morphological and Histological Approach — Tozak Yıldız et al. (2026)

Speichel-Pharmakologie (167)

Medicinal leeches and hirudotherapy — Gödekmerdan A et al. (2011)
PEROXIDATION OF SALIVA LIPIDS IN PATIENTS WITH POSTCOVID SYNDROME DURING HIRUDOTHERAPY — Serikbayeva S et al. (2024)
Medicinal leech therapy in pain syndromes: a narrative review — Koeppen D, Aurich M, Rampp T (2014)
Immunomodulatory effects of medicinal leech saliva extract on in vitro activated macrophages — Ayhan H et al. (2024)
Proteinase inhibitors from the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis — Baskova I, Zavalova L (2001)
Polyfunctionality of destabilase, a lysozyme from a medicinal leech — Baskova I, Zavalova L (2008)
Make it double: identification and characterization of a Tandem-Hirudin from the Asian medicinal leech Hirudinaria manillensis — Lukas P et al. (2022)
Use of the medicinal leech in the treatment of ear diseases — Seleznev K et al. (1992)
Recombinant Destabilase from Hirudo medicinalis Is Able to Dissolve Human Blood Clots In Vitro — Bobrovsky P et al. (2021)
Effects of Carbon Nanotube Environmental Dispersion on an Aquatic Invertebrate, Hirudo medicinalis — Girardello R et al. (2015)
Effect of hirudin on arterialized venous flap survival in rabbits — Liu J et al. (2021)
Research progress in hirudin fusion protein--review — Zhang C et al. (2007)
Intracerebral hirudin injection alleviates cognitive impairment and oxidative stress and promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in rats subjected to cerebral ischemia — Xia X et al. (2023)
Leeches-Inspired Hydrogel-Elastomer Integration Materials — Feng J et al. (2018)
Novel Sodium Channel Inhibitor From Leeches — Wang G et al. (2018)
Platelet aggregation inhibitors from hematophagous animals — Francischetti I (2010)
Proton bridging in the interactions of thrombin with hirudin and its mimics — Kovach IM, Kakalis L, Jordan F, Zhang D (2013)
Effects of hirudin (thrombin specific inhibitor) in zebrafish embryos: a developmental role for thrombin — Jagadeeswaran P, Liu YC, Eddy CA (1997)
Probing the hirudin-thrombin interaction by incorporation of noncoded amino acids and molecular dynamics simulation — De Filippis V, Colombo G, Russo I, Spadari B, Fontana A (2002)
A novel protease-activated receptor 1 inhibitor from the leech Whitmania pigra — Ren SH, Liu ZJ, Cao Y et al. (2019)
Molecular Insights into Leech-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Biochemical Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential — Raghavi S, Deva Darshini B, Saravanan KM, Anbarasu K (2026)
Antithrombotic effect of piavit--a substance from the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis), containing prostanoid and destabilase fractions — Baskova IP, Zavalova LL, Basanova AV, Aquejouf OM, Azougagh-Oualane F, Doutremepuich C (1995)
Destabilase complexes - natural liposome produced by medicinal leeches Hirudo medicinalis — Nikonov GI, Titova EA (1999)
Arterial antithrombotic effect of piyavit, the novel pharmacological preparation from the medicinal leech, and of its components, prostanoids and enzyme destabilase — Baskova IP, Aguejouf OM, Azougagh-Oualane F, Zavalova LL, Basanova AV, Doutremepuich C (1995)
Destabilase, the novel epsilon-(gamma-Glu)-Lys isopeptidase with thrombolytic activity — Baskova IP, Nikonov GI (1991)
Molecular characterization of two novel antibacterial peptides inducible upon bacterial challenge in an annelid, the leech Theromyzon tessulatum — Tasiemski A, Vandenbulcke F, Mitta G, Lemoine J, Lefebvre C, Sautière PE, Salzet M (2004)
Macin family of antimicrobial proteins combines antimicrobial and nerve repair activities — Jung S, Sönnichsen FD, Hung CW et al. (2012)
Production and characterization of saratin, an inhibitor of von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet adhesion to collagen — Barnes CS, Krafft B, Frech M et al. (2001)
The High-Affinity Chymotrypsin Inhibitor Eglin C Poorly Inhibits Human Chymotrypsin-Like Protease: Gln192 and Lys218 Are Key Determinants — Németh BZ, Kiss B, Sahin-Tóth M, Magyar C, Pál G (2024)
Interference of recombinant eglin C, a proteinase inhibitor extracted from leeches, with neutrophil-mediated platelet activation — Renesto P, Ferrer-Lopez P, Chignard M (1990)
Binding of the recombinant proteinase inhibitor eglin c from leech Hirudo medicinalis to serine (pro)enzymes: a comparative thermodynamic study — Ascenzi P, Aducci P, Amiconi G et al. (1991)
Eglin-c, a polypeptide derived from the medicinal leech, prevents human neutrophil elastase-induced emphysema and bronchial secretory cell metaplasia in the hamster — Snider GL, Stone PJ, Lucey EC et al. (1985)
Refined 1.2 A crystal structure of the complex formed between subtilisin Carlsberg and the inhibitor eglin c. Molecular structure of eglin and its detailed interaction with subtilisin — Bode W, Papamokos E, Musil D, Seemueller U, Fritz H (1986)
Leech Poecilobdella manillensis protein extract ameliorated hyperuricemia by restoring gut microbiota dysregulation and affecting serum metabolites — Liu X, Liang XQ, Lu TC et al. (2024)
Binding of the recombinant proteinase inhibitor eglin c from leech Hirudo medicinalis to human leukocyte elastase, bovine alpha-chymotrypsin and subtilisin Carlsberg: thermodynamic study — Ascenzi P, Amiconi G, Menegatti E, Guarneri M, Bolognesi M, Schnebli HP (1988)
Purification and characterization of an anticoagulant oligopeptide from Whitmania pigra Whitman — Zheng X et al. (2015)
A rapid method for isolation and purification of an anticoagulant from Whitmania pigra — Zhong S et al. (2007)
Life without blood: Molecular and functional analysis of hirudins and hirudin-like factors of the Asian non-hematophagous leech Whitmania pigra — Müller C et al. (2022)
Antithrombotic pharmacodynamics and metabolomics study in raw and processed products of Whitmania pigra Whitman — Kui H et al. (2024)
A study of the influence of lead pollution on the anticoagulant activity of Whitmania pigra based on pharmacodynamics and metabolomics research — Chen X et al. (2021)
Characterization and antioxidant activities of glycosaminoglycans from dried leech — Shen T et al. (2023)
Interaction of hementin with fibrinogen and fibrin — Budzynski AZ (1991)
The biological function of hementin in the proboscis of the leech Haementeria ghilianii — Sawyer RT, Jones CP, Munro R (1991)
A unique proteolytic fragment of human fibrinogen containing the A alpha COOH-terminal domain of the native molecule — Kirschbaum NE, Budzynski AZ (1990)
Fibrino(geno)lytische Eigenschaften von gereinigtem Hementerin, einer Metalloproteinase aus dem Blutegel Haementeria depressa — Chudzinski-Tavassi AM et al. (1998)
Aqueous Extract of Whitmania Pigra Whitman Alleviates Thrombus Burden Via Sirtuin 1/NF-κB Pathway — Yao XL et al. (2019)
Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease: the mechanisms of signaling pathways regulations — Li W et al. (2026)
Optimization of protease-inhibitor interactions by randomizing adventitious contacts — Komiyama T et al. (2003)
The neurite-stimulating activity of components of the salivary gland secretion of the medicinal leech in cultures of sensory neurons — Chalisova NI et al. (2003)
Hirudin lindert die Nierenschädigung bei DKD-Mäusen, indem es den durch SOD2-β-Hydroxybutyrylierung vermittelten ROS-Spiegel und die NLRP3-Inflammasom-Bildung senkt — Li Y et al. (2026)
Deciphering the role of the electrostatic interactions involving Gly70 in eglin C by total chemical protein synthesis — Lu WY et al. (2000)
Ein cysteinreicher Serinprotease-Inhibitor (Guamerin II) aus dem nicht blutsaugenden Blutegel Whitmania edentula: biochemische Charakterisierung und Aminosäuresequenzanalyse — Kim DR et al. (1996)
Hirudin delays the progression of diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting glomerular endothelial cell migration and abnormal angiogenesis — Zhang J et al. (2024)
Prostaglandin E1 is an efficient molecular tool for forest leech blood sucking — Zheng F et al. (2021)
Rolle der Isopeptidolyse im Prozess der Thrombolyse — Baskova IP et al. (2018)
Gewinnung von rekombinantem Destabilase-Lysozym aus medizinischen Blutegeln in drei verschiedenen Expressionssystemen — Manuvera VA et al. (2015)
A comparison of the enzymatic properties of three recombinant isoforms of thrombolytic and antibacterial protein — destabilase-lysozyme from medicinal leech — Kurdyumov AS et al. (2015)
Research progress on the treatment of diabetic nephropathy with leech and its active ingredients — Tian F et al. (2024)
Heparin accelerates the inhibition of cathepsin G by mucus proteinase inhibitor: potent effect of O-butyrylated heparin — Ermolieff J et al. (1998)
Amino-acid-sequence determination and biological activity of tessulin, a naturally occurring trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor isolated from the leech Theromyzon tessulatum — Chopin V et al. (1998)
Investigation of kinetic parameters in vitro of serine proteinases included in the blood coagulation cascade — Danalev DL (2006)
Zytokinbeladene Biopolymere als neuartige Strategie zur Untersuchung von Stammzellen während der Wundheilungsprozesse — Grimaldi A et al. (2011)
Outcomes and current state of deep inferior epigastric perforator flap surgery in Peru and Mexico — Ziegler Rodriguez OR et al. (2025)
The multifunctional role of fibroblasts during wound healing in Hirudo medicinalis (Annelida, Hirudinea) — Tettamanti G et al. (2004)
Proteins and peptides of the salivary gland secretion of medicinal leeches Hirudo verbana, H. medicinalis, and H. orientalis — Baskova IP et al. (2008)
Novel Cysteine Protease Inhibitor Derived from the Haementeria vizottoi Leech: Recombinant Expression, Purification, and Characterization — Linhares DDC et al. (2021)
Morphological and Anatomical Deformities of Hirudo verbana, Carena 1820 (Annelida, Hirudinea) After Feeding: Light and Electron Microscopic Analysis — Ülger Ö et al. (2025)
The stomatogastric nervous system of the medicinal leech: its anatomy, physiology and associated aminergic neurons — Mesce KA et al. (2018)
Functional morphology of suction discs and attachment performance of the Mediterranean medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana Carena) — Kampowski T et al. (2016)
May salivary gland secretory proteins from hematophagous leeches (Hirudo verbana) reach pharmacologically relevant concentrations in the vertebrate host? — Lemke S et al. (2013)
Tyrosine-O-sulfation is a widespread affinity enhancer among thrombin interactors — Ripoll-Rozada J et al. (2022)
An optically stabilized fast-switching light emitting diode as a light source for functional neuroimaging — Wagenaar DA (2012)
Exploiting Chemical Protein Synthesis to Study the Role of Tyrosine Sulfation on Anticoagulants from Hematophagous Organisms — Maxwell JWC et al. (2023)
Genklonierung und Expression einer Teilsequenz von Hirudomacin, einem antimikrobiellen Protein, das nach einer Blutmahlzeit im Blutegel (Hirudo nipponica Whitman) vermehrt gebildet wird — Ding A et al. (2019)
Identifizierung und Screening neuartiger antimikrobieller Peptide aus dem medizinischen Blutegel durch heterologe Expression in Escherichia coli — Serebrennikova M et al. (2025)
Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von RK22, einem neuartigen antimikrobiellen Peptid aus Hirudinaria manillensis gegen Methicillin-resistenten Staphylococcus aureus — Lu X et al. (2023)
Vampire Venom: Vasodilatory Mechanisms of Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus) Blood Feeding — Kakumanu R et al. (2019)
Leech Extract Enhances the Pro-Angiogenic Effects of Endothelial Cell-Derived Exosomes in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke — Cao Y et al. (2025)
Traditional Chinese Medicinal Leech Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Glioblastoma by SGK1/Caspase-3 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway — Wu S et al. (2025)
3D Reconstruction of HvRNASET2 Molecule to Understand Its Antibacterial Role — Baranzini N et al. (2020)
The molecular characterization, expression analysis and antimicrobial activity of theromacin from Asian polychaeta (Perinereis linea) — Joo MS et al. (2020)
European Medicinal Leeches - New Roles in Modern Medicine — Lemke S et al. (2020)
Traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and toxicology of Chinese medicinal leech (Shuizhi): A comprehensive review — Liu J et al. (2025)
Novel contact-kinin inhibitor sylvestin targets thromboinflammation and ameliorates ischemic stroke — Zhang Z et al. (2022)
Time to Change Theory; Medical Leech from a Molecular Medicine Perspective: Leech Salivary Proteins Playing a Potential Role in Medicine — Shakouri A et al. (2020)
Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a destabilase from Hirudinaria manillensis — Gao T et al. (2025)
Molecular cloning and functional analysis of HnSaratin from Hirudo nipponia — Cheng B et al. (2023)
Cloning of Guamerin gene in Whitmania pigra and its spatio-temporal expression analysis after ingestion — Wu MJ et al. (2018)
Anwendung der Förderung der Blutzirkulation und Auflösung von Blutstau bei intrazerebraler Blutung: eine traditionelle Methode, die schrittweise überdacht wird — Dingshan Z et al. (2025)
Couplet medicines of leech and centipede granules improve erectile dysfunction via inactivation of the CaSR/PLC/PKC signaling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats — Ma JX et al. (2020)
Hirudin ameliorates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation: roles of NLRP3-signaling pathway — Bai Y et al. (2023)
Disintegrins from hematophagous sources — Assumpcao TC et al. (2012)
Effect of ingestion on antithrombin activity in different tissues of Whitmania pigra — Wu MJ et al. (2018)
Hirudin promotes proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of HBMSCs via activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/protein kinase-G (PKG) signaling pathway — Cao S et al. (2022)
Isolation and Characterization of Poeciguamerin, a Peptide with Dual Analgesic and Anti-Thrombotic Activity from the Poecilobdella manillensis Leech — Wang et al. (2023)
Evaluierung der hämostatischen, entzündungshemmenden, wundheilungsfördernden, hautreizenden und allergisierenden sowie antimikrobiellen Eigenschaften der aktiven Fraktion des Ethanolextrakts von Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob — Li et al. (2024)
Hemmung der induzierten und spontanen Thrombozytenaggregation durch Destabilase aus dem medizinischen Blutegel — Baskova I et al. (2000)
Neuritenstimulierende Aktivität von Sekreten der Speicheldrüse von Hirudo medicinalis in kultivierten sensorischen Neuronen — Chalisova NI et al. (2001)
The neurite-stimulating influence of components of medicinal leech salivary gland secretions in organotypic culture of spinal ganglia — Chalisova NI et al. (2003)
Identifizierung und Charakterisierung eines neuen Neuropeptids (Neuropeptid Y-HS) aus der Speicheldrüse des Blutegels Haemadipsa sylvestris — Liu WH et al. (2016)
Repetitive nociceptive stimulation elicits complex behavioral changes in Hirudo: evidence of arousal and motivational adaptations — Hoynoski J et al. (2023)
Invertebrate compounds acting on the hemostatic mechanism — Arocha-Piñango CL et al. (1999)
The collagen-binding leech products rLAPP and calin prevent both von Willebrand factor and alpha2beta1(GPIa/IIa)-I-domain binding to collagen in a different manner — Depraetere H et al. (1999)
Hyaluronidase activity in leeches (Hirudinea) — Hovingh P et al. (1999)
Biochemical characterization of a thrombin inhibitor from the bloodsucking bug Dipetalogaster maximus — Lange U et al. (1999)
Enhanced production of anticoagulant hirudin in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae by chromosomal delta-integration — Kim MD et al. (2001)
Technische Verbesserungen der genetischen Manipulation von Pichia pastoris und ihre Anwendung in der Hirudinexpression — Cai CQ et al. (2001)
Coexpression of BiP increased antithrombotic hirudin production in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae — Kim MD et al. (2003)
Antithrombotic effects of saratin on human atherosclerotic plaques — Vilahur G et al. (2004)
Saratin (an inhibitor of platelet-collagen interaction) decreases platelet aggregation and homocysteine-mediated postcarotid endarterectomy intimal hyperplasia in a dose-dependent manner — Davis JA et al. (2004)
Analysis of recombinant proteins by isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients — Bischoff R et al. (1992)
von Willebrand factor A1 domain can adequately substitute for A3 domain in recruitment of flowing platelets to collagen — Bonnefoy A et al. (2006)
Different susceptibility of elastase inhibitors to inactivation by proteinases from Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa — Sponer M et al. (1991)
High-level secretion of dipetarudin, a chimeric thrombin inhibitor, by Pichia pastoris — Lopez M et al. (2006)
The leech product saratin is a potent inhibitor of platelet integrin alpha2beta1 and von Willebrand factor binding to collagen — White TC et al. (2007)
Studies on the anticoagulant, antimetastatic and heparin-binding properties of ghilanten-related inhibitors — Brankamp RG et al. (1991)
Calin--a platelet adhesion inhibitor from the saliva of the medicinal leech — Munro R et al. (1991)
Expression of recombinant Hirudin in transgenic mice milk driven by the goat beta-casein promoter — Yen CH et al. (2008)
A long-lasting, plasmin-activatable thrombin inhibitor aids clot lysis in vitro and does not promote bleeding in vivo — Sheffield WP et al. (2009)
Diversity and selective pressures of anticoagulants in three medicinal leeches (Hirudinida: Hirudinidae, Macrobdellidae) — Kvist S et al. (2013)
The comeback of hirudin--an old-established anticoagulant agent — Markwardt F et al. (1988)
Evidence for the identity of hirudin isolated after kidney passage with the starting material — Henschen A et al. (1988)
Enzymatic production of specifically distributed hyaluronan oligosaccharides — Yuan P et al. (2015)
Enhanced production of leech hyaluronidase by optimizing secretion and cultivation in Pichia pastoris — Kang Z et al. (2015)
Isolierung von rekombinantem Hirudin durch präparative Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie — Bischoff R et al. (1989)
Characterisation of separated end hyaluronan oligosaccharides from leech hyaluronidase and evaluation of angiogenesis — Lv M et al. (2016)
Spatiotemporal Expression of Anticoagulation Factor Antistasin in Freshwater Leeches — Kwak HJ et al. (2019)
Genetic variation, pseudocryptic diversity, and phylogeny of Erpobdella (Annelida: Hirudinida: Erpobdelliformes), with emphasis on Canadian species — Anderson K et al. (2019)
High-level constitutive expression of leech hyaluronidase with combined strategies in recombinant Pichia pastoris — Huang H et al. (2020)
A novel thrombin inhibitory peptide discovered from leech using affinity chromatography combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectroscopy — Huang Q et al. (2020)
Functional morphology of the suckers and teeth of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida): A scanning electron microscope study — Ayhan H et al. (2021)
Ozone effects on inhibitors of human neutrophil proteinases — Smith CE et al. (1987)
Erste Beschreibungsstudie zur molekularen Charakterisierung von Hemiclepsis khankiana (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae) in China — He Y et al. (2023)
Pharmacology of hirudin: one hundred years after the first report of the anticoagulant agent in medicinal leeches — Markwardt F et al. (1985)
Yeast surface display of leech hyaluronidase for the industrial production of hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides — Liao L et al. (2023)
Hirudin promotes cerebral angiogenesis and exerts neuroprotective effects in MCAO/R rats by activating the Wnt/-catenin pathway — He L et al. (2025)
On the isolation of the thrombin inhibitor hirudin — Walsmann P et al. (1985)
Expression of Recombinant Hirudin in Bacteria and Yeast: A Comparative Approach — Wang Z et al. (2025)
Species delimitation recovers undescribed Erpobdellidae (Annelida: Hirudinea) from USA and Türkiye — Saglam N et al. (2025)
Protease inhibitors in Haementeria leech species — Murer EH et al. (1984)
Direkte Thrombinhemmung mit Rec-Hirudin CGP 39393 zur Prophylaxe thromboembolischer Komplikationen nach Hüfttotalendoprothese — Eriksson BI et al. (1994)
Calin from Hirudo medicinalis, an inhibitor of von Willebrand factor binding to collagen under static and flow conditions — Harsfalvi J et al. (1995)
Calin from Hirudo medicinalis, an inhibitor of platelet adhesion to collagen, prevents platelet-rich thrombosis in hamsters — Deckmyn H et al. (1995)
A Kazal-type inhibitor of human mast cell tryptase: isolation from the medical leech Hirudo medicinalis, characterization, and sequence analysis — Sommerhoff CP et al. (1994)
Expression and kinetic characterization of barley chymotrypsin inhibitors 1a and 1b — Greagg MA et al. (1994)
Is colour Doppler ultrasound a sensitive screening method in diagnosing deep vein thrombosis after hip surgery? — Magnusson M et al. (1996)
Hyaluronidases in tissue invasion — Csóka TB et al. (1997)
Unveiling salivary gland-specific gene expression of Piezo1 and Neuroendocrine in the leech Helobdella austinensis — Pyo IH et al. (2025)
Identifizierung von Heparinproben mit Verunreinigungen oder Kontaminanten durch chemometrische Mustererkennungsanalyse von Protonen-NMR-Spektraldaten — Zang Q et al. (2011)
One-hour screening of adulterated heparin by simplified peroxide digestion and fast RPIP-LC-MS(2) — Li H et al. (2015)
Idarucizumab more effectively reverses the anticoagulant effects of dabigatran acylglucuronide than dabigatran — Kim JM et al. (2025)
Cardiovascular chemotherapy: anticoagulants — Shafer JA (1998)
Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis lesion caused by Leishmania major Using Leech Therapy in BALB/c Mice. — Shirani-Bidabadi (2024)
Salivary lipid profiles of the leech (Hirudo medicinalis). — Rabinowitz (1996)
The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Torix tukubana (Annelida: Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae) — Zhu X et al. (2023)
Primary structure and function of novel O-glycosylated hirudins from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis. — Steiner V et al. (1992)
Penthalaris, a novel recombinant five-Kunitz tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) from the salivary gland of the tick vector of Lyme disease, Ixodes scapularis. — Francischetti IM et al. (2004)
Designing allosteric regulators of thrombin. Exosite 2 features multiple subsites that can be targeted by sulfated small molecules for inducing inhibition. — Sidhu PS et al. (2013)
Erpobdellid leeches (Annelida, Clitellata, Hirudinida) from Tunisia: new records with the description of a new Trocheta species. — Ben Ahmed R et al. (2013)
A new species of buffalo leech in the genus Hirudinaria Whitman, 1886 (Arhynchobdellida, Hirudinidae) from Thailand — Jeratthitikul E et al. (2020)
Allosteric Modulation of Thrombin by Thrombomodulin: Insights from Logistic Regression and Statistical Analysis of Molecular Dynamics Simulations. — Wu D et al. (2024)
Identification of structural-kinetic and structural-thermodynamic relationships for thrombin inhibitors — Winquist et al. (2013)
Entry from the Lipid Bilayer: A Possible Pathway for Inhibition of a Peptide G Protein-Coupled Receptor by a Lipophilic Small Molecule — Bokoch et al. (2018)
Direct thrombin inhibitors fail to reverse the negative effects of heparin on lung growth and function after murine left pneumonectomy — Tsikis et al. (2024)
Fibrinolytic compromise by simultaneous administration of site-directed inhibitors of thrombin — Callas et al. (1994)
Additive effect of the combined administration of low molecular weight heparin and recombinant hirudin on thrombus growth in a rabbit jugular vein thrombosis model — Biemond et al. (1994)
Structural and Functional Characterization of Hirudin P6 Derived Novel Bivalent Thrombin Inhibitors - Studying the Effect of Linker Length and Glycosylation on Their Function — Shabareesh et al. (2016)

Sicherheit & Infektionskontrolle (154)

Improvement of patient care through hirudotherapy and the management of leeches from their reception to their disposal in France — Vaesken C et al. (2023)
Hirudotherapy (medicinal leeches) for treatment of upper airway obstruction in a dog — Trenholme H, Masseau I, Reinero C (2021)
Analyse antibiotikaresistenter Infektionen im Zusammenhang mit Hirudotherapie — Brauer P et al. (2024)
Kounis syndrome due to hirudotherapy (leech therapy) in emergency department; a case report — Çakmak T et al. (2018)
Complications of leech therapy — Pourrahimi M, Abdi M, Ghods R (2020)
Medicinal leech therapy and Aeromonas spp. infection — Verriere B et al. (2016)
Rethinking antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients receiving medicinal leech therapy — McCracken J, Koehler S, Sharma R (2022)
Prophylactic use of levofloxacin during medicinal leech therapy — Bauters T et al. (2014)
Leech Application-related Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Case Report — Dolek U et al. (2023)
A clinical trial for evaluation of leech application in the management of Vicarcikā (Eczema) — Shankar K et al. (2014)
Icaridin-Loading Nitrocellulose As a New Repellent Against Aquatic Leech with Waterproof and Long-Acting Properties — Zeng W et al. (2022)
Hirudo (Leech) for proliferative vitreous retinopathy: A protocol for systemic review and meta-analysis — Huang H et al. (2021)
Meta analysis of the leech as a live foreign body: detection, precaution and treatment — Saki N et al. (2009)
Acute postoperative infection with Aeromonas hydrophila after using medical leeches for treatment of venous congestion — Schnabl SM, Kunz C, Unglaub F et al. (2010)
Ceftriaxone-Resistant Aeromonas hydrophila Infection Following Leech Therapy: A New Resistant Strain — Bykowski MR, Zhu X, Diaz-Garcia R (2018)
Ciprofloxacin-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila infection following leech therapy: a case report and review of the literature — Patel KM, Svestka M, Sinkin J, Ruff P (2013)
Ciprofloxacin-resistant Aeromonas infection following leech therapy for digit replantation: report of 2 cases — van Alphen NA, Gonzalez A, McKenna MC, McKenna TK, Carlsen BT, Moran SL (2014)
Ciprofloxacin-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila cellulitis following leech therapy — Giltner CL, Bobenchik AM, Uslan DZ, Deville JG, Humphries RM (2013)
Preventing infective complications following leech therapy: elimination of symbiotic Aeromonas spp. from the intestine of Hirudo verbana using antibiotic feeding — Litwinowicz A, Blaszkowska J (2014)
Antimikrobielle Prophylaxe während der Therapie mit Hirudo medicinalis: eine multizentrische Studie — Kruer RM, Barton CA, Roberti G, Gilbert B, McMillian WD (2014)
Leech related Aeromonas veronii complex infection after reconstruction with a microvascular forearm flap — Beger B, von Loewenich F, Goetze E, Moergel M, Walter C (2016)
Implementation of a Leeches + Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Order Panel to Optimize Medicinal Leech Use at a Tertiary Care Academic Medical Center — Palm NM, Wesolowski JC, Wu JY, Srinivas P (2021)
Flap infection associated with medicinal leeches in reconstructive surgery: two new drug-resistant organisms — Bibbo C, Fritsche T, Stemper M, Hall M (2013)
Preventing infective complications following leech therapy: is practice keeping pace with current research? — Whitaker IS, Kamya C, Azzopardi EA, Graf J, Kon M, Lineaweaver WC (2009)
Aeromonas-hydrophila-Infektion in Verbindung mit der Anwendung medizinischer Blutegel — Snower DP, Ruef C, Kuritza AP, Edberg SC (1989)
Evolving Antibiotic Resistance of Aeromonas Species in Finger Replantation — Mokhtar K, Culnan DM, Lineaweaver WC (2019)
Bacterial flora of Hirudo medicinalis and their antibiotic sensitivities in the Middle Black Sea Region, Turkey — Eroglu C, Hokelek M, Guneren E, Esen S, Pekbay A, Uysal OA (2001)
In vivo selection of a multidrug-resistant Aeromonas salmonicida during medicinal leech therapy — Ruppé E, Cherkaoui A, Wagner N et al. (2018)
Indigenous bacterial flora of medicinal leeches and their susceptibilities to 15 antimicrobial agents — Nonomura H, Kato N, Ohno Y, Itokazu M, Matsunaga T, Watanabe K (1996)
Aeromonas septicemia after medicinal leech use following replantation of severed digits — Levine SM, Frangos SG, Hanna B, Colen K, Levine JP (2009)
Hirudo verbana Microbiota Dynamics: A Key Factor in Hirudotherapy-Related Infections? — Karasartova D, Arslan-Akveran G, Sensoz S, Mumcuoglu KY, Taylan-Ozkan A (2025)
Bacterial Community of the Digestive Tract of the European Medicinal Leech (Hirudo verbana) from the Danube River — Neupane S et al. (2019)
The role of leech water sampling in choice of prophylactic antibiotics in medical leech therapy — Wilmer A et al. (2013)
Multidrug resistant Aeromonas infection following medical leech therapy: A case report and development of a joint antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention protocol — Masters MC et al. (2020)
Symbiosis of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria and Hirudo medicinalis, the medicinal leech: a novel model for digestive tract associations — Graf J (1999)
Identification of iron and heme utilization genes in Aeromonas and their role in the colonization of the leech digestive tract — Maltz M, LeVarge BL, Graf J (2015)
Identifizierung der für die Kolonisierung des medizinischen Blutegels Hirudo verbana erforderlichen Gene von Aeromonas veronii — Silver AC et al. (2007)
Reciprocal immune benefit based on complementary production of antibiotics by the leech Hirudo verbana and its gut symbiont Aeromonas veronii — Tasiemski A et al. (2015)
Aeromonas hydrophila Infection following Leech Therapy for the Treatment of Nipple-Areola Complex Congestion after Breast Reduction: A Case Report — Torresetti M et al. (2024)
Tunneling of a leech into a free flap breast reconstruction — Flurry M et al. (2011)
Managing vascular compromise of hand and digit replantation following traumatic amputation — Spiers E (2018)
Postoperative Interventions in Pediatric Digital Replantation: A Tertiary Referral Center Case Review — Larson EL et al. (2022)
Praktiken der Hämolyseüberwachung während der extrakorporalen Membranoxygenierung: ein Umfragebericht — Strong AE et al. (2025)
Time to reconsidering the potential role of leech salivary proteins in medicine: Type-II Kounis syndrome triggered by leech bite — Tas S et al. (2025)
Aeromonas: the multifaceted middleman in the One Health world — Lamy B et al. (2021)
Host matters: medicinal leech digestive-tract symbionts and their pathogenic potential — Marden JN et al. (2016)
Insights into gut microbiota communities of Poecilobdella manillensis, a prevalent Asian medicinal leech — Meng F et al. (2022)
Evaluation of Methylene Blue as An Effective Antiseptic for Medicinal Leeches (Hirudo verbana) — Doğan S et al. (2024)
Cellulitis Caused by Hirudo orientalis Bites That Lead to an Allergic reaction — Najjari M et al. (2022)
Combination of Quercetin, Hirudin and Cinnamaldehyde Promotes Schwann Cell Differentiation and Myelination against High Glucose by Inhibiting ERK Signaling Pathway — Liu D et al. (2020)
Topische hypertone Kochsalzlösung als Behandlung der okulären und nasalen Hirudiniasis bei einem Hund — Perry EN et al. (2023)
Barcoding, Typen und die Hirudo-Akten: Nutzung des Informationsgehalts zur kritischen Bewertung der Identität von DNA-Barcodes — Kvist S et al. (2010)
Hirudin Reduces the Expression of Markers of the Extracellular Matrix in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells in a Rat Model of Diabetic Kidney Disease Through the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α)/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Signaling Pathway — Pang X et al. (2020)
Molecular detection of Bartonella spp. in terrestrial leeches (Haemadipsa rjukjuana) feeding on human and animal blood in Gageo-do, Republic of Korea — Kang JG et al. (2016)
Netzwerkpharmakologische Studie zum Mechanismus, durch den Hirudin die renale interstitielle Fibrose über die Nrf2- und NF-κB-Signalwege abschwächt — Yang K et al. (2026)
The Ozobranchus leech is a candidate mechanical vector for the fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus found latently infecting skin tumors on Hawaiian green turtles (Chelonia mydas) — Greenblatt RJ et al. (2004)
Marine leech parasitism of sea turtles varies across host species, seasons, and the tumor disease fibropapillomatosis — Rittenburg LT et al. (2021)
First record of the marine turtle leech (Ozobranchus margoi) on hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the inner granitic Seychelles — Göpper BM et al. (2018)
Low genetic diversity in Ozobranchus jantseanus (Hirudinida: Ozobranchidae) in Japan: Possibility of introduction with their host turtles — Nakano T et al. (2017)
Marine leech Ozobranchus margoi parasitizing loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil — Rodenbusch CR et al. (2012)
A leech capable of surviving exposure to extremely low temperatures — Suzuki D et al. (2014)
Prevalence, etiology, and transmission of fibropapillomatosis in Olive Ridley turtles at a mass-nesting colony in the Mexican Pacific — Labastida-Estrada E et al. (2026)
Case report: Heparin coagulant super-sensitivity during leech therapy — Rong Z et al. (2026)
Scrotal Hirudiniasis: The Mysterious Migration of a Leech Into the Scrotum: A Case Report — Chakroborty P et al. (2026)
Coincidental occurrence of endometrial hyperplasia with atypia and vaginal leech infestation in a postmenopausal woman: a rare case report — Negasi Gebreslase M et al. (2026)
Uncommon cause of airway obstruction and hypovolemic shock: pharyngeal leech infestation in a rural Ethiopian child — Yigzaw KT et al. (2026)
A rare case of upper airway obstruction due to laryngeal leech infestation in a 1-year-old child — Woldemariam TH et al. (2025)
Septic Gangrene and Thrombophlebitis Following Leech Therapy in a Patient with Undiagnosed Arterial Occlusive Disease: A Case Report — Ostovar M et al. (2025)
Als Tumor getarnte Blutegelinfestation der Atemwege: ein seltener Fallbericht — Li P et al. (2025)
Long-term survey of sea turtles (Caretta caretta) reveals correlations between parasite infection, feeding ecology, reproductive success and population dynamics — Lockley EC et al. (2020)
Manifestation of leech infestation as severe gastrointestinal bleeding in a 3-year-old boy: a case report and review of the literature — Reihani H et al. (2022)
Ein Fallbericht über Blutegelbefall als Ursache einer schweren Anämie bei einem 10 Monate alten Säugling in Äthiopien — Getahun AM et al. (2021)
Mucosal hirudiniasis presenting as palatal mass: A case report and review of the literature — Bijou W et al. (2020)
Leech in the Rectum Causing Lower GI Bleeding in a Four Years Old Child: A Case Report — Tilahun T et al. (2020)
Pediatric Vaginal Leech Infestation with Severe Bleeding: A Case Report and Review Article — Majidi S et al. (2019)
A Rare Cause of Hypovolemic Shock in Prepubertal Girl: Vaginal Leech Infestation — Lahmini W et al. (2019)
A Tale of Transmission: Aeromonas veronii Activity within Leech-Exuded Mucus — Ott BM et al. (2016)
Draft Genome Sequence of Aeromonas veronii Hm21, a Symbiotic Isolate from the Medicinal Leech Digestive Tract — Bomar L et al. (2013)
Complex evolutionary history of the Aeromonas veronii group revealed by host interaction and DNA sequence data — Silver AC et al. (2011)
The type II secretion system is essential for erythrocyte lysis and gut colonization by the leech digestive tract symbiont Aeromonas veronii — Maltz M et al. (2011)
Komplementresistenz ist essenziell für die Besiedlung des Verdauungstrakts von Hirudo medicinalis durch Aeromonas-Stämme — Braschler TR et al. (2003)
Aspekte der konstitutiven und erworbenen Antibiotikaresistenz bei Aeromonas-hydrophila-Stämmen aus Wasserquellen — Balotescu C et al. (2003)
Aeromonas spp. infections: retrospective study in Nîmes University Hospital, 1997-2004 — Fraisse T et al. (2008)
Leech bites: massive bleeding, coagulation profile disorders, and severe anemia — Kose A et al. (2008)
Leech-borne infection on a TRAM flap: a case report — Bourdais L et al. (2009)
Nasopharyngeale Blutung durch Blutegelbisse bei einem 9 Monate alten Säugling — Jafari Rouhi AH et al. (2010)
Leech infestation in children through body orifices: experience in a hospital in Bangladesh — Hannan MJ et al. (2012)
Infections following the application of leeches: two case reports and review of the literature — Maetz B et al. (2012)
First isolation of a giant virus from wild Hirudo medicinalis leech: Mimiviridae isolation in Hirudo medicinalis — Boughalmi M et al. (2013)
Vaginal Leech Infestation: A Rare Cause of Hypovolumic Shock In Postmenopausal Woman — Tilahun T et al. (2015)
Unusual case of penile ecchymosis — Peterson T et al. (2019)
Unusual vaginal bleeding due to a leech bite in a girl from a tropical area: a case report — Hasanzadeh M et al. (2019)
Rickettsia japonica infection after land leech bite, Japan — Sando E et al. (2019)
Antibiotika-Empfindlichkeiten von Aeromonas hydrophila, kultiviert aus medizinischen Blutegeln — Hermansdorfer J et al. (1988)
First Identification of β-Lactamases in Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, and Aeromonas spp. Isolated in Stream Macroinvertebrates in a Central Italian Region — Segatore B et al. (2020)
Kutanes Pseudolymphom als seltene Nebenwirkung der Therapie mit medizinischen Blutegeln: Fallbericht und Literaturübersicht — Sepaskhah M et al. (2020)
Fallbericht einer präpubertären vaginalen Blutung infolge eines Blutegelbisses: Die Anamnese ist sehr wichtig — Rahman SMT et al. (2021)
Leech Infestation in the Vulvar Region: Causes of Vaginal Bleeding in a Six years old Child — Sebazungu T et al. (2021)
Umbilical Incarcerated Hernia With Omental Eventration Caused by a Leech Bite in a Pediatric Patient — Sher et al. (2023)
Reduced dense granules in platelet by electron microscopy in a patient with abnormal platelet aggregation with ADP and arachidonic acid: A case report of delta storage pool disorder — Yusof et al. (2025)
Heart failure secondary to severe anemia from oropharyngeal leech infestation: a case report — Tiruneh et al. (2025)
Cutaneous larva migrans following a leech bite: a brief report — Kadambila et al. (2025)
Bakterielle Symbiosen des medizinischen Blutegels Hirudo verbana — Nelson MC, Graf J (2012)
Optimal artificial conditions for keeping and breeding medicinal leeches Hirudo verbana and Hirudo orientalis — Aminov R et al. (2025)
Possible detection of physiological state disorders with the help of medicinal leeches Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 — Aminov R (2023)
Prevalence and infestation intensity of a piscicolid leech, Zeylanicobdella arugamensis on cultured hybrid grouper in Brunei Darussalam — Azmey S et al. (2020)
The Problem of the Presence of DNA in Cosmetic and Medicinal Products Obtained from Animals on the CITES List — Figura A et al. (2025)
Lethal Aeromonas veronii Sepsis in the Course of Medicinal Leech Therapy — Sproll C et al. (2022)
Wechselwirkung zwischen Zellen des angeborenen Immunsystems und einem bakteriellen Typ-III-Sekretionssystem in mutualistischen und pathogenen Assoziationen — Silver AC et al. (2007)
Prävalenz von Genen, die das Typ-III-Sekretionssystem und die Effektoren AexT und AexU in der Aeromonas-veronii-Gruppe kodieren — Silver AC, Graf J (2009)
Delayed leech-borne infection with Aeromonas hydrophilia in escharotic flap wound — Ardehali B et al. (2006)
Elimination of symbiotic Aeromonas spp. from the intestinal tract of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, using ciprofloxacin feeding — Mumcuoglu KY et al. (2009)
Symbiont succession during embryonic development of the European medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana — Rio RV et al. (2009)
Empfindlichkeit von aus medizinischen Blutegeln kultivierten Aeromonas hydrophila gegenüber oralen Antibiotika — Braga A et al. (1990)
Aeromonas hydrophila infection complicating digital replantation and revascularization — Lowen RM et al. (1989)
Water and sediment toxicity assessment by use of behavioural responses of medicinal leeches — Petrauskiene L (2003)
Bleeding due to a medicinal leech bite — Ikizceli I et al. (2005)
Aeromonas hydrophila infections following clinical use of medicinal leeches: a review of published cases — Lineaweaver WC et al. (1991)
Humoral response of captive zebra sharks Stegostoma fasciatum to salivary gland proteins of the leech Branchellion torpedinis — Marancik DP et al. (2012)
Detection of haemoparasites in selected Australian reptiles using archived blood smears — Bracken R et al. (2026)
Closed Genome Sequence of Aeromonas veronii Strain Hm21, an Isolate from the Medicinal Leech Hirudo verbana — Graf J et al. (2020)
Comparison between anterolateral thigh free flap and jejunal flap for tissue reconstruction in patients underwent resection of pharyngoesophageal squamous cell carcinoma after radiotherapy failure: a retrospective study — Sun SL et al. (2021)
The Anterolateral Thigh Flap for Achilles Tendon Reconstruction: Functional Outcomes — Ehrl D et al. (2019)
A Comprehensive Review of Hirudiniasis: From Historic Uses of Leeches to Modern Treatments of Their Bites — Joslin J et al. (2017)
Microbial challenge promotes the regenerative process of the injured central nervous system of the medicinal leech by inducing the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides in neurons and microglia — Schikorski D et al. (2008)
Novel Leech Antimicrobial Peptides, Hirunipins: Real-Time 3D Monitoring of Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Mechanisms Using Optical Diffraction Tomography — Kumar SD et al. (2025)
The heparin recall of 2008 — Hedlund KD et al. (2012)
High-throughput differentiation of heparin from other glycosaminoglycans by pyrolysis mass spectrometry — Nemes P et al. (2013)
Purification and characterization of a novel fibrinolytic enzyme from Whitmania pigra Whitman — Jiang Q et al. (2020)
Preparation and Application of Nanosensor in Safeguarding Heparin Supply Chain — Bi Y et al. (2020)
Leech-borne Serratia marcescens infection following complex hand injury. — Pereira et al. (1998)
Bivalirudin for anticoagulation in elderly acute coronary syndrome: Effects on myocardial microcirculation and adverse events. — Cheng CY et al. (2025)
Argatroban: a direct thrombin inhibitor for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and other clinical applications. — Chen JL (2001)
Andexanet Alfa in Urgent Cardiac Surgery: A Case Report of Edoxaban Reversal for Acute Hemopericardium. — Al Mawed M et al. (2025)
Overdosing of direct oral anticoagulants — Neumann MA et al. (2024)
Aeromonas hydrophila infections following use of medicinal leeches in replantation and flap surgery — Lineaweaver WC et al. (1992)
The clinical effectiveness and safety of intravenous unfractionated heparin following digital replantation and revascularization: A narrative systematic review — Deblois et al. (2022)
Avoiding Systemic Heparinization During Hemodialysis: How the Dialysis Setup Might Help — Janssens et al. (2024)
A Case Description of Spontaneous Intracardiac Thrombogenesis During Mitral Valve Repair: A Complication of Aminocaproic Acid? — Zavala et al. (2025)
Development and validation of interpretable machine learning models for predicting the risk of necrosis after finger replantation: A retrospective multicenter study — Dong et al. (2025)
Vascular venous anatomy of the calcaneal fillet flap for tibial stump reconstruction: Anatomical study focused on reduction of vascular complications — Crosio et al. (2025)
Extended Anticoagulation Therapy With Rivaroxaban for Cancer-Associated Low-Risk Pulmonary Embolism According to Different Performance Status Scores: Insights From the ONCO PE Randomized Trial — Xiong et al. (2026)
Infection risk related to the use of medicinal leeches — Bauters et al. (2007)
Epistaxis Versus Nonepistaxis Bleeding in Anticoagulated Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Results From the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Trial — Semco et al. (2025)
Targeting factor XI as a compromise between thrombosis and bleeding — Żuk-Łapan et al. (2025)
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Various Anticoagulation Regimens for Portal Venous Thrombosis in Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis — Abideen et al. (2025)
Perioperative anticoagulation management in patients with left ventricular assist devices undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery: a retrospective study of bleeding and thrombosis — Lam et al. (2026)
Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in pediatric congenital and acquired heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials — Bakry et al. (2026)
Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Thrombolysis with Tenecteplase in Patients with Wake-Up Branch Atheromatous Disease — Zhu et al. (2026)
Efficacy and Safety of Reteplase Versus Alteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke Based on Fibrinogen Levels: The RAISE Trial Subgroup — Wang et al. (2026)
Synthetic anticoagulant octaparin targets mitochondrial cardiolipin-GSDMD axis to rescue redox homeostasis in sepsis — Zhang et al. (2025)
Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica Infections in two patients with osteomyelitis, China — Meng et al. (2025)
Osteomyocutaneous Free Fibula Flap Prevents Osteoradionecrosis and Osteomyelitis in Head and Neck Cancer Reconstruction — Wang et al. (2021)
Comparison of VTE prophylaxis agents on hemoglobin levels after total knee arthroplasty: a hospital information system-based observational study — Yuan et al. (2025)

Antimikrobielle Resistenz (17)

Novel Leech Antimicrobial Peptides — Hirunipins — Kumar et al. (2025)
Neuropeptide-derived antimicrobial peptides from invertebrates for biomedical applications — Salzet M et al. (2005)
The Hirudo medicinalis microbiome is a source of new antimicrobial peptides — Grafskaia E et al. (2020)
Antimikrobiotika in niedriger Konzentration im medizinischen Blutegel selektieren resistente Erreger, die auf Patienten übergehen — Beka L et al. (2018)
Antibacterial non-glycosidase activity of invertebrate destabilase-lysozyme and of its helical amphipathic peptides — Zavalova LL et al. (2006)
Identifizierung und Klonierung eines Lysozyms vom Invertebratentyp aus Eisenia andrei — Josková R et al. (2009)
Neuro-immune lessons from an annelid: The medicinal leech — Tasiemski A, Salzet M (2017)
Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Immunity of Parasitic Leeches — Kaygorodova IA (2023)
Clinical Efficacy of Leech Therapy (Ta'līq al-'Alaq) in Eczema (Nār Fārsī): An Open-Label Single-Arm Clinical Study — Ulla P BS et al. (2025)
The elastase-inhibitor eglin has no effect in an ovine model of endotoxemia — Redl H et al. (1988)
Kompetitive Hemmung der Heparinase durch persulfonierte Glykosaminoglykane: ein Werkzeug zum Nachweis einer Heparinkontamination — Aich U et al. (2011)
BuZangTongLuo decoction improved hindlimb ischemia by activating angiogenesis and regulating gut microbiota in diabetic mice — Zheng J et al. (2019)
Complement C3b contributes to Escherichia coli-induced platelet aggregation in human whole blood — Landsem A et al. (2022)
Bacterial symbiont and salivary peptide evolution in the context of leech phylogeny — Siddall ME et al. (2011)
Genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of Aeromonas veronii isolated from aquatic animals in Sichuan, China — Peng et al. (2025)
Aeromonas characteristics in Iran, Southwest Asia; a systematic review and meta-analysis on epidemiology, reservoirs and antibiotic resistance profile from aquatic environments to human society during 2000-2023 — Moradi et al. (2025)
Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes in Aeromonas spp. isolated from marketed Manila Clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in Korea — Dahanayake et al. (2019)