Research Library — Analysed Articles

Every study carrying an original ASH relevance analysis (2,552 articles), grouped by topic.

Последнее обновление: 18 июня 2026 г.Рецензент: ASH Editorial Board

Исследовательский указатель

Each of these 2,552 articles carries an original, abstract-grounded ASH relevance note — what the study examined, why it matters for hirudotherapy and the medicinal-leech secretome, and an honest evidence caveat. Studies that carry only a bare imported abstract remain searchable in the Smart Library but are kept out of this index.

Clinical Trials (1107)

Leech Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis — The Landmark RCT — Michalsen et al. (2003)
Leech-Assisted Flap Salvage — Systematic Review of 277 Cases — Whitaker et al. (2012)
Effects of hirudotherapy on liver functions, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity in rats with metabolic syndrome — Bilden A et al. (2026)
Efficacy and Safety of Hirudotherapy for Improving Sperm Quality Parameters in Male Infertility: A Randomized Controlled Trial — Abtahi-Forooshani M et al. (2026)
Reverse Sural Flap Venous Congestion Successfully Managed With Enoxaparin in a Male Patient With a Traumatic Foot Crush Injury: A Case Report — Velasco-Bustamante J et al. (2026)
Investigation of the therapeutic effects of medicinal leech treatment on lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion injury — Ünal K et al. (2026)
Efficacy of Medicinal Leech Therapy in Diverse Clinical Applications: A Comprehensive Study from Azerbaijan — Farzali S et al. (2025)
HIRUDOTHERAPY IN RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY: CASE-REPORTS AND REVIEW — Heinz P et al. (2020)
Hirudotherapy Efficacy and Complications in the Management of Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction: A Systematic Review — Foppiani J et al. (2024)
Hirudotherapy in Wound Healing — Nair H et al. (2022)
Hirudotherapy for limb ischemia in the pediatric intensive care unit: A retrospective observational cohort — Resch J et al. (2022)
Controversy: hirudotherapy (leech therapy) as an alternative treatment for osteoarthritis — Gunawan F et al. (2015)
Hirudotherapy in veterinary medicine — Sobczak N, Kantyka M (2014)
Cutaneous Pseudolymphoma Due to Hirudotherapy — Temiz S et al. (2019)
Medicinal leech therapy (hirudotherapy): a brief overview — Singh A (2010)
Management of Chronic Non-healing Wounds by Hirudotherapy — Iqbal A et al. (2017)
Lichen Planus Due to Hirudotherapy — Daye M, Işık B, Kılınç F (2021)
[Cutaneous pseudolymphoma after hirudotherapy : Case report and review] — Hanner S et al. (2022)
HIRUDOTHERAPY IN PRESBYACUZIS PRAECOX IN CLEAN-UP WORKERS AFTER THE CHORNOBYL ACCIDENT DURING THE POST-CATASTROPHE YEARS — Zabolotnyi D, Mishchanchuk N (2019)
Intraoral Hirudotherapy for Venous Congestion following Free Flap Head and Neck Reconstruction: Novel Intraoral Technique — Amanian A et al. (2022)
Hirudotherapy attenuates arthritic pain in patients with various chronic pain syndromes: A retrospective analysis — Loeser J et al. (2020)
Hirudotherapy for neonatal limb ischemia during ECMO support: A word of caution — Resch J et al. (2021)
Hirudotherapy for Venous Congestion in an Almost Completely Avulsed Earlobe without Microsurgical Repair — Vargas N et al. (2023)
Leech Me Alone! Atraumatic Hemarthrosis after Hirudotherapy — Curcio J, Lloyd C (2020)
Investigation of oxidant-antioxidant status in patients treated with hirudotherapy: an experimental study — Sarikan I, Savas H (2024)
Leech therapy — Yantis M, O'Toole K, Ring P (2009)
Improving Symptoms of Peripheral Artery Disease With Hirudotherapy — Afify O, Alkhouri S, Lauder N (2021)
Beneficial effects of hirudotherapy in a chronic case of complex regional pain syndrome — Kulbida R, Mathes A, Loeser J (2019)
Leech therapeutic applications — Abdualkader A et al. (2013)
The Relationship between Explanation and Patient Compliance in Hirudotherapy — Kim K et al. (2017)
Scientometric analysis of medicinal leech therapy — Şenel E, Taylan Özkan A, Mumcuoglu K (2020)
Non-Occlusive Mesenteric Ischemia Due to Hirudotherapy: A Case Report — Akalın Ç, Ekmen N (2020)
[A case report: hirudotherapy as a treatment modality in the microsurgery] — Arusan S et al. (2013)
Medicinal leech therapy-an overall perspective — Sig A et al. (2017)
[Hirudotherapy in the treatment of peripheral cochleovestibular disorders of vascular origin] — Morozova S, Aksenova O (2009)
[The influence of hirudotherapy on the biochemical status of patients with gonarthrosis] — Luneva S et al. (2011)
Treatment Protocol for Compromised Nasal Skin — Kerolus J, Nassif P (2019)
Wound healing potential of bark paste of Pongamia pinnata along with hirudotherapy: A case report — Balasooriya D, Karunarathna C, Uluwaduge I (2021)
Leech Therapy Following Digital Replantation and Revascularization — Pickrell B et al. (2020)
Medical leech therapy in Ayurveda and biomedicine - A review — Singh S, Rajoria K (2020)
Leech Therapy Protects Free Flaps against Venous Congestion, Thrombus Formation, and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Benefits, Complications, and Contradictions — Mousavian A et al. (2022)
Applications of leech therapy in medicine: a systematic review — Hosseini M et al. (2024)
Medicinal leech therapy in venous congestion and various ulcer forms: Perspectives of Western, Persian and Indian medicine — Koeppen D et al. (2020)
Leech therapy in flap salvage: Systematic review and practical recommendations — Herlin C et al. (2017)
Leech therapy in digital replantation — Golden M, Quinn J, Partington M (1995)
Leech Therapy for Complex Facial Lacerations — Cohn J et al. (2021)
Utilization of Leech Therapy after Rhinoplasty — Shtraks J, Peng G, Nassif P (2022)
Leech Therapy in the Head and Neck — Moen G, Dillon J (2025)
Medicinal Leech Therapy in Urology: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review — Battin A, Hobeika N, Zdilla M (2023)
Leech therapy: when once is not enough — West B, Nichter L, Halpern D (1991)
Predictors of leech therapy failure in revascularized and replanted digits — Toshinskiy S, Frees M, Hillard C (2024)
New Dermoscopic Sign in Leech Therapy — Bhat N, Bhat Y (2023)
Medicinal Leech Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: A Retrospective Study — Kermanian C, Buote N, Bergman P (2022)
Leech therapy in penile replantation: a case of recurrent penile self-amputation — Mineo M, Jolley T, Rodriguez G (2004)
The efficacy and safety of medical leech therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials — Wang H, Zhang J, Chen L (2018)
Medicinal leech therapy on head and neck patients: a review of literature and proposed protocol — Elyassi A, Terres J, Rowshan H (2013)
Leech therapy in the treatment of a penile haematoma in a stallion — Nowicki A, Jaworska J, Baranski W (2021)
Exploration of leech therapy in treating gouty rats and its uric acid lowering mechanism — Chao G et al. (2024)
Chemical and mechanical alternatives to leech therapy: a systematic review and critical appraisal — Azzopardi E et al. (2011)
Leech therapy in reconstructive maxillofacial surgery — Gröbe A et al. (2012)
Quantifying outcomes for leech therapy in digit revascularization and replantation — Lee Z et al. (2019)
The Vascularity of Ayurvedic Leech Therapy: Sensory Translations and Emergent Agencies in Interspecies Medicine — Brooks L (2021)
The Effectiveness of Leech Therapy in Chronic Low Back Pain — Hohmann C et al. (2018)
Medicinal Leech Therapy: Friend or Foe — Spear M (2016)
Keratitis following leech therapy for periocular eczematous dermatitis: a case report — Özkaya D (2023)
Leech therapy- a holistic approach of treatment in unani (greeko-arab) medicine — Lone A et al. (2011)
Medical leech therapy in plastic reconstructive surgery — Houschyar K et al. (2015)
Leech therapy and bleeding wound techniques to relieve venous congestion — Smoot E et al. (1990)
Clinical uses of the medicinal leech: a practical review — Porshinsky B et al. (2011)
[The medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis: clinical use of the animal and therapeutic prospects of hirudin] — Henriot J et al. (1990)
Study on the effect of medicinal leech therapy (Hirudo medicinalis) on full-thickness excisional wound healing in the animal model — Zakian A et al. (2022)
Exploring the attachment of the Mediterranean medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) to porous substrates — Kampowski T et al. (2020)
Serotonin mediates stress-like effects on responses to non-nociceptive stimuli in the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana — Mack D et al. (2022)
The effects of substrate porosity, mechanical substrate properties and loading conditions on the attachment performance of the Mediterranean medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) — Kampowski T et al. (2022)
The effect of blood human, domestic and small laboratory animals on the viability and behavior of the medicinal leech — Aminov R (2023)
Intestinal flora of the medicinal leech Hirudinaria manillensis — Bickel K et al. (1994)
[Medicinal leeches] — Massart D, Sohawon S, Noordally O (2009)
[Hirudo medicinalis-leech applications in plastic and reconstructive microsurgery--a literature review] — Knobloch K et al. (2007)
[Leech hirudo medicinalis: a therapeutic alternative available in Mexico] — Cornejo-Esquerra A et al. (2009)
Hirudo Medicinalis and the plastic surgeon — Whitaker I et al. (2004)
Therapeutic effects of Hirudo medicinalis extract antigens on modulation of CD4 — Al-Sayed S et al. (2022)
[Infections Associated with Treatment with Hirudo medicinalis - Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature] — Reese K et al. (2015)
Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia induced by Hirudo medicinalis (leeches) — Sadati M et al. (2019)
Digit replantation applying the leech Hirudo medicinalis — Brody G, Maloney W, Hentz V (1989)
Changes in epithelial cells in Hirudo medicinalis during wound healing — Huguet G, Molinas M (1992)
Hirudin enhances perforator flap survival: Clinical application report and mechanistic exploration — Wei D et al. (2024)
Cardiovascular drug highlight: hirudin — Cheng-Lai A (1999)
Leech management before application on patient: a nationwide survey of practices in French university hospitals — Grau D et al. (2018)
Cutaneous complications of improper leech application — Pietrzak A et al. (2012)
From ancient leech to direct thrombin inhibitors and beyond: New from old — Montinari M, Minelli S (2022)
Clinical efficacy of Jalaukawacharana (leech application) in Thrombosed piles — Bhagat P, Raut S, Lakhapati A (2012)
Prolonged Bleeding after a Single Leech Application in Pediatric Hand Surgery — Kotick J, Taghinia A (2017)
The return of the leech — Abdelgabar A, Bhowmick B (2003)
Microsurgical complications in the upper extremity — Shores J, Andrew Lee W (2010)
Nurses' experiences of leech therapy in plastic and reconstructive surgery — Reynolds A, OBoyle C (2016)
The use of medicinal leeches, Hirudo medicinalis, to restore venous circulation in trauma and reconstructive microsurgery — Soucacos PN, Beris AE, Malizos KN et al. (1994)
Prophylactic versus reactive leech therapy for venous congestion after fingertip replantation: A retrospective comparative study and literature review — Kameda Y, Motomiya M, Watanabe N, Ota M, Iwasaki N (2025)
Medicinal leeches and the microsurgeon: a four-year study, clinical series and risk benefit review — Whitaker IS, Josty IC, Hawkins S et al. (2011)
Comparison of the effectiveness of medicinal leech and TENS therapy in the treatment of primary osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized controlled trial — Isik M, Ugur M, Yakisan RS, Sari T, Yilmaz N (2017)
Effectiveness of topical gel of medical leech (Hirudo medicinalis) saliva extract on patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized clinical trial — Shakouri A, Adljouy N, Balkani S et al. (2017)
Randomised controlled trial with medical leeches for osteoarthritis of the knee — Stange R, Moser C, Hopfenmueller W, Mansmann U, Buehring M, Uehleke B (2011)
Leech therapy for symptomatic treatment of knee osteoarthritis: results and implications of a pilot study — Michalsen A, Moebus S, Spahn G, Esch T, Langhorst J, Dobos GJ (2002)
The use of medicinal leeches in fingertip replantation without venous anastomosis - case report of a 4-year-old patient — Streit L, Dvořák Z, Novák O, Stiborová S, Veselý J (2014)
Medicinal leech therapy: a case study — Baker CA, Nayduch DA (1989)
The use of medicinal leeches in microsurgery — Valauri FA (1991)
Avulsion of the auricle in an anticoagulated patient: is leeching contraindicated? A review and a case — Mommsen J, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Mateos-Micas M, Vázquez-Bouso O, Gumbao-Grau V, Forteza-Gonzalez G (2011)
Leeching as Salvage Venous Drainage in Ear Reconstruction: Clinical Case and Review of Literature — Facchin F, Lancerotto L, Arnež ZM, Bassetto F, Vindigni V (2018)
Effectiveness of leech therapy in chronic lateral epicondylitis: a randomized controlled trial — Bäcker M, Lüdtke R, Afra D et al. (2011)
Effectiveness of leech therapy in women with symptomatic arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint: a randomized controlled trial — Michalsen A, Lüdtke R, Cesur Ö et al. (2008)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating lateral elbow pain in adults — Pattanittum P, Turner T, Green S, Buchbinder R (2013)
Effective Management of Venous Ulcer with Leech Therapy: A Case Report — Wani KR, Shah HA, Ashraf A, Nazir A, Mehraj M, Ansari AN, Nayab M (2025)
Hirudo medicinalis-leech applications in plastic and reconstructive microsurgery - a literature review — Knobloch K, Gohritz A, Busch K, Spies M, Vogt PM (2007)
Medicinal Leech Therapy: Friend or Foe — Spear M (2016)
The use of leeches for treatment of venous congestion of the nipple following breast surgery — Gross MP, Apesos J (1992)
A case report: hirudotherapy as a treatment modality in the microsurgery — Arusan S, Bayar B, Gödekmerdan A, Sağlam N (2013)
Outcomes of flap salvage with medicinal leech therapy — Nguyen MQ et al. (2012)
Management of flaps with compromised venous outflow in head and neck microsurgical reconstruction — Kubo T, Yano K, Hosokawa K (2002)
Medicinal leeches for surgically uncorrectable venous congestion after free flap breast reconstruction — Pannucci CJ et al. (2014)
Ultrasound localization of a tunneled leech beneath a microvascular scalp reconstruction: A case report — Martin G et al. (2013)
Artery-Only Ear Replantation in a Child: A Case Report With Daily Photographic Documentation — Mendenhall SD, Sawyer JD, Adkinson JM (2016)
Impact of the number of veins repaired in short-term digital replantation survival rate — Efanov JI et al. (2015)
Use of the mechanical leech for successful zone I replantation — Kim SW, Han HH, Jung SN (2014)
The Use of Medicinal Leeches for the Treatment of Venous Congestion in Replanted or Revascularized Digits — Arami A et al. (2018)
The success of salvage procedures for failing digital replants: A retrospective cohort study — Hatchell AC et al. (2018)
Factors associated with early and late digital revascularization and replantation failure: a retrospective cohort study — Florczynski M et al. (2021)
Multiple venous anastomoses decrease the need for intensive postoperative management in Tamai zone I replantations — Ryu DH et al. (2017)
The use of leeches in distal digital replantation — Baudet J (1991)
Standardized protocol for artery-only fingertip replantation — Buntic RF, Brooks D (2010)
Management of Artery-Only Digit Replantation: A Systematic Review of the Literature — Crowe CS et al. (2022)
Microsurgical replantation and salvage procedures in traumatic ear amputation — Lin PY et al. (2010)
Microsurgical replantation of an ear in a child without venous repair — Concannon MJ, Puckett CL (1998)
Successful microvascular replantation of a completely amputated ear — Rapaport DP et al. (1993)
Microvascular salvage of a thrombosed total ear replant — Senchenkov A, Jacobson SR (2013)
The use of medicinal leeches in the salvage of flaps with venous congestion — Dabb RW, Malone JM, Leverett LC (1992)
Use of the medicinal leech for salvage of venous congested microvascular free flaps of the head and neck — Koch CA, Olsen SM, Moore EJ (2011)
Leech therapy for patients with surgically unsalvageable venous obstruction after revascularized free tissue transfer — Chepeha DB et al. (2002)
Salvage of partial facial soft tissue avulsions with medicinal leeches — Frodel JL, Barth P, Wagner J (2004)
Early venous congestion after DIEP flap breast reconstruction: case report of a successful management — Baccarani A et al. (2022)
The Use of Medicinal Leeching in Breast Surgery: A Systematic Review — Rajaram R et al. (2024)
Salvage of ear replantation using the temporoparietal fascia flap — Chun JK et al. (2000)
Salvage of venous congestion using medicinal leeches for traumatic nasal flap — Jose M, Varghese J, Babu A (2013)
Meningococcal purpura fulminans treated with medicinal leeches — Dippenaar R et al. (2006)
Clinical and scientific considerations in leech therapy for the management of acute venous congestion: an updated review — Weinfeld AB et al. (2000)
Microsurgical lip replantation: evaluation of functional and aesthetic results of three cases — Duroure F et al. (2004)
The efficacy of medicinal leeches in plastic and reconstructive surgery: a systematic review of 277 reported clinical cases — Whitaker IS et al. (2012)
Current concepts in salvage procedures for failing microvascular flaps: is there a superior technique? — Troeltzsch M et al. (2016)
Reconstruction of upper lip avulsion after dog bite: case report and review of literature — Daraei P et al. (2013)
Unani treatment and leech therapy saved the diabetic foot of a patient from amputation — Zaidi SMA (2014)
Diabetic foot ulcer with osteomyelitis, successfully treated with the holistic approach of multiple ayurvedic treatment modalities — Bopparathi S, KV NR (2023)
Healing with integrative management of Diabetic foot ulcer - A case report — Katkar R, Aadithyaraj KT, Rana U (2025)
Reconstruction of the soft tissue defects of foot and ankle with neural-island flaps: mono-institutional case series — Sonmez E, Safak T (2011)
Experience with distal finger replantation: a 20-year retrospective study from a major trauma center — Nazerani S et al. (2011)
Preliminary Study on Functional and Aesthetic Reconstruction by Using a Small Artery-only Free Medial Flap of the Second Toe for Fingertip Injuries — Li M et al. (2019)
The venocutaneous fistula: a new technique for reducing venous congestion in replanted fingertips — Kamei K, Sinokawa Y, Kishibe M (1997)
A technique for replantation of the finger tip — Tsai TM, McCabe SJ, Maki Y (1989)
Reconstruction of circulation in the fingertip without vein repair in zone I replantation — Zhang X et al. (2008)
Arterial and venous revascularization with bifurcation of a single central artery: a reliable strategy for Tamai Zone I replantation — Hsu CC et al. (2010)
Ticagrelor vs. clopidogrel in bivalirudin-treated patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI: The BRIGHT-4 trial — Li Y et al. (2025)
Salvage of pedicled anterolateral thigh flap for closure of a massive full-thickness abdominal wall defect using modified Perez protocol for chemical leeching - a case report — Babalola OF et al. (2026)
Pedicled Anterolateral Thigh Flap Reconstruction of Exposed Renal Allograft — Brammer IY et al. (2026)
A Disaster and Salvage Revisited: Chest Wall Reconstruction (5-Rib Defect) With Gore-Tex, TRAM Flap, and Salvage With Leeches — Gatti JE (2026)
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy as an Artificial Leech to Save a Congestive Flap: Case Report — Ardila MP et al. (2022)
Destructive Mold Osteomyelitis of the Wrist Caused by Cunninghamella echinulata: A Case Report — Bo C et al. (2026)
Arterial only anastomosis associated with modified Baudet technique in ear replantation: Case reports and literature review — Pertea M et al. (2021)
A multifaceted approach for traumatic auricular avulsion with venous congestion — Gross E et al. (2020)
Is simple reimplantation a viable option in pediculated auricular avulsions? A systematic review of the literature — Román Padilla JC et al. (2025)
Anterior approach to posterior auricular artery in microvascular anastomosis — a new concept in replanting amputated ears — Hong Ha N et al. (2025)
Investigating the therapeutic potential of medical leech and leech saliva extract in flap survival: an experimental study using rats — Ünal K et al. (2025)
Reviving ancient wisdom: exploring the effectiveness of Jalaukavacharan in pain management and wound healing — a case series — Gautam A et al. (2025)
Assessment of leech therapy for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized study — Andereya S et al. (2008)
Effectiveness of leech therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial — Michalsen A et al. (2003)
Leeches, phytotherapy and physiotherapy in osteo-arthrosis of the knee — a geriatric case study — Teut M et al. (2008)
A systematic review and meta-analysis of medical leech therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee — Lauche R et al. (2014)
Evaluation of knowledge, attitude, and practice of Iranian medical students toward complementary and alternative medicine — Vojdani S et al. (2025)
Posttraumatic lip replantation in a pregnant woman — Caragher SP et al. (2022)
Replantation of a lip thrown in the bin — Galmard L et al. (2021)
Successful microsurgical lip replantation: monitoring venous congestion by blood glucose measurements in the replanted lip — Tachi K et al. (2017)
Microvascular replantation of a composite facial avulsion in a 24-month-old child after dog bite — Macias D et al. (2017)
Diselenide crosslinks for enhanced and simplified oxidative protein folding — Mousa R et al. (2021)
Microvascular replantation of scalp and facial parts — Kind GM et al. (1995)
Exploring the use of the medicinal leech: a clinical risk-benefit analysis — de Chalain TM (1996)
Bivalirudin vs heparin anticoagulation in STEMI: confirmation of the BRIGHT-4 results — Stone GW (2024)
Impact of heparin-to-bivalirudin bridging time on hospitalization and safety outcomes in PCI for acute coronary syndrome — Wang G et al. (2026)
Clinical outcomes after TAVR with heparin or bivalirudin as periprocedural anticoagulation in patients with and without peripheral arterial disease: results from the BRAVO-3 randomized trial — Zilberszac R et al. (2019)
Bivalirudin for maintenance anticoagulation during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19 — Seelhammer TG et al. (2020)
Utilization and outcomes of children treated with direct thrombin inhibitors on paracorporeal ventricular assist device support — VanderPluym CJ et al. (2020)
Monitoring of argatroban and lepirudin anticoagulation in critically ill patients by conventional laboratory parameters and rotational thromboelastometry — Beiderlinden M et al. (2018)
Clinical effects with inhibition of multiple coagulative pathways in patients admitted for acute coronary syndrome — Cavallari I et al. (2018)
Anticoagulation in children: making the most of little patients and little evidence — Young G (2017)
Bivalirudin for pediatric procedural anticoagulation: a narrative review — Zaleski KL et al. (2019)
Responsible, safe, and effective use of antithrombotics and anticoagulants in patients undergoing interventional techniques — Kaye AD et al. (2019)
BMI differences on anticoagulation with bivalirudin vs. heparin during primary PCI: a BRIGHT-4 subanalysis — Zhang D et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention — Sun B et al. (2024)
The efficacy and safety of bivalirudin and heparin in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Zhai Y et al. (2025)
Prospective randomized pilot study comparing bivalirudin versus heparin in neonatal and pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — McMichael A et al. (2024)
Revisiting the efficacy and safety of bivalirudin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention — Maqsood MH et al. (2024)
Reduced-dose of bivalirudin (without the post-procedure infusion) in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention — Wang Q et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin versus heparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes — Krittanawong C et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin versus heparin during PCI in NSTEMI: individual patient data meta-analysis of large randomized trials — Bikdeli B et al. (2023)
Bivalirudin versus heparin in STEMI after BRIGHT-4 trial: an updated meta-analysis — Oli PR et al. (2023)
Heparin versus bivalirudin for anticoagulation in adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Wieruszewski PM et al. (2023)
Differential use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors with bivalirudin in patients with STEMI undergoing PCI — Mushahid H et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin versus heparin anticoagulation in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — Huang D et al. (2022)
Analysis of inter-hospital transfer on clinical outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction — Su X et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin infusion at standard or low regimen during elective percutaneous coronary intervention in high-risk bleeding patients — Li Y et al. (2025)
Safety and efficacy of bivalirudin in female acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention — Mostofa ABM et al. (2025)
Anticoagulants in children with renal impairment: a narrative review — Kiskaddon AL et al. (2025)
The effects of bivalirudin and ordinary heparin on the incidence of bleeding events and the level of inflammation after interventional therapy — Wu Q et al. (2025)
Dose estimation for bivalirudin during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass — Wolstencroft P et al. (2021)
Microsurgical replantation of a totally amputated ear without venous repair — Talbi M, Stussi JD, Meley M (2001)
Low but sustained coagulation activation ameliorates glucose-induced podocyte apoptosis: protective effect of factor V Leiden in diabetic nephropathy — Wang H et al. (2011)
Microsurgical replantation of a partial ear, with leech therapy — Cho BH, Ahn HB (1999)
Anticoagulation with r-hirudin in regular haemodialysis with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT II) — Nowak G (1997)
Bloodletting therapy using subcutaneous heparin and controlled scarification for venous insufficiency in free flap reconstruction — Yalcin CE (2025)
Penile Replantation: A Review of Microsurgical Techniques, Patient Outcomes, and Solutions to Complex Reconstructive Challenges — Brock JA et al. (2024)
Leeches and hand surgery: history, physiology, and a scoping review — Chabridon AI et al. (2026)
The Preoperative Planning, Design, and Execution of the Freestyle Propeller Flap: A Detailed Description and the Case Series — Kim HB et al. (2025)
The efficacy of arterial only microsurgical nasal replantation: a systematic review — Secanho MS et al. (2024)
Successful Microsurgical Replantation of Amputated Penis: A Case Report and Review of Literature — Akhoondinasab MR et al. (2023)
Head and Neck Tumor Resection and Free Flap Reconstruction in Low-Volume Center — Brennan M et al. (2020)
Successful local use of heparin calcium for congested fingertip replants — Kadota H et al. (2020)
Superior epigastric artery perforator flap for reconstruction of deep sternal wound infection — Bertheuil N et al. (2021)
Alternative Non-Drug Treatment Options of the Most Neglected Parasitic Disease Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Narrative Review — Orabi MAA et al. (2023)
Heroic medicine in neurology: A historical perspective — Sakalauskaite-Juodeikiene E (2023)
Leeching in the history - a review — Munshi Y et al. (2008)
Evolution of treatment for unspecific back pain: From past to future — Herrera D et al. (2024)
Efficacy and safety of topical hirudin (Hirudex): a double-blind, placebo-controlled study — Stamenova PK et al. (2001)
Augmented blood removal after medicinal leech feeding in congested tissue flaps — Connor NP et al. (2002)
Leech therapy in cutaneous surgery and disease — Mamelak AJ et al. (2010)
First aid for failing flaps — Talbot SG et al. (2010)
Comparisons of medicinal leech therapy with venous catheterization in the treatment of venous congestion of the sural flap — Mozafari N et al. (2010)
Successful microsurgical revascularization of an almost totally amputated ear lobe by horse bite — Dadaci M et al. (2014)
Using an unconventional perfusion pattern in ear replantation - arterialization of the venous system — Momeni A et al. (2014)
Microsurgical ear replantation - is venous repair necessary? A systematic review — Momeni A et al. (2015)
Partial salvage of avulsed tissue after dog bite — Oregaard JS et al. (2015)
Replantation of amputated ear with anastomosis of vessel — Shubin H et al. (2015)
Anastomosis to the common and proper digital vessels in free flap soft tissue reconstruction of the hand — Diaz-Abele J et al. (2016)
Supermicrosurgical replantation of a small amputated nasal tissue in a child — Tee R et al. (2017)
Experience with pharmacologic leeching with bivalirudin for adjunct treatment of venous congestion of head and neck reconstructive flaps — Harun A et al. (2018)
Progress of monitoring methods and preventions of disorder of blood supplying of expanded flaps — Lin Y et al. (2018)
Treatment of deep cavities using a perforator-based island flap with partial de-epithelization — Chang JW et al. (2018)
Microsurgical replantation of completely avulsed nasal segment — Akyurek M et al. (2019)
Total nose and upper lip replantation: a case report and literature review — Elzinga K et al. (2018)
Successful replantation of an amputated helical rim with microvascular anastomosis — Seo BF et al. (2018)
Indications for replantation and revascularization in the hand — Pet MA et al. (2019)
Effect of vasopressor use on digit survival after replantation and revascularization - a large retrospective cohort study — Retrouvey H et al. (2019)
Experience of replantation and reconstruction in total scalp, partial forehead, and ear avulsions — Dadaci M et al. (2019)
Functional outcomes of secondary procedures in upper extremity replantation and revascularization — Khan N et al. (2019)
Digital replantation/revascularization: predictive factors to microsurgery success - a single-center study — Tejedor Navarro A et al. (2019)
The impact of microsurgery on the treatment of ring avulsion injuries — Chiu DT et al. (2019)
Three end-to-end techniques for microvascular anastomosis of vessels with different size discrepancy — Zhang Y et al. (2020)
Leonardo Botallo (1530-1587) and his pioneering contributions to traumatology, cardiology and deontology — Tozzo P et al. (2020)
Digital avulsion injuries: epidemiology and factors influencing finger preservation — Struckmann VF et al. (2020)
George Washington's recurrent health problems and fatal infection re-examined — Mackowiak PA et al. (2021)
A global view of digital replantation and revascularization — Tang JB et al. (2020)
Microsurgical replantation of traumatic amputated lip — Makki A et al. (2020)
Primary reattachment of near-complete ear amputation: a successful outcome — D'Arcangelo M et al. (2020)
Modified method of multiple cranial burr holes for treatment of total scalp avulsion — Patil H et al. (2020)
The Dark Age of medieval surgery in France in the first part of Middle Age (500-1000): royal touch, wound suckers, bizarre medieval surgery, monk surgeons, Saint Healers, but foundation of the oldest worldwide still-operating hospital — Hernigou P et al. (2021)
Optimising hand surgery during COVID-19 pandemic — Saha S et al. (2021)
Non-microvascular successful management of near-total ear avulsion — Albdour M et al. (2021)
Identifying factors affecting outcomes in scalp replantation: a systematic review of the literature — Kotamarti VS et al. (2021)
A four-year community hospital experience regarding procedures for the replantation and revascularization of fingers — Gurbuz K et al. (2021)
The possible effects of iron loss from bloodletting on mortality from pneumonia in the nineteenth century — Brabin B et al. (2021)
Microvascular ear replantation: a multicenter study of 22 patients with complete ear amputation — Jiang Y et al. (2021)
Variation in surgeon proficiency scores and association with digit replantation outcomes — Yoon AP et al. (2021)
Successful microsurgical scalp replantation utilizing loupe magnification — Chopan M et al. (2022)
Face autotransplantation after an accident — Kim KS et al. (2022)
Outpatient clinic in ancient Greece — Samonis G et al. (2021)
Resuscitation with blood products in patients with trauma-related haemorrhagic shock receiving prehospital care (RePHILL): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial — Crombie N et al. (2022)
Microsurgical scalp replantation: lessons learned and technical considerations — Wechselberger G et al. (2022)
Management of the partial avulsions of the auricle — Huseynov S et al. (2022)
Nonreplantable total scalp avulsion reconstruction with acellular biologic matrix — Anderson et al. (2022)
Replantation of pediatric scalp avulsions — Gur et al. (2022)
Successful management of scalp avulsion with full-thickness graft — Almoshantaf et al. (2022)
Use of heparin cream for venous congestion in the extended reverse metacarpal artery flap — Tatar et al. (2022)
Reconstruction of a near-total scalp avulsion with NovoSorb Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix — Patel et al. (2022)
Microsurgical replantation of a traumatic total scalp avulsion — Madsen et al. (2023)
A comparison of outcomes between finger and pulp replantation/revascularization — Duah-Asante et al. (2023)
Experience in microsurgical treatment of complete scalp avulsion — Lin et al. (2023)
Is prolonged use of antibiotic prophylaxis and postoperative antithrombotic and antispasmodic medications needed after digital replantation? — Chen et al. (2023)
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for patients with hypertension after microsurgery of total scalp avulsion — Liu et al. (2023)
Prognostic factors for attempted finger replantation and revascularisation — Lu et al. (2023)
A comparison of ear amputation replantation techniques — Baldini et al. (2023)
Indications for replantation and factors that predict success — Bregman et al. (2023)
Medical aspects of the tour by Martin Martin (c 1660-1719) of the Western and Northern Isles of Scotland — Buchanan et al. (2023)
Diet and metabolism are back: the oldest known Islamic medical manuscript bridging Hippocratic and Galenic teachings — Geronikolou et al. (2023)
Microvascular replantation for partial auricle amputation: only arterial anastomosis with leech use — Li et al. (2023)
An overview of headache treatments during the tenth century — Ibrahim et al. (2024)
Complementary and alternative medicine use among cancer patients in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Yousefi et al. (2024)
Success rates of finger revascularization and replantation — Kobayashi et al. (2024)
Successful replantation of an avulsed frontal scalp through microvascular anastomosis — Kim et al. (2024)
Fifteenth century Florentine mural investigated in situ with VNIR hyperspectral imaging — Cucci et al. (2024)
Modified scalp replantation for total scalp avulsion: scalp-shifting technique — Zhang et al. (2024)
Hand digit revascularization: could be an elective-urgence surgery? — De Francesco et al. (2024)
Partial reconstruction of the auricle with the tubed postauricular flap: a case report — Shteynberg et al. (2024)
Salvation of a congested SCIP flap with a modified chemical leech method — Zhao et al. (2024)
The surgical case reports of Hippocrates of Cos. Medical practice in Ancient Greece — Golder et al. (2024)
Modified method of scalp fixation promotes survival of complete scalp avulsion replantation — Xu et al. (2024)
Use of nailfold capillaroscopy for the assessment of patients undergoing digit replantation — Koroglu et al. (2024)
Acupuncture points in medieval European medicine to treat pain and inflammation — Ivanov et al. (2024)
Learnings from the front line: early implementation experiences of the Central Queensland diabetes-related foot ulcer outpatient program — Kumar et al. (2025)
Delayed total scalp replantation following catastrophic blast: success with bilateral approach — Chalhoub et al. (2025)
Ear replantation as super-microsurgery: technical tips — Kang et al. (2025)
Overcoming prolonged ischemia in total scalp avulsion after industrial accident — Ngo Duc et al. (2025)
Ibn Sina's contributions to epilepsy management: innovations from the Islamic Golden Age — Almealawy et al. (2025)
Meat grinder-related hand injuries: a 50-year systematic review of case reports — Alhusain et al. (2025)
Analysis of Wei Tianjun's academic thoughts on acupuncture-moxibustion therapy for cholera — Chang et al. (2025)
Encyclopedist with a love of detail: Aulus Cornelius Celsus and his dermatological treatments — Golder et al. (2025)
Supremacy of the pulse within the medicine of the enlightenment — Short et al. (2025)
The open body closed: a rationale for the abandonment of bloodletting — Drakman et al. (2024)
Distal digit replantation: challenges and strategies to improve outcomes — Hsu et al. (2025)
Resource utilization and cost associated with hand trauma — Harirah et al. (2025)
Treatment of severe scalp avulsion injury through microsurgical vascular anastomosis — Zhou et al. (2025)
Proficiency and difficulty scoring tools for finger replantation — Chung et al. (2025)
Gout in the Anonymus Parisinus — De Santo et al. (2025)
Two cases of microscopic replantation of auricular dissection in different planes — Zhao et al. (2025)
From salves to Sulzberger: the emergence of the American approach to acne treatment — Wozna et al. (2025)
Staged thumb reconstruction via primary ectopic banking of detached skeletal elements and amputated tissue — Ni et al. (2025)
Single vessel microvascular replantation of a partially amputated auricle in a paediatric patient — Franchi et al. (2025)
Surgical procedures for replantation and revascularization in catastrophic hand injuries — Gonzalez-Vargas et al. (2025)
Successful replantation of total scalp avulsion: a case report and literature review — Akhoondi Nasab et al. (2025)
Scarlet fever in Iran during the Qajar period (1796 to 1925 AD): a brief historical review — Golshani et al. (2025)
Total scalp replantation: staged reconstruction of occipital necrosis with tissue expansion — Dadaci et al. (2026)
Medicinal leech therapy in venous congestion and various ulcer forms: Perspectives of Western, Persian and Indian medicine — Koeppen D et al. (2019)
Unani treatment and leech therapy saved the diabetic foot of a patient from amputation — Zaidi SMA (2016)
Use of expanded reverse sural artery flap in lower extremity reconstruction — Kose R et al. (2011)
Healing with integrative management of Diabetic foot ulcer - A case report — Katkar R et al. (2025)
The use of medical leeches for venous congestion. A review and case report — Buote NJ (2014)
Hirudo medicinalis: ancient origins of, and trends in the use of medicinal leeches throughout history — Whitaker IS et al. (2004)
The efficacy and safety of medical leech therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials — Wang H et al. (2018)
Leech Therapy Protects Free Flaps against Venous Congestion, Thrombus Formation, and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Benefits, Complications, and Contradictions — Mousavian A et al. (2022)
Intraoral Hirudotherapy for Venous Congestion following Free Flap Head and Neck Reconstruction: Novel Intraoral Technique — Amanian A et al. (2021)
Leech therapy and bleeding wound techniques to relieve venous congestion — Smoot EC et al. (1990)
Leech Therapy For The Treatment Of Venous Congestion In Flaps, Digital Re-Plants And Revascularizations - A Two-Year Review From A Regional Centre — Butt AM et al. (2016)
Mechanical leech therapy to relieve venous congestion — Smoot EC et al. (1995)
Early venous congestion after diep flap breast reconstruction: case report of a successful management — Baccarani A et al. (2022)
Medicinal leeches for surgically uncorrectable venous congestion after free flap breast reconstruction — Pannucci CJ et al. (2014)
Use of Heparin Cream for Venous Congestion in the Extended Reverse Metacarpal Artery Flap: A Case Report — Tatar BE et al. (2022)
A Case of Medical Leech Therapy for Venous Congestion Following Forearm Flap Reconstruction — Karino M et al. (2018)
Comparisons of medicinal leech therapy with venous catheterization in the treatment of venous congestion of the sural flap — Mozafari N et al. (2010)
Outcomes of flap salvage with medicinal leech therapy — Nguyen MQ et al. (2012)
Leech therapy for venous congestion following myocutaneous pectoralis flap reconstruction — Adams JF, Lassen LF (1995)
Salvage of venous congestion using medicinal leeches for traumatic nasal flap — Jose M et al. (2013)
First aid for failing flaps — Talbot SG, Pribaz JJ (2010)
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy as an Artificial Leech to Save a Congestive Flap: Case Report — Ardila MP, Gomez-Ortega V (2022)
Leech therapy in reconstructive maxillofacial surgery — Grobe A et al. (2011)
Evaluation of performance characteristics of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) for the treatment of venous congestion — Conforti ML et al. (2002)
Evaluation of clinically applicable exsanguination treatments to alleviate venous congestion in an animal skin flap model — Cottler PS et al. (1999)
The Use of Medicinal Leeching in Breast Surgery: A Systematic Review — Rajaram R et al. (2024)
Microsurgical ear replantation without venous repair: failure of development of venous channels despite patency of arterial anastomosis for 14 days — Akyurek M et al. (2001)
Hirudotherapy in reconstructive surgery: case-reports and review — Heinz P et al. (2020)
Leech therapy: when once is not enough — West BR et al. (1991)
Salvation of a congested SCIP flap with a modified chemical leech technique — Zhao Y et al. (2024)
Current status of simulation and training models in microsurgery: A systematic review — Javid P et al. (2019)
Neurocircle microsurgery model: Description of simulation-based training and exoscope — Yataco-Wilcas CA et al. (2024)
Low-fidelity simulation models in urology resident microsurgery training — Pinto LOAD et al. (2023)
Validation of Tabletop Microscopes for Microsurgery Simulation and Training — Best DL et al. (2022)
Is There Bias against Simulation in Microsurgery Training? — Theman TA, Labow BI (2016)
IMSS consensus statement on minimum standards for basic microsurgery course — Ghanem A et al. (2020)
Assessment of Microsurgery Simulation Course Access in Plastic Surgery Training Programs — Elver AA et al. (2024)
Development and Validation of a Laryngeal Microsurgery Simulation Training System — Santander MJ et al. (2023)
Microsurgery Training in Plastic Surgery — Kania K et al. (2020)
Microsurgery training: A combined educational program — Beris A et al. (2020)
The Role of Simulation in Microsurgical Training — Evgeniou E et al. (2017)
Learning, teaching, and training in microsurgery: A systematic review — Gavira N et al. (2022)
Beyond Borders: A Global Microsurgery Training and Case Exposure Survey — Chang C et al. (2023)
Acquisition of basic microsurgery skills using home-based simulation training — Malik MM et al. (2017)
Nonbiological Microsurgery Simulators in Plastic Surgery Training: A Systematic Review — Abi-Rafeh J et al. (2019)
Microsurgery Workout: A Novel Simulation Training Curriculum Based on Nonliving Models — Rodriguez JR et al. (2016)
Nurse training with simulation to teach complex microsurgery patient care — Flurry M et al. (2012)
Effectiveness of a microsurgery training program using a chicken wing model — Dave A et al. (2021)
Leech Therapy in the Head and Neck — Moen G, Dillon J (2025)
Replantation of an avulsed ear, using a single arterial anastamosis — O'Toole G et al. (2007)
Successful replantation of the ear as a venous flap — Trovato MJ et al. (2008)
Microsurgical replantation of a partial helix of the ear — Kim KS et al. (2009)
Successful replantation of an amputated earlobe by microvascular anastomosis — Jung SN et al. (2009)
Microsurgical replantation of an ear with no venous repair — Hussey AJ, Kelly JI (2010)
Fingertip replantation without venous anastomosis — Chen YC et al. (2013)
Recommendations for the use of leeches in reconstructive plastic surgery — Mumcuoglu KY (2014)
Management of complications and compromised free flaps following major head and neck surgery — Kucur C et al. (2015)
Compromised breast flap treated with leech therapy, hyperbaric oxygen, pentoxifylline and topical nitroglycerin: A case report — Moffat AD et al. (2015)
Postoperative Digit and Hand Replantation Protocols: A Review of the Literature — Chen C et al. (2021)
Clinical Significance of Leech Therapy in Indian Medicine — Kumar S et al. (2013)
A comparative study of digital nerve and digital arterial repairs performed using running versus interrupted suture techniques in finger replantations — Ozdemir B, Kucukalp A (2023)
Supramicrosurgical ear replantation: case report — Cavadas PC (2002)
Spanish-French leech trade and its consequences: From the increase in medical demand to resource depletion and technical innovation — Copena D, Gomez-Martin M (2024)
From bloodthirsty parasites to surgical superstars: The humble leech, a suck-cess story in surgical history — Bates A (2024)
Single-vessel arteriovenous revascularization of the amputated ear — Zamboni WA et al. (1999)
Medicinal leeches: once again at the forefront of medicine — Wade JW et al. (1990)
Promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis therapy for acute intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Li HQ et al. (2015)
Neuro-immune lessons from an annelid: The medicinal leech — Tasiemski A et al. (2016)
Morphological and molecular characterization of an African freshwater fish trypanosome, including its development in a leech vector — Smit NJ et al. (2020)
Assessing the external validity of the VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART trial — Rylance RT et al. (2021)
Postoperative Digit and Hand Replantation Protocols: A Review of the Literature — Chen C et al. (2021)
Clinical Impact of Intraprocedural Stent Thrombosis During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients Treated With Potent P2Y12 inhibitors - a VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART Substudy — Bergman S et al. (2021)
A comparative study of digital nerve and digital arterial repairs performed using running versus interrupted suture techniques in finger replantations — Ozdemir B et al. (2023)
Determinants of Success in Single- and Multi-Digit Replant — Zhang Z et al. (2021)
Prognostic value of early sustained ventricular arrhythmias in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A substudy of VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART trial — Demidova MM et al. (2022)
Novel fish leech species on Gills of Bighead Carp in China — Lin L et al. (2023)
A review of the genus Agalope Walker (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae, Chalcosiinae) with taxonomic notes and descriptions of three new genera and three new species — Huang SY et al. (2023)
Checklist of Yunnan Papilionidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) with nomenclatural notes and descriptions of new subspecies — Hu SJ et al. (2023)
Clitellate (Annelida: Clitellata) parasites and predators of North American herpetofauna — De Luna M et al. (2024)
Description of a new species of the genus Polycaena Staudinger, 1886 (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae) from China with designation of lectotype of Polycaena lua Grum-Grshimailo, 1891 — Krupitsky AV et al. (2024)
Taxonomic review of the Thysanoptyx Hampson generic complex (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). II. The genus Thysanoplisna Volynkin with descriptions of seven new species from Vietnam and mainland China — Volynkin AV (2024)
Rediscovered historical lots uncover the identity of Nikolaj A. Livanow's Protoclepsis species and clarify the taxonomy of Palearctic waterfowl-associated leeches — Bolotov IN et al. (2025)
VoronaGasyCodes: A Public Database of Mitochondrial Barcodes for Malagasy Birds — Reddy S et al. (2025)
ANNiKEY Linear - diagnoses, descriptions, and a single-access identification key to Annelida family-level taxa — Glasby CJ et al. (2025)
Identifying Two Ectoparasite Species of Mackerel Icefish based on Mitochondrial Gene and Morphology — Zheng Z et al. (2025)
Unusual, Uncommon, Intriguing, and Significant Causes of Kounis Syndrome: Important Medications and Chemicals Used to Treat Kounis Syndrome and Myocardial Infarction Can Cause Kounis Syndrome — Kounis NG et al. (2025)
New butterfly taxa and findings from genomic analyses — Zhang J et al. (2025)
Foot and ankle biomaterials: a comprehensive review of current applications, challenges, and future directions — Elvin P et al. (2026)
Scalp replantation after traumatic injury — Rivera ML et al. (1995)
Complete ear replantation without venous anastomosis — Nath RK et al. (1998)
Hirudotherapy Efficacy and Complications in the Management of Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction: A Systematic Review — Foppiani J et al. (2024)
Argatroban versus Lepirudin in critically ill patients (ALicia): a randomized controlled trial — Treschan TA et al. (2014)
Recombinant hirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass anticoagulation: a randomized, prospective, and heparin-controlled pilot study — Riess FC et al. (2007)
A journey through anticoagulant therapies in the treatment of left ventricular thrombus in post-COVID-19 heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a case report — Lazaro-Garcia A et al. (2022)
Off-pump coronary artery bypass with heparin in a patient with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a case report — Ito Y et al. (2021)
Coronary thrombosis due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia after percutaneous coronary intervention: Easy to miss, uneasy to prevent — Mele M et al. (2020)
A look into stent-related thrombus-burden: Bivalirudin versus heparin — Rajagopalan P et al. (2020)
Bivalirudin use in an infant with persistent clotting on unfractionated heparin — Malloy KM et al. (2011)
Evaluation of dose requirements for prolonged bivalirudin administration in patients with renal insufficiency and suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Wisler JW et al. (2012)
Bivalirudin use during radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures in two patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Baetz BE et al. (2010)
Bivalirudin for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing cardiovascular surgery — Czosnowski QA et al. (2008)
Dosing lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and normal or impaired renal function: a single-center experience with 68 patients — Tschudi M et al. (2008)
Evaluation of a standardized protocol using lepirudin or argatroban for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Kennedy K et al. (2011)
Argatroban Anticoagulation for Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia After Heartmate 3 Implantation: A Case Series — Palacios-Castello C et al. (2026)
Thromboembolism related to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during Impella support after cardiac surgery for free wall rupture: a case report — Aratame A et al. (2026)
Delayed-onset, persisting autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis following craniofacial surgery — Will VJ et al. (2026)
Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia During Multiple Extracorporeal Mechanical Support for Fulminant Myocarditis: A Case Report with a Literature Review — Morita Y et al. (2026)
Improved outcomes with pulsatile paracorporeal ventricular assist device support in children: A single-center experience — Iaprintsev V et al. (2025)
Multicenter Registry Analysis of Bivalirudin for Primary Anticoagulation in Pediatric HeartMate 3 Recipients: ACTION Analysis — Lynch A et al. (2026)
Successful pediatric heart transplantation with bivalirudin use in a cyanotic single ventricle patient with an intracorporeal continuous flow ventricular assist device and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Sainathan S, Mulinari L (2025)
Steroid Utilization for Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device-Associated Inflammation and Association With Outcomes — Ankola AA et al. (2025)
Heparin Versus Bivalirudin in Pediatric Patients Assisted With Mechanical Circulatory Support: A Retrospective Before-and-after Study — Giorni C et al. (2025)
Risk factors for thromboembolic events in pediatric patients with ventricular assist devices — Adderley J et al. (2024)
Improving Mechanical Circulatory Support Outcomes in Failing Bidirectional Glenn Physiology — Kobayashi RL et al. (2024)
Hirudotherapy for Venous Congestion in an Almost Completely Avulsed Earlobe without Microsurgical Repair — Vargas N et al. (2023)
Arterial only anastomosis associated with modified Baudet technique in ear replantation: Case reports and literature review — Pertea M et al. (2021)
Atypical replantation and reconstruction of frozen ear: A case report — Dvorak Z, Stupka I (2020)
Prefilter bivalirudin for preventing hemofilter occlusion in continuous renal replacement therapy — Mueller SW et al. (2009)
Clinical experience of Bushen Huoxue therapy in treatment of infertility due to endometriosis — Ma K et al. (2019)
Medical leech therapy in plastic reconstructive surgery — Houschyar KS et al. (2015)
Medicinal leech therapy in pain syndromes: a narrative review — Koeppen D et al. (2013)
Effect of taleeq (leech therapy) in dawali (varicose veins) — Nigar Z, Alam MA (2011)
Effects and related mechanism of bivalirudin on the survival of random skin flap on the back of rat — Cai LY et al. (2017)
Effect of hyperbaric oxygen and medicinal leeching on survival of axial skin flaps subjected to total venous occlusion — Lozano DD et al. (1999)
Adjunctive use of direct thrombin inhibitors in patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction — French JK et al. (2004)
Off-pump coronary artery bypass with bivalirudin for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or antiplatelet factor four/heparin antibodies — Dyke CM et al. (2007)
Management of anticoagulation in patients with subacute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia scheduled for heart transplantation — Selleng S et al. (2008)
The occurrence of antibodies to heparin-platelet factor 4 in cardiac and thoracic surgical patients receiving desirudin or heparin for postoperative venous thrombosis prophylaxis — Avidan MS et al. (2011)
Ultrasound localization of a tunneled leech beneath a microvascular scalp reconstruction: A case report — Martin G et al. (2013)
Replantation of amputated facial tissues with microvascular anastomosis — Jeng SF et al. (1994)
Prolonged bleeding due to a medicinal leech bite: another treatment method, primary suture — Zengin S et al. (2012)
Microsurgical replantation of the lip: a multi-institutional experience — Walton RL et al. (1998)
Overview of herbal and traditional remedies in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis based on Traditional Persian Medicine — Parvizi MM et al. (2020)
Efficacy and safety of bivalirudin in coronary artery disease patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease: Meta-analysis — Zeng X et al. (2017)
Intracoronary Bivalirudin Bolus in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Treated with Primary Angioplasty: Theoretical Bases, Clinical Experience, and Future Applications — Lupi A et al. (2016)
Bivalirudin for primary percutaneous coronary interventions: outcome assessment in the Ottawa STEMI registry — Hibbert B et al. (2012)
Severe puff adder (Bitis arietans) envenomation with coagulopathy — Lavonas EJ et al. (2002)
Two hour bivalirudin infusion after PCI for ST elevation myocardial infarction — Anderson PR et al. (2011)
Recombinant hirudin in patients with chronic, stable coronary artery disease. Safety, half-life, and effect on coagulation parameters — Zoldhelyi P et al. (1993)
Use of expanded reverse sural artery flap in lower extremity reconstruction — Kose AA et al. (2011)
Microbiota Dynamics: A Key Factor in Hirudotherapy-Related Infections? — Karasartova D et al. (2025)
Scientometric analysis of medicinal leech therapy — Senel E et al. (2019)
Reconstruction of the soft tissue defects of foot and ankle with neural-island flaps: mono-institutional case series — Yu D et al. (2011)
Leech therapy for symptomatic treatment of knee osteoarthritis: results and implications of a pilot study — Michalsen A et al. (2002)
Clinical observation on 30 cases of transient cerebral ischemia attack treated with acupuncture and medication — Feng L et al. (2007)
Bisoprolol for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at high risk of exacerbation: the BICS RCT — Devereux G et al. (2025)
Effects of short-term continuous positive airway pressure on myocardial sympathetic nerve function and energetics in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized study — Hall AB et al. (2014)
Gingivitis from the Viewpoint of Traditional Persian Medicine — Sedigh-Rahimabadi M et al. (2016)
Topical therapies for knee osteoarthritis — Rodriguez-Merchan EC (2018)
10-Year Outcomes of Deferred or Conventional Stent Implantation in Patients With STEMI (DANAMI-3-DEFER) — Marquard JM et al. (2025)
Emergent reuse leech therapy: a better method — West BR et al. (1994)
O08 The elemental clue: a case series of Acrodermatitis enteropathica in a tertiary centre — Jassal-Prior P et al. (2025)
Sennosides vs magnesium hydroxide vs polyethylene glycol as a treatment for constipation in anorectal malformation: a randomized crossover trial — Nate-Anong B et al. (2025)
36-month durability of ultrasound renal denervation for hypertension resistant to combination therapy in RADIANCE-HTN TRIO — Bloch MJ et al. (2024)
Optimizing Opioid Prescription Quantity After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial — Smid MC et al. (2024)
Invasive vs. conservative management of older patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: individual patient data meta-analysis — Kotanidis CP et al. (2024)
Patient-Level Pooled Analysis of Endovascular Ultrasound Renal Denervation or a Sham Procedure 6 Months After Medication Escalation: The RADIANCE Clinical Trial Program — Azizi M et al. (2023)
Cost effectiveness of anticoagulation in acute coronary syndromes — Latour-Prez J et al. (2012)
Anticoagulant for treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism patients with renal dysfunction: A systematic review and network meta-analysis — Fan G et al. (2022)
Systematic review assessing the effectiveness of dietary intervention on gut microbiota in adults with type 2 diabetes — Houghton D et al. (2018)
The TGF-R1 inhibitor galunisertib re-shapes the PDAC-TME by limiting decidual-like natural killer cells polarization — Cucchiara M et al. (2026)
Efficiency of medical leech on experimentally induced incisional wound healing in rats — Bilden A et al. (2025)
Antithrombotic and Antiplatelet Drug Toxicity — Liss DB et al. (2021)
Performance Characteristics of DOAC Dipstick in Determining Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Urine — Harenberg J et al. (2021)
Laboratory determination of old and new targeted anticoagulant agents for prevention of bleeding and thrombotic events in cancer patients — Harenberg J (2016)
Hypersensitivity reactions to modern antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs — Hofmeier KS (2015)
Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy in children with moderate-to-severe eczema: a comparative cohort study — Darn S et al. (2014)
Killed Mycobacterium vaccae suspension in children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial — Berth-Jones J et al. (2006)
Retrospective evaluation of neurotoxic rattlesnake envenomation in dogs and cats: 34 cases (2005-2010) — Julius TM et al. (2012)
Prevention and Treatment of Lower Limb Deep Vein Thrombosis after Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation: Results of a Prospective active controlled Study — Li L et al. (2016)
Paediatric fingertip composite grafts: Do they all go black? — Murphy AD et al. (2016)
Effect of major gastrointestinal tract surgery on the absorption and efficacy of direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) — Hakeam HA et al. (2017)
Safety and Effectiveness of Bivalirudin in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis — Ahmad Hamdi AH et al. (2017)
Neurosurgical simulator for training aneurysm microsurgery-a user suitability study involving neurosurgeons and residents — Joseph FJ et al. (2020)
Pedicled Anterolateral Thigh and Radial Forearm Free Flap Phalloplasty for Penile Reconstruction in Patients With Bladder Exstrophy — Harris TGW et al. (2020)
Long-term clinical results of 33 thumb replantations — Giardi D et al. (2020)
Dabigatran etexilate for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism in children (DIVERSITY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 2b/3, non-inferiority trial — Halton J et al. (2020)
Comparing digital replantation versus revision amputation patient reported outcomes for traumatic digital amputations of the hand: A systematic review and meta-analysis — Stone N et al. (2021)
Prospective Trial of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Continuous Noninvasive Monitoring of Free Fibular Flaps — Ouyang SY et al. (2021)
Intramuscular Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Muscle Flap Monitoring in a Porcine Model — Bai W et al. (2021)
Primary intracranial choriocarcinoma: a case report — Bjornsson J et al. (1986)
Uninterrupted edoxaban vs. vitamin K antagonists for ablation of atrial fibrillation: the ELIMINATE-AF trial — Hohnloser SH et al. (2019)
Anterolateral thigh free flap in reconstruction of lateral skull base defects after oncological resection — Trojanowski P et al. (2019)
Pediatric Digit Replantation Following Traumatic Amputation: Nationwide Analysis of Patient Selection, Outcomes, and Cost — Li NY et al. (2019)
Non-Pharmacological Treatments of Psoriasis in Persian Medicine a Narrative Review — Rasanan FM et al. (2022)
Total lower lip and chin replantation following a trampoline accident: Rescue surgery with intensive leech therapy — Sounthakith V et al. (2026)
Submental flap for reconstruction of anterior skull base, orbital, and high facial defects — Chang BA et al. (2018)
Case report of auricular avulsion injury, repair, and adjunctive treatment — Fischer GA et al. (2026)
Rivaroxaban and apixaban are less effective than enoxaparin for the prevention of catheter-induced clotting invitro — Guan Z et al. (2022)
Endodontic microsurgery virtual reality simulation and digital workflow process in a teaching environment — Carpegna G et al. (2023)
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Continuous Noninvasive Monitoring of Free Flap in Head and Neck Reconstruction: Systematic Review of the Literature and Personal Experience — Festa BM et al. (2023)
Treating Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Patients Undergoing HeartMate 3 Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation — Eisenberger J et al. (2023)
Reattachment of a partially amputated ear without microsurgery — Bozan N et al. (2016)
Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial — Home PD et al. (2009)
Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus — et al. (2010)
Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus — et al. (2010)
Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial — Ismail-Beigi F et al. (2010)
Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes — et al. (2011)
Serendipitous diagnosis of protein S deficiency — Aguirre A et al. (2002)
Protocol for a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of prognostic factors of foot ulceration in people with diabetes: the international research collaboration for the prediction of diabetic foot ulcerations (PODUS) — Crawford F et al. (2013)
Thrombosis during off pump LVAD placement in a patient with heparin induced thrombocytopenia using bivalirudin — Awad H et al. (2013)
Antithrombotic drugs in cardiovascular medicine: a year in review — Ibrahim H et al. (2018)
Utility of Routine Laboratory Biomarkers to Detect COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis — Suklan J et al. (2021)
Medicinal Leeches to Aid in Post-procedural Hematoma Evacuation — Marquez-Gil KY et al. (2023)
Acrometastasis as a mimic of complex regional pain syndrome — Leech HX et al. (2023)
Adipofascial anterolateral thigh free flap in head and neck reconstruction: a case series — Sorrentino JM et al. (2025)
Argatroban plus dual antiplatelet therapy: Preliminary evidence for managing early neurological deterioration after lacunar stroke — Zhang H et al. (2025)
[Anticoagulation in critical care] — Ptzsch B et al. (2026)
Mystical Effect of Leech Therapy an Alternative Ayurvedic Intervention in Thrombophlebitis: A Case Report — Dagar M et al. (2025)
An unusual cause of hemoptysis: a leech — Hanim FZ (2012)
An unusual cause of unilateral epistaxis: a leech in the nose — Yasar M (2025)
Evaluation of recombinant hirudin (CGP 39,393/TMREVASC) in the prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty — Herrman JP (1995)
A comparison of hirudin with heparin in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Helvetica Investigators — Serruys PW (1995)
Comparative trial of local pharmacotherapy with L-arginine, r-hirudin, and molsidomine to reduce restenosis after balloon angioplasty of stenotic rabbit iliac arteries — Kalinowski M (2001)
Drug-eluting stents in vascular intervention — Fattori R (2003)
Pharmacological approaches for the prevention of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention — Lefkovits J (1997)
Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: II. Possibilities for pharmacologic intervention — Boger RH (1996)
Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty — Barry WL (1994)
Relationship between activated clotting time and ischemic or hemorrhagic complications: analysis of 4 recent randomized clinical trials of percutaneous coronary intervention — Brener SJ (2004)
Differential antithrombotic therapy in patients with low and high PTCA risk — Silber S (1996)
Future prospects of prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis — Pini M (1999)
Successful results with the use of a new reconstruction material for soft tissue defects of the lower extremity: neurocutaneous flaps — Giderolu K et al. (2004)
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in rheumatoid arthritis — Morand EF et al. (2005)
Argatroban anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring renal replacement therapy — Reddy BV et al. (2005)
Argatroban therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with hepatic dysfunction — Levine RL et al. (2006)
Predictive factors for thrombosis and major bleeding in an observational study in 181 patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia treated with lepirudin — Tardy B et al. (2006)
Leeches in the intensive care unit: nursing care — de Los Mozos-Prez B et al. (2007)
Reduced argatroban doses after coronary artery bypass graft surgery — Hoffman WD et al. (2008)
Argatroban anticoagulation in renal dysfunction: a literature analysis — Hursting MJ et al. (2008)
Nonarterialized venous replantation of part of amputated thumb-a case report and review of the literature — Kalimuthu R et al. (2006)
Reducing harm associated with anticoagulation: practical considerations of argatroban therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Hursting MJ et al. (2009)
Prolonged elevation of plasma argatroban in a cardiac transplant patient with a suspected history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis — Genzen JR et al. (2009)
Argatroban therapy for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in ICU patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: a retrospective study — Saugel B et al. (2010)
Management of venous thrombosis in fibular free osseomusculocutaneous flaps used for mandibular reconstruction: clinical techniques and treatment considerations — Draenert FG et al. (2010)
A case of irritant contact dermatitis with leech — Karadag AS et al. (2011)
Reversal of transfusion dependence by tumor necrosis factor inhibitor treatment in a patient with concurrent rheumatoid arthritis and primary myelofibrosis — Ong A et al. (2011)
Prognostic value of the SYNTAX score in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: analysis from the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage StrategY) trial — Palmerini T et al. (2011)
How serious a problem is bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes? — Baber U et al. (2011)
Anaphylactoid reactions associated with contaminated heparin from China — Montpas N et al. (2011)
The RCPCH care pathway for children at risk of anaphylaxis: an evidence and consensus based national approach to caring for children with life-threatening allergies — Clark A et al. (2011)
Flaps pedicled on the superficial temporal artery and vein in facial reconstruction: a versatile option with a venous pitfall — Ausen K et al. (2011)
Clinical experience with argatroban for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a large teaching hospital — Bates D et al. (2009)
Case study: contamination of heparin with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate — Chess EK et al. (2012)
Outcomes of patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting and acute coronary syndromes: analysis from the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) trial — Nikolsky E et al. (2012)
Strategies to increase flap survival in nasal reconstruction in patients with deep panfacial burns — Medina A et al. (2013)
Quantitative analysis of hemodynamics of congested island flaps under leech therapy — Kashiwagi K et al. (2013)
Scientific foundation and possible implications for practice of the Minimizing Adverse Haemorrhagic Events by Transradial Access Site andSystemic Implementation of AngioX (MATRIX) trial — Valgimigli M et al. (2014)
Contaminated heparin and outcomes after cardiac surgery: a retrospective propensity-matched cohort study — Kaiser HA et al. (2014)
MULTInational non-interventional study of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with PRimary Angioplasty and Concomitant use of upstream antiplatelet therapy with prasugrel or clopidogrel--the European MULTIPRAC Registry — Clemmensen P et al. (2014)
Prognostic value of angiographic lesion complexity in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (from the acute catheterization and urgent intervention triage strategy trial) — Goto K et al. (2014)
Design and rationale for the Minimizing Adverse haemorrhagic events by TRansradial access site and systemic Implementation of angioX program — Valgimigli M et al. (2014)
Bivalirudin for acute coronary syndromes: premises, promises and doubts — Capodanno D et al. (2014)
Comprehensive meta-analysis of safety and efficacy of bivalirudin versus heparin with or without routine glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with acute coronary syndrome — Navarese EP et al. (2014)
Management of allergy to penicillins and other beta-lactams — Mirakian R et al. (2015)
Bivalirudin as compared to unfractionated heparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization: A meta-analysis of 22 randomized trials — Verdoia M et al. (2015)
The Reverse Superficial Sural Artery Flap Revisited for Complex Lower Extremity and Foot Reconstruction — Sugg KB et al. (2015)
Safety of live attenuated influenza vaccine in young people with egg allergy: multicentre prospective cohort study — Turner PJ et al. (2015)
Reverse posterior interosseous flap for defects of the dorsal ulnar wrist using previously burned and recently grafted skin — Baylan JM et al. (2015)
Potential mechanism of acute stent thrombosis with bivalirudin following percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes — Laine M et al. (2016)
Determining the appropriate number and duration of leech therapy in congested tissues using tissue spectrophotometry and laser Doppler flowmetry — Rothenberger J et al. (2016)
Effect of valve design and anticoagulation strategy on 30-day clinical outcomes in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Results from the BRAVO 3 randomized trial — Linke A et al. (2017)
Antithrombotic Strategies in Valvular and Structural Heart Disease Interventions: Current Status and Future Directions — Capodanno D et al. (2013)
Antithrombotic strategies in the catheterization laboratory for patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: insights from the EmploYEd antithrombotic therapies in patients with acute coronary Syndromes HOspitalized in iTalian cardiac care units Registry — De Luca L et al. (2017)
Heightened autoantibody immune response to citrullinated calreticulin in bronchiectasis: Implications for rheumatoid arthritis — Clarke A et al. (2017)
Management of refractory bleeding post-cardiopulmonary bypass in an acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II renal failure patient who underwent urgent cardiac surgery with bivalirudin (Angiox) anticoagulation — Hassen K et al. (2017)
Bivalirudin versus heparin in patients undergoing percutaneous transcatheter aortic valve interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis — Villablanca PA et al. (2017)
Stroke After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Incidence, Definitions, Etiologies and Management Options — Patel PA et al. (2017)
Efficacy and safety of bivalirudin for percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials — Nhrenberg TG et al. (2018)
Exploring the Difference in Post-procedural Stroke Rates Between Patients with Aortic Stenosis Who Undergo Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement — Burke H et al. (2018)
Usefulness of Clopidogrel Loading in Patients Who Underwent Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (from the BRAVO-3 Randomized Trial) — Nijenhuis VJ et al. (2019)
Revacept, a Novel Inhibitor of Platelet Adhesion, in Patients Undergoing Elective PCI-Design and Rationale of the Randomized ISAR-PLASTER Trial — Schpke S et al. (2019)
Crude Heparin Preparations Unveil the Presence of Structurally Diverse Oversulfated Contaminants — Mendes A et al. (2019)
Impact of diabetes mellitus on short term vascular complications after TAVR: Results from the BRAVO-3 randomized trial — Goel R et al. (2019)
The importance of the Heart Team evaluation before transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Results from the BRAVO-3 trial — Camaj A et al. (2020)
Lack of association between clinical and ultrasound measures of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis remission — Baker KF et al. (2020)
Supplemental Fibrinogen Restores Platelet Inhibitor-Induced Reduction in Thrombus Formation without Altering Platelet Function: An In Vitro Study — Brnthaler T et al. (2020)
Assessment of platelet biology in equine patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome — Ehrmann C et al. (2020)
A novel oncotherapy strategy: Direct thrombin inhibitors suppress progression, dissemination and spontaneous metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer — Zhao B et al. (2021)
Flap Venous Congestion and Salvage Techniques: A Systematic Literature Review — Boissiere F et al. (2021)
Incidence, predictors, and outcomes associated with acute kidney injury in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: from the BRAVO-3 randomized trial — Chandrasekhar J et al. (2021)
Impact of anemia on short-term outcomes after TAVR: A subgroup analysis from the BRAVO-3 randomized trial — Razuk V et al. (2021)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia After Mitral Valve Replacement — Tugulan C et al. (2021)
BSACI 2021 guideline for the management of egg allergy — Leech SC et al. (2021)
Reperfusion After Fibrinolytic Therapy (RAFT): An open-label, multi-centre, randomised controlled trial of bivalirudin versus heparin in rescue percutaneous coronary intervention — Faour A et al. (2021)
Impact of coronary artery disease on clinical outcomes after TAVR: Insights from the BRAVO-3 randomized trial — Feldman D et al. (2023)
Bivalirudin in acute coronary syndromes — Galli M et al. (2023)
Comparison of Outcomes in Patients Requiring Mechanical Circulatory Support Who Received Cangrelor in Addition to Anticoagulation Versus Anticoagulation Alone — Martin TC et al. (2024)
Heparin-induced DRESS syndrome in a paediatric patient and successful anaesthetic management in cardiovascular bypass surgery: case report — Pea-Blanco L et al. (2024)
What do we know about dietary perceptions and beliefs of patients with rheumatoid arthritis? A scoping review — Termine M et al. (2024)
Successful Thrombolytic Therapy forMechanical Mitral Valve ThrombosisUsing Bivalirudin-Based Thrombolytic Regimen — Alaiwah M et al. (2025)
2025 Guidelines for direct oral anticoagulants: a practical guidance on the prescription, laboratory testing, peri-operative and bleeding management — Tran HA et al. (2025)
Sonorheometry parameters during dabigatran reversal with idarucizumab for major bleeding — Teissandier D et al. (2025)
Diagnostics and management of direct oral anticoagulants-induced bleeding — von Heymann C et al. (2025)
Thrombosis and Coagulopathy — Savi M et al. (2025)
Management of emergencies in direct oral anticoagulant-treated patients: practice pearls — Ztroch I et al. (2025)
Cost-effectiveness of dabigatran for thromboembolic events prevention in atrial fibrillation patients in Chile — Abbot T et al. (2025)
Platelet derived prothrombotic microparticles and adverse events in patients supported with Impella 5.5 — D'Ettore N et al. (2025)
Optimization of conditions related to Chrono-log platelet aggregation in feline whole blood — Huang W et al. (2025)
Latin America Multidisciplinary Consensus Panel on Management of Severe Bleeding in the Anticoagulated Patient — Pontes-Neto OM et al. (2025)
Idarucizumab Reversal in Subdural Hemorrhage: A Single-Center Experience — Mrvar Breko A et al. (2025)
The clinical efficacy of herbal medicines containing leeches in the treatment of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Ziyuan Z et al. (2025)
Identifying and Prioritising BSACI Service Standards for Paediatric Allergy in the United Kingdom — Turner PJ et al. (2025)
Emergency Reversal of Antithrombotics in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Update — Li M et al. (2025)
Post-Ablation Stroke Despite NOAC Use: Successful Reperfusion Therapy After Dabigatran Reversal with Incidental Discovery of a Large MCA Aneurysm-A Case Report — Sari SM et al. (2025)
Balancing Bleeding and Thrombosis in Dental Management of Patients on Novel Oral Anticoagulants: A Narrative Evidence Synthesis — Choudhary RS et al. (2025)
Role of argatroban infusion in controlling clot formation in post-cardiac surgical extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pediatrics: A case series of three patients — Samhan LM et al. (2026)
Dabigatran-induced Gastrointestinal Bleed Treated by 4-factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Sikkim — Dhakal M et al. (2026)
Anticoagulation Stewardship Program in the DOAC Era — Ng JX et al. (2026)
Intravenous thrombolysis for acute cerebral embolism during atrial fibrillation ablation: a case report and systematic review with meta-analysis — Cai B et al. (2026)
Safety and Outcomes of Dabigatran Reversal With Idarucizumab Before IV Thrombolysis in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke — Sflund M et al. (2026)
Anticoagulation associated intracerebral haemorrhage trends, treatment and outcomes in a metropolitan cohort: analysed by availability of specific versus non-specific reversal agents — El-Masri S et al. (2026)
Microvascular replantation of a traumatically amputated ear — Funk GF et al. (1996)
Medicinal leeches used to salvage a traumatic nasal flap — Mortenson BW (1998)
Cardiopulmonary bypass in humans: bypassing unfractionated heparin. — Frederiksen (2000)
Cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. — Follis et al. (2000)
Lower extremity microsurgical reconstruction. — Heller et al. (2001)
Alternatives to unfractionated heparin for anticoagulation in cardiopulmonary bypass. — von Segesser et al. (2001)
Heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuits: current status. — Hsu (2001)
Presentation, management and outcomes of thrombosis for children with cardiomyopathy. — McCrindle et al. (2006)
Comparison of alteplase and heparin in maintaining the patency of paediatric central venous haemodialysis lines: a randomised controlled trial. — Gittins et al. (2006)
Implantable Doppler flow system: experience with 24 microvascular free-flap operations. — Pryor et al. (2006)
Microvascular flap reconstruction by otolaryngologists: prevalence, postoperative care, and monitoring techniques. — Spiegel et al. (2007)
Continuous postoperative monitoring of cutaneous free flaps using near infrared spectroscopy. — Repez et al. (2007)
Allergy to protamine. — Weiss et al. (1991)
Bivalirudin. — Warkentin et al. (2008)
Locking solutions for hemodialysis catheters; heparin and citrate--a position paper by ASDIN. — Moran et al. (2008)
Near infrared spectroscopy for monitoring flap viability following breast reconstruction. — Whitaker et al. (2011)
Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. — Douketis et al. (2012)
Dabigatran or warfarin for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation? A closer look at the RE-LY trial. — DiNicolantonio (2012)
Meta-analysis comparing bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy on ischemic and bleeding outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention. — Bertrand et al. (2012)
Anticoagulation in pregnancy. — Goland et al. (2012)
Direct thrombin inhibitors for management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients receiving renal replacement therapy: comparison of clinical outcomes. — Abel et al. (2012)
Rivaroxaban in atrial fibrillation. — Giorgi et al. (2012)
Current evidence for postoperative monitoring of microvascular free flaps: a systematic review. — Chae et al. (2015)
A prospective analysis of free flap monitoring techniques: physical examination, external Doppler, implantable Doppler, and tissue oximetry. — Lohman et al. (2012)
Sodium citrate 4% versus heparin as a lock solution in hemodialysis patients with central venous catheters. — Yon et al. (2013)
Central venous catheter care for the patient with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. — Schiffer et al. (2013)
Treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis. — Lee et al. (2013)
Breast reconstruction following conservative mastectomies: predictors of complications and outcomes. — Voineskos et al. (2015)
Bivalirudin as an Alternative to Heparin for Anticoagulation in Infants and Children. — Buck (2015)
Low dose heparin lock (1000 U/mL) maintains tunnelled hemodialysis catheter patency when compared with high dose heparin (5000 U/mL): A randomised controlled trial. — Chu et al. (2016)
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Without Heparin. — Rehfeldt et al. (2016)
Meta-Analysis of Effects of Bivalirudin Versus Heparin on Myocardial Ischemic and Bleeding Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. — Barria Perez et al. (2016)
Deciphering the Sensitivity and Specificity of the Implantable Doppler Probe in Free Flap Monitoring. — Chang et al. (2016)
Head and neck microvascular free flap reconstruction: An analysis of unplanned readmissions. — Carniol et al. (2016)
Low-dose versus high-dose heparin locks for hemodialysis catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Han et al. (2016)
EULAR recommendations for women's health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome. — Andreoli et al. (2016)
What Are the Optimal Monitoring Techniques in Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction? — Moubayed et al. (2016)
Dabigatran in real-world atrial fibrillation. Meta-analysis of observational comparison studies with vitamin K antagonists. — Carmo et al. (2016)
Dabigatran enhances platelet reactivity and platelet thrombin receptor expression in patients with atrial fibrillation. — Achilles et al. (2017)
Lower Extremity Reconstruction with Free Gracilis Flaps. — Franco et al. (2016)
Dabigatran Etexilate: A Review in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. — Blair et al. (2017)
Dabigatran in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: from clinical trials to real-life experience. — Mumoli et al. (2017)
Free Flap Reconstruction Monitoring Techniques and Frequency in the Era of Restricted Resident Work Hours. — Patel et al. (2017)
Anticoagulation in the management of neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Rossor et al. (2018)
Modern postoperative monitoring of free flaps. — Kääriäinen et al. (2018)
Anticoagulation during ECMO in neonatal and paediatric patients. — Barton et al. (2018)
Anticoagulation for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. — Sobieraj et al. (2018)
Management of antiphospholipid syndrome. — Uthman et al. (2018)
Long-Term Outcome after Successful Lower Extremity Free Flap Salvage. — Bigdeli et al. (2018)
Sex-related response to bivalirudin and unfractionated heparin in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A subgroup analysis of the VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART trial. — Venetsanos et al. (2018)
State of the Art Management of Mechanical Heart Valves During Pregnancy. — Aggarwal et al. (2018)
Treatment algorithm in cancer-associated thrombosis: Canadian expert consensus. — Carrier et al. (2018)
Oral Anticoagulation. — Altiok et al. (2018)
Microsurgical Reconstruction of the Lower Extremity. — Pederson et al. (2019)
Outcomes following head neck free flap reconstruction requiring interposition vein graft or vascular bridge flap. — Di Taranto et al. (2019)
EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. — Tektonidou et al. (2019)
Free Flap Outcomes of Microvascular Reconstruction after Repeated Segmental Mandibulectomy in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. — Lin et al. (2019)
Safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban in pediatric cerebral venous thrombosis (EINSTEIN-Jr CVT). — Connor et al. (2020)
ASH ISTH NHF WFH 2021 guidelines on the management of von Willebrand disease. — Connell et al. (2021)
Locoregional Flaps in Lower Extremity Reconstruction. — Pu (2021)
Free Flaps in Lower Extremity Reconstruction. — Pu (2021)
Mechanical heart valve thrombosis during pregnancy under nonwarfarin anticoagulation therapy: Twocase report and literature review. — Huang et al. (2021)
Comparison of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and implantable Doppler in the monitoring of a vascularised fibular free flap for reconstruction of the mandible. — Tabrizi et al. (2020)
Outcomes in Head and Neck Free Flap Reconstruction Among Patients With a History of Venous Thromboembolism. — Crippen et al. (2021)
Cancer-Associated Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis. — Cohen et al. (2021)
Cost-Effectiveness of Vioptix versus Clinical Examination for Flap Monitoring of Autologous Free Tissue Breast Reconstruction. — Schoenbrunner et al. (2021)
Consensus of free flap complications: Using a nomenclature paradigm in microvascular head and neck reconstruction. — Mady et al. (2021)
Management of Life-Threatening Bleeding in Patients With Mechanical Heart Valves. — Huda et al. (2021)
Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. — Stevens et al. (2021)
Implantable Doppler Removal After Free Flap Monitoring Among Head and Neck Microvascular Surgeons. — Ong et al. (2021)
Sarcopenia and microvascular free flap reconstruction. — Chen et al. (2021)
New Internet-Based Warfarin Anticoagulation Management Approach After Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement: Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial. — Zhu et al. (2021)
Personalizing the decision of dabigatran versus warfarin in atrial fibrillation: A secondary analysis of the Randomized Evaluation of Long-term anticoagulation therapY (RE-LY) trial. — Reinhardt et al. (2021)
Does anticoagulation improve outcomes of microvascular free flap reconstruction following head and neck surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Dawoud et al. (2022)
Jehovah's witness head and neck free flap reconstruction patient outcomes. — Lin et al. (2022)
Textbook outcomes in DIEP flap breast reconstruction: a Delphi study to establish consensus. — Shammas et al. (2022)
Pregnancy After Cardiac Surgery. — Makhija et al. (2022)
Antiphospholipid syndrome, antiphospholipid antibodies, and stroke. — Mittal et al. (2023)
DIEP flap in breast reconstruction: A morbidity study of bilateral versus unilateral reconstruction. — Laurent et al. (2023)
NEOnatal Central-venous Line Observational study on Thrombosis (NEOCLOT): evaluation of a national guideline on management of neonatal catheter-related venous thrombosis. — van Ommen et al. (2022)
Umbilical Complications following DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction: Demonstrating the Added Benefit of Preoperative Imaging. — Huang et al. (2022)
Reducing donor-site complications in DIEP flap breast reconstruction with closed incisional negative pressure therapy: A cost-benefit analysis. — Munro et al. (2022)
Canadian Trends in Free Flap Management for Microsurgical Lower Limb Reconstruction. — Bonapace-Potvin et al. (2021)
Antiphospholipid syndrome: advances in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management. — Knight et al. (2023)
Antiphospholipid syndrome management: a 2023 update and practical algorithm-based approach. — Ambati et al. (2023)
Updates in Traumatic Lower Extremity Free Flap Reconstruction. — Lee et al. (2023)
The Use of the Implantable Doppler Probe as a Blood Flow Monitoring Device in Clinical Settings: A Narrative Review of the Evidence. — Malik et al. (2023)
Harms Reporting in Systematic Reviews of the Microvascular Free Flap in Head and Neck Reconstruction. — Wilson et al. (2023)
Cancer-associated thrombosis: enhanced awareness and pathophysiologic complexity. — Falanga et al. (2023)
Prolonged infusion of bivalirudin after elective percutaneous coronary intervention protects against procedural myocardial injury (a COBER study)-a randomized trial. — Wu et al. (2023)
Clinical Outcomes of Anticoagulated Patients With Atrial Fibrillation After Falls or Head Injury: Insights From RE-LY. — Caldeira et al. (2023)
SCIP flap in head and neck reconstruction after oncologic ablative surgery: a systematic review. — Rosti et al. (2023)
Effect of machine learning-guided haemodynamic optimization on postoperative free flap perfusion in reconstructive maxillofacial surgery: A study protocol. — Pražetina et al. (2023)
Apixaban versus no anticoagulation for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or lymphoma (PREVAPIX-ALL): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. — O'Brien et al. (2023)
Apixaban for Prevention of Thromboembolism in Pediatric Heart Disease. — Payne et al. (2023)
When Direct Oral Anticoagulants Should Not Be Standard Treatment: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. — Bejjani et al. (2024)
Mental health is strongly associated with capability after lower extremity injury treated with free flap limb salvage or amputation. — Krijgh et al. (2024)
Outcomes of Head and Neck Free Tissue Transfer Requiring Vein Grafting: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Kota et al. (2024)
Dilemmas in the diagnosis and management of antiphospholipid syndrome. — Manning et al. (2024)
Management options for pediatric venous thromboembolic disease: Beyond anticoagulation with endovascular therapies. — Mitta et al. (2024)
Evaluation and Management of Mechanical Heart Valve Dysfunction and Thrombosis. — Parizher et al. (2024)
Management of Neonatal Aortic Thrombosis: Challenges and Outcomes With Systemic and Intra-arterial Thrombolysis. — Reddy et al. (2024)
Microvascular Free-Flap Head and Neck Reconstruction: The Utility of the Modified Frailty Five-Item Index. — Othman et al. (2024)
Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. — Soto-Peleteiro et al. (2024)
Thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome: From guidelines to clinical management. — Paredes-Ruiz et al. (2024)
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: Lessons from the "CAPS Registry". — Rodriguez-Pintó et al. (2024)
Sequential Free Flaps in Lower Extremity Reconstruction. — Huang et al. (2025)
Impact of closed-incision negative pressure therapy in donor-site complications in DIEP flap breast reconstruction: Analysis of 705 patients and 1125 flaps. — Escobar-Domingo et al. (2025)
Anticoagulation management and poor clinical outcomes in tamariki and rangatahi with rheumatic heart disease following mechanical valve replacement surgery in Counties Manukau. — Tangirala et al. (2025)
Perforator-Related Risk Factors for Perfusion-Related Complications in DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction. — Suhail Ds et al. (2025)
American Society of Hematology/International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2024 updated guidelines for treatment of venous thromboembolism in pediatric patients. — Monagle et al. (2025)
Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Patients With Cancer-Associated Thrombosis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. — Mousavi et al. (2025)
Achieving Textbook Outcomes in Bilateral DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction: Does a Co-Surgeon Matter? — DeVito et al. (2025)
Impact of postoperative complications on patient-reported outcomes in deep inferior epigastric perforator flap breast reconstruction. — Guo et al. (2025)
Comparison of outcomes of arterial end-to-side versus end-to-end anastomosis in autologous deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction: DIEP-ES study protocol. — Didzun et al. (2025)
Superficial Vein Thrombosis: A Review. — Piazza et al. (2025)
Monitoring free flaps with Cook-Swartz implantable Doppler probe in head-and-neck reconstruction. — Cervini et al. (2025)
Near infra-red spectroscopy: a non-invasive monitor of perfusion and oxygenation within the microcirculation of limbs and flaps. — Irwin et al. (1995)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia--recognition and treatment. — Miller (2003)
Management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a critical comparison of lepirudin and argatroban. — Warkentin (2003)
Dextran-related complications in head and neck microsurgery: do the benefits outweigh the risks? A prospective randomized analysis. — Disa et al. (2003)
Overview of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Spinler et al. (2003)
Treatment options for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Greinacher (2003)
Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: is there a role for bivalirudin? — Seybert et al. (2006)
Diagnosis and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — de Maistre et al. (2006)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: treatment options and special considerations. — Dager et al. (2007)
Argatroban: a review of its use in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Dhillon (2009)
Prevention of thrombosis in hypercoagulable patients undergoing microsurgery: A novel anticoagulation protocol. — Nelson et al. (2016)
Edoxaban: A direct oral anticoagulant. — Poulakos et al. (2017)
Anticoagulation Therapy in Children. — Radulescu (2017)
Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Greinacher et al. (2017)
Direct oral anticoagulants: An update. — Franco Moreno et al. (2017)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Infants after Heart Surgery. — Abdillah et al. (2018)
Bivalirudin Anticoagulation Dosing Protocol for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Retrospective Review. — Netley et al. (2018)
Diagnosis and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a consensus statement from the Thrombosis and Haemostasis Society of Australia and New Zealand HIT Writing Group. — Joseph et al. (2019)
Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update. — Key et al. (2019)
The Effects of Dextran on Postoperative Thrombosis and Hemodilution in Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction. — Filipan et al. (2020)
Heparin vs bivalirudin anticoagulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. — Kaseer et al. (2020)
Cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: Treatment and prevention with rivaroxaban. — Bauersachs et al. (2020)
Thrombosis and bleedings in a cohort of cancer patients treated with apixaban for venous thromboembolism. — Hannevik et al. (2020)
Diagnosis and Treatment of Lower Extremity Venous Thromboembolism: A Review. — Chopard et al. (2020)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. — Hvas et al. (2021)
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Complications in Heparin- and Bivalirudin-Treated Patients. — Giuliano et al. (2021)
The efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of the acute phase of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic review. — Sadowski et al. (2024)
Antithrombotic prophylaxis following total knee arthroplasty: a level I Bayesian network meta-analysis. — Migliorini et al. (2024)
Bleeding Complications between Bivalirudin and Heparin for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Neonates with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. — Credille et al. (2024)
Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Budd-Chiari Syndrome. — Thapa et al. (2024)
Anticoagulation Management During ECMO: Narrative Review. — Vajter et al. (2025)
Efficacy and Morbidity of Heparin Infusion in Salvaging Autologous Breast Reconstruction Free Flaps. — Odorico et al. (2025)
Venous Thromboembolism Therapy with Edoxaban in Daily Care Patients: Results from the DRESDEN NOAC REGISTRY. — Tittl et al. (2025)
Effectiveness and safety of bivalirudin anticoagulation therapy in adult patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Hu et al. (2025)
Revisiting Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia among Patients Undergoing Free Tissue Transfer: A Systematic Review. — Yamin et al. (2025)
Preoperative Deep and Superficial Venous Thrombosis in Limb Salvage Candidates: A Contraindication to Microsurgical Free Flap Reconstruction? Lessons Learned from Our 13-year Institutional Experience. — Rohrich et al. (2025)
Vascular complications of vascularized composite tissue transfer: outcome and salvage techniques. — Yajima et al. (1993)
Anticoagulation for prosthetic heart valves during pregnancy: is low-molecular-weight heparin an alternative?. — Leyh et al. (2002)
Treatment of acute ischemic stroke: recent progress. — Tanahashi et al. (2002)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Chong (2003)
LMWH for perioperative anticoagulation in patients on chronic warfarin therapy. — Heuts et al. (2004)
Argatroban anticoagulation in patients with acute ischemic stroke (ARGIS-1): a randomized, placebo-controlled safety study. — LaMonte et al. (2004)
Ximelagatran--a promising new drug in thromboembolic disorders. — Petersen (2005)
Low-molecular-weight heparins during pregnancy. — Many et al. (2005)
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran. — Wolzt et al. (2005)
Low-molecular-weight-heparins as periprocedural anticoagulation for patients on long-term warfarin therapy: a standardized bridging therapy protocol. — Jaffer et al. (2005)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Warkentin (2007)
Argatroban use in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Boggio et al. (2008)
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia. — Gupta et al. (2008)
Anticoagulation of patients on chronic warfarin undergoing arrhythmia device surgery: wide variability of perioperative bridging in Canada. — Krahn et al. (2009)
Update on perioperative bridging in patients on chronic oral anticoagulation. — Faltas et al. (2009)
Periprocedural bridging anticoagulation: current perspectives. — Palaniswamy et al. (2011)
A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey. — Pisters et al. (2010)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Szokol (2010)
[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]. — Thiele et al. (2010)
CASE REPORT Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction Salvage Following Late Venous Congestion After Discharge. — Chan et al. (2010)
Pharmacology of argatroban. — Jeske et al. (2010)
Comparative validation of a novel risk score for predicting bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: the HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal Renal/Liver Function, Stroke, Bleeding History or Predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs/Alcohol Concomitantly) score. — Lip et al. (2011)
Update in bridging anticoagulation. — Kaatz et al. (2011)
Successful salvage of venous thrombosis of a free flap by creation of a venocutaneous fistula. — Jones et al. (2011)
[Coagulation Monitoring using ROTEM(®): Pro]. — Fries (2011)
A randomized evaluation of simulation training on performance of vascular anastomosis on a high-fidelity in vivo model: the role of deliberate practice. — Price et al. (2011)
Net clinical benefit of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus no treatment in a 'real world' atrial fibrillation population: a modelling analysis based on a nationwide cohort study. — Banerjee et al. (2012)
Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. — Friberg et al. (2012)
Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. — Linkins et al. (2012)
VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. — Bates et al. (2012)
Versatility of the anterolateral thigh free flap: the four seasons flap. — Di et al. (2012)
The Pharmacotherapy of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) : A Review of Contemporary Therapeutic Challenges in Clinical Practice. — Hassan et al. (2008)
A randomized controlled trial of dabigatran versus warfarin for periablation anticoagulation in patients undergoing ablation of atrial fibrillation. — Nin et al. (2013)
Stroke and bleeding risk assessment in atrial fibrillation: when, how, and why?. — Lip (2013)
Bleeding risk assessment in patients with atrial fibrillation who are taking oral anticoagulants. — Guo et al. (2013)
Current periprocedural anticoagulation in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: could bivalirudin be an option? Rationale and design of the BRAVO 2/3 studies. — Sergie et al. (2013)
Recommendations for the emergency management of complications associated with the new direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban. — Steiner et al. (2013)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Unknown (2013)
Free deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap for reconstruction of soft-tissue defects in extremities of children. — Tang et al. (2013)
Anticoagulation management of patients with long-term warfarin therapy after valve replacement during the perioperative period of pacemaker implantation. — Han et al. (2013)
A single centre experience of the efficacy and safety of dabigatran etexilate used for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. — Yap et al. (2014)
An old controversy revisited-one versus two venous anastomoses in microvascular head and neck reconstruction using anterolateral thigh flap. — Chen et al. (2014)
Bivalirudin vs Heparin in Patients Who Undergo Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation. — Lange et al. (2015)
Outcomes and costs of left atrial appendage closure from randomized controlled trial and real-world experience relative to oral anticoagulation. — Panikker et al. (2016)
Is the ORBIT Bleeding Risk Score Superior to the HAS-BLED Score in Anticoagulated Atrial Fibrillation Patients?. — Esteve-Pastor et al. (2016)
[Real-world data on novel oral anticoagulants: the added value of registries and observational studies. Focus on apixaban]. — Pelliccia et al. (2016)
Renal Function Considerations for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. — Fanikos et al. (2017)
Low molecular weight heparin use during pregnancy and risk of postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Sirico et al. (2019)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia. — Prince et al. (2018)
Bariatric venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: an update on the literature. — Hamadi et al. (2019)
Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Obesity: An Updated Literature Review. — Sebaaly et al. (2020)
Use of direct-acting oral anticoagulants in solid organ transplantation: A systematic review. — Bixby et al. (2021)
Learning microvascular anastomosis: Analysis of practice patterns. — Mokhtari et al. (2021)
Dabigatran versus vitamin K antagonists for atrial fibrillation in clinical practice: final outcomes from Phase III of the GLORIA-AF registry. — Huisman et al. (2022)
Protocols for perioperative management of direct oral anticoagulants in hospitals: opportunities for improvement. — Mitrovic et al. (2023)
Simulation of Reconstructive Microsurgery in Soft Embalmed Cadavers: A Teaching Module for Plastic Surgery Residents. — Manikumari et al. (2022)
Low-Dose Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for Thromboprophylaxis During Pregnancy. — Rosenberg (2023)
Training in microvascular anastomosis - A randomized comparative study between chicken thigh specimen and live rat. — Fleurette et al. (2023)
Argatroban in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke With Early Neurological Deterioration: A Randomized Clinical Trial. — Zhang et al. (2024)
Feasibility and practicality of a novel teaching aid for microvascular anastomosis simulation training in neurosurgery generated by 3D printing. — Shi et al. (2025)
Evaluation of gaps in direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) management in an outpatient underserved clinic: a cross-sectional study. — Alghamdi et al. (2025)
Comprehensive Coagulation Management in Cardiac Surgery: Anticoagulants, Heparin Resistance, Monitoring, and Bleeding Risks : Coagulation Management in Cardiac Surgery. — Negargar et al. (2025)
Risk stratification of acute pulmonary embolism. — de Wit et al. (2023)
Submassive Pulmonary Embolism. — Rali et al. (2018)
Platelet function assays. — Rand et al. (2003)
Guidelines for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. — Alonso de Leciñana et al. (2011)
Reversal of anticoagulant effects in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. — Yates et al. (2015)
Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke on Anticoagulation Therapy. — Černík et al. (2018)
Medical Management for Secondary Stroke Prevention. — Kim (2020)
[COVID-19 and stroke]. — Wada et al. (2020)
Intracerebral Hemorrhage. — Nobleza (2021)
Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Concomitant Intracranial Hemorrhage. — Weller et al. (2022)
Myeloproliferative neoplasms and splanchnic vein thrombosis: Contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. — Kiladjian et al. (2023)
How we manage a high D-dimer. — Franchini et al. (2024)
Contemporary outcomes of acute ischemic stroke in atrial fibrillation patients on anticoagulation. — Vasquez et al. (2024)
Scaling theory of fibrin polymerization. — Panyukov (2024)
Quality Assurance in Platelet Function Testing. — Smock et al. (2026)
Congenital dysfibrinogenemia. — Martinez (1997)
Rivaroxaban for stroke patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (RISAPS): protocol for a randomized controlled, phase IIb proof-of-principle trial. — Mittal P et al. (2024)
Exposure-Response Relationship of Tranexamic Acid in Cardiac Surgery. — Zufferey PJ et al. (2021)
Tranexamic Acid in Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Dionne JC et al. (2022)
[Treatment of cancer associated thrombosis]. — Sanchez O (2022)
2025 ESVM Guidelines on interventional treatment of venous thromboembolism. — Schlager O et al. (2025)
Riociguat and the right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. — Benza RL et al. (2022)
Atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation, fall risk, and outcomes in elderly patients. — Sellers MB et al. (2011)
Prophylaxis for hemophilia A without inhibitors: treatment options and considerations. — Valentino LA et al. (2020)
The More Recent History of Hemophilia Treatment. — Franchini M et al. (2022)
Anticoagulation Management for Impella Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices: An Analysis of a Single-Center Experience. — Wood E et al. (2020)
Concomitant Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. — Kapadia SR et al. (2023)
Stroke in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices. — Plecash AR et al. (2021)
Evolving anticoagulation paradigms in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients: a focus on direct oral anticoagulants. — Ndakotsu A et al. (2025)
Moderate pulmonary embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the "MOPETT" Trial). — Sharifi M et al. (2012)
Neonatal thrombosis. — Makatsariya A et al. (2020)
Short term outcome of neonatal venous thromboembolism in anticoagulated versus observed patients. — Beg KA et al. (2024)
Effectiveness of early coronary angioplasty and abciximab for failed thrombolysis (reteplase or alteplase) during acute myocardial infarction (results from the GUSTO-III trial). Global Use of Strategies To Open occluded coronary arteries. — Miller JM et al. (1999)
Evaluation of mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke related to a distal arterial occlusion: A randomized controlled trial. — Clarençon F et al. (2023)
Clinical and Genetic Risk Factors for Acute Incident Venous Thromboembolism in Ambulatory Patients With COVID-19. — Xie J et al. (2022)
Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy: An Institution's 35 Year Perspective on Practice and Research. — Gonzalez E et al. (2014)
Quality of Life after Venous Stenting for Post-thrombotic Syndrome and the Effect of Inflow Disease. — Bakas JM et al. (2023)
Fragment-based approach to drug lead discovery: overview and advances in various techniques. — Fattori D et al. (2008)
Recent advances in the discovery and development of factor XI/XIa inhibitors. — Al-Horani RA et al. (2018)
Anticoagulation reversal (vitamin K, prothrombin complex concentrates, idarucizumab, andexanet-α, protamine). — Bekka E et al. (2024)
Clinical outcomes and a high prevalence of abnormalities on comprehensive arterial and venous thrombophilia screening in TIA or ischaemic stroke patients with a patent foramen ovale, an inter-atrial septal aneurysm or both — Lim ST et al. (2017)
Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with gastrointestinal cancer using edoxaban — Bosch FTM et al. (2021)
Evaluation of Direct Oral Anticoagulant Reversal Agents in Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis — Chaudhary R et al. (2022)
Effect of different application duration of a venous foot pump on prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip and knee arthroplasty: a multicenter prospective clinical trial — Gu S et al. (2023)
Current evidence on the effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulants in superficial venous thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Damay VA et al. (2024)
Clinical Analysis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia due to Therapeutic Plasmapheresis With Heparin Anticoagulation — Lv C et al. (2025)
Association between thrombophilic gene variants and thrombosis in the Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Safdari SM et al. (2025)
Enhanced trial efficiency of the novel "contemporaneous control recapture" parallel-cohort RCT design: Methods and application in the CRITICAL-Kids-TP trial — Sochet AA et al. (2025)
Predictors of hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage associated with factor Xa inhibitors — Komatsu Y et al. (2025)
Comparative Outcomes of Apixaban and Acenocoumarol in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Atrial Fibrillation: A Retrospective Observational Study — Suliman IL et al. (2025)
Comparing survival with vitamin K antagonists, low-molecular-weight heparin, and direct oral anticoagulants in patients with cancer-a systematic review and meta-analysis — Xirou V et al. (2025)
Comparison of 4-factor fixed-dose versus 4-factor weight-based-dose prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent warfarin reversal: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Alrashed M et al. (2025)
The Impact of NOACS versus VKAS on Absolute and Relative Cognitive Function Decline Over Time: A Machine Learning Approach — Ferrantelli S et al. (2025)
Prothrombin complex concentrate for oral factor Xa inhibitor-associated intracerebral hemorrhage — Shamiea M et al. (2026)
Non-cirrhotic portal-splenic-mesenteric vein thrombosis unmasking JAK2 V617F-positive polycythemia vera — Otake T et al. (2026)
Impact of Treatment Response to Anticoagulant Therapy on Liver-Related Events in Patients With Cirrhosis and Portal Vein Thrombosis — Maeda A et al. (2026)
Clinical outcomes following catheter-related venous thrombo-embolism among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia — Pelland-Marcotte MC et al. (2026)
Metabolic complications of citrate anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy (crrt): a delphi consensus on indications, monitoring and management — Jacobs R et al. (2026)
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Involving the Vein of Labbé and Left Sigmoid Sinus in a Patient With Immune Thrombocytopenia Treated With Romiplostim: A Case Report and Literature Review — Berrocal C et al. (2026)
Clinical implications of incidental venous thromboembolism in cancer patients — Mulder FI et al. (2020)
Identifying risk factors for major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation using direct oral anticoagulants: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Wang X et al. (2026)
Thromboembolic disease in testicular germ cell tumors-real-world evidence of three Portuguese institutions — Albuquerque J et al. (2026)
Aspirin is Not for Everyone: Discharge to Non-home Facilities After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Increases Risk of Venous Thromboembolism — McHugh M et al. (2024)
Thrombophilia and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: The Enigma Continues — Barut MU et al. (2018)
Deep vein thrombosis after total knee replacement — Ruban P et al. (2000)
The roles of endogenous membrane properties and synaptic interaction in generating the heartbeat rhythm of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis — Calabrese RL (1979)
Practice patterns for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in minimal-access surgery — Beekman R et al. (2006)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients — Selleng K et al. (2008)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a renal perspective — Syed S et al. (2009)
The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase HmLAR1 is up-regulated in the CNS of the adult medicinal leech following injury and is required for neuronal sprouting and regeneration — Sethi J et al. (2010)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: real-world issues — Linkins LA et al. (2011)
Deep vein thrombosis in arthroscopic surgery and chemoprophylaxis recommendation in an Asian population — Yeo KS et al. (2016)
Venous thromboembolism management in Northeast Melbourne: how does it compare to international guidelines and data? — Lim HY et al. (2017)
Responses to mechanically and visually cued water waves in the nervous system of the medicinal leech — Lehmkuhl AM et al. (2018)
Graduated compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis — Sachdeva A et al. (2018)
American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: optimal management of anticoagulation therapy — Witt DM et al. (2018)
Unusual presentation of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT) with multiple organ involvement — Zakhour H et al. (2025)
Increased Incidence of Thrombosis in Patients at Risk of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Receiving Epoprostenol for Cardiac Surgery — Becher EL et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin Monitoring Using Dilute Thrombin Time in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Single-Center, Retrospective Cost Analysis, 2018-2023 — Dorn LE et al. (2026)
Comparative Effectiveness of Oral Anticoagulants and Home Time After Venous Thromboembolism in Frail and Non-Frail Older Adults — Park CM et al. (2026)
Is the preoperative MPV value related to early thrombus formation in microvascular anastomosis? — Eser C et al. (2016)
A Unique Case of Replantation of Previously Replanted Fingers — Bharathi R et al. (2021)
The Learning Curve in Digital Replant Surgery: 46 Prospectively Collected Cases From a Single Surgeon Over a 10-Year Period — Hustedt JW et al. (2024)
Post-assault brachial vein thrombosis in an adolescent female: Diagnosis by CT angiography — Sumawe J (2026)
Novel use of a hemostatic dressing in the management of a bleeding leech bite: a case report and review of the literature — Fedor PJ (2012)
Long-Term Outcomes of Successful Fingertip Replantation: A Follow-Up of at Least 10 Years — Hayashi K et al. (2020)
The timing of neovascularization in fingertip replantation by external bleeding — Han et al. (2002)
Outcomes in microsurgery — Thoma et al. (2009)
More consistent postoperative care and monitoring can reduce costs following microvascular free flap reconstruction — Haddock et al. (2010)
Free flap take-back following postoperative microvascular compromise: predicting salvage versus failure — Mirzabeigi et al. (2012)
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in arthroscopic surgery — Bryll et al. (2013)
Challenges in measuring outcomes following digital replantation — Sebastin et al. (2013)
Supraclavicular flap repair in the free flap era — Trautman et al. (2018)
Factors Associated with Free Flap Failures in Head and Neck Reconstruction — Crawley et al. (2019)
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical effectiveness of point-of-care testing for anticoagulation management during ECMO — Jiritano et al. (2021)
Comparison of Screening Scores for Heparin- Induced Thrombocytopenia After Cardiopulmonary Bypass — Cutler et al. (2022)
Hemostasis in neonatal ECMO — Cortesi et al. (2022)
The Use of Machine Learning for Predicting Complications of Free-Flap Head and Neck Reconstruction — Asaad et al. (2023)
Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Worldwide Survey — Zambelli et al. (2024)
Comparison of Treatment Approaches and Subsequent Outcomes within a Pulmonary Embolism Response Team Registry — Weekes et al. (2024)
Methodologic Quality and Pharmacotherapy Recommendations for Patient Blood Management Guidelines for Cardiac Surgery on Cardiopulmonary Bypass — Huang et al. (2024)
Free Flap Perfusion in Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction: Influence of the Number of Ischemia Intervals and Ischemia Duration-A Retrospective Study — Ooms et al. (2024)
Complement activation as a biomarker for platelet-activating antibodies in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Myoung et al. (2025)
Impact of Vasopressors on Microvascular Free Flap Perfusion in Head and Neck Reconstruction — Ooms et al. (2025)
Salvage of fingertip amputated at nail level: new surgical principles and treatments — Hirase (1997)
Apixaban for the prophylaxis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: an evidence-based review — Mandernach et al. (2015)
Postoperative bridging anticoagulation and left ventricular assist system thrombosis — Nemer et al. (2019)
Remote monitoring of head and neck free flaps using near infrared spectroscopic tissue oximetry — Starr et al. (2020)
Non-anticoagulant factors affecting coagulation in the extracorporeal circulation circuit and the development of an individualized regional citrate anticoagulation protocol for hemodialysis: A real-world retrospective study — Hu et al. (2023)
Construction of a coagulation prediction model of the extracorporeal circulation circuit during hemodialysis with regional citrate anticoagulant (RCA) — Gong et al. (2024)
Return-to-Work After Attempted Digit Replantation: A Systematic Review of 31 Studies — Treger et al. (2024)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Hepatectomy: A Case Report — Sakio et al. (2025)
Glove-like hand: A case of severe-circumferential hand degloving injury — Pamuk et al. (2025)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in a Patient With Pulmonary Embolism and Bilateral Deep Venous Thrombosis: A Case Report — Ojinna et al. (2025)
Positive Effect of Wrapping with Nerve Conduit on Nerve Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Suturing — Miyashima et al. (2025)
Direct oral anticoagulants vs. warfarin for left ventricular thrombus — Kassab et al. (2026)
Dabigatran prevents lipopolysaccharide mediated apoptosis in zebrafish through a thrombin independent mechanism — Fleischmann et al. (2026)
Centrifugal Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Pediatric Patients: A Single-Center Case Series From Japan — Omori et al. (2026)
Perioperative management and outcomes of hip and knee arthroplasty among heartmate 3 left ventricular assist device recipients — Turan et al. (2026)
Clodronate liposome treatment contributes to the nerve regeneration in corneal nerve involvement of diabetic mice — Ueno et al. (2025)
Efficacy of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in patients with metformin associated lactic acidosis and acute kidney injury — De et al. (2025)
Platelet responsiveness to aspirin in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study — Marathe et al. (2026)
Venous thromboembolism after hip arthroscopy: a systematic review of incidence, risk factors, and international guidelines — Gao et al. (2025)
Volumetric Feasibility of Lumbar Artery Perforator Flaps Compared to Abdominal Flaps for Breast Reconstruction in Low-BMI Patients: A CT-Based Study — Kim et al. (2026)
Spontaneous intramural small bowel hematoma: unusual cause of intestinal subocclusion in an anticoagulated patient-a case report — Calomeni et al. (2026)
Tumor and Flap Reconstruction Volumes and Functional Outcomes after Glossectomy — Wu et al. (2026)
The role of indocyanine green fluorescence angiography in head and neck reconstruction: a systematic review — Poen et al. (2026)
Thrombosis at the crossroads of inflammation, coagulation, and vascular biology: Recent advances and emerging therapeutic strategies — Ramarajan et al. (2026)
Recent advances in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Cuker. (2011)
Biomechanical Properties of 3-Dimensional Printed Volar Locking Distal Radius Plate: Comparison With Conventional Volar Locking Plate — Kim et al. (2017)
Evaluation of platelet function in essential thrombocythemia under different analytical conditions — Lussana et al. (2020)
Dialdehyde pectin-crosslinked and hirudin-loaded decellularized porcine pericardium with improved matrix stability, enhanced anti-calcification and anticoagulant for bioprosthetic heart valves — Hu et al. (2021)
Examining Trends in Implantable Arterial Doppler Usage Among North American Head and Neck Microsurgeons: A Survey Study — Langenfeld et al. (2023)
Acute Kidney Injury in Different Anticoagulation Strategies: A Large-Scale Pharmacoepidemiologic Study Using Real-World Data — Xu et al. (2025)
Optimizing Anesthesia for Extensive Extraoral Fungating Lesions: Strategies and Considerations — Patel et al. (2024)
Imaging Photoplethysmography (iPPG) in Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery: A Novel Technique for Noninvasive Flap Perfusion Monitoring — van et al. (2024)
Head and Neck Free-Flap Reconstruction in Patients With Pre-Existing Coagulopathies: A Case Series — Longfellow et al. (2025)
Aquatic invertebrate diversity in Apostle Islands and Isle Royale waters: comparison among habitats and sampling gears and to open Lake Superior — Trebitz et al. (2024)
Oral anticoagulation for adults with atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism — Chin et al. (2025)
Safety of contraception among women using anticoagulant therapy: An updated systematic review — Nguyen et al. (2025)
Global Variations in Surgical Techniques and Postoperative Care for Radial Forearm Free Flap (RFFF) in Head & Neck Surgery: A Cross-Sectional International Survey — Russo et al. (2025)
Perioperative Goal Directed Versus Conventional Fluid Therapy in Head and Neck Free Flap Surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis — Shamim et al. (2025)
Prevalence of Major Bleeding in Elderly Patients on Oral Anticoagulants for Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Single-Center 12-Year Retrospective Review — Kwan et al. (2025)
Three-dimensional visualisation of developmental stages of an apicomplexan fish blood parasite in its invertebrate host — Hayes et al. (2011)
Competitive interactions between neurons making axosomatic contacts in the leech — Gu et al. (1990)
Leech therapy in nearly total amputation of fingers without vascular repair: a case report — TarazJamshidi et al. (2014)
Shuxuetong injection protects cerebral microvascular endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion — Sun et al. (2019)
Anti-Biofouling Performance of an Immobilized Indigenous Quorum Quenching Bacterium Bacillus cereus HG10 and Its Influence on the Microbial Community in a Bioreactor — Xu et al. (2019)
Osocimab: A Novel Agent in Preventing Venous Thromboembolism — Beavers et al. (2020)
Leeches and Caudal Analgesia After Replantation for Glans Amputation During Neonatal Circumcision — Mousa et al. (2022)
Monitoring immunE DysregulAtion foLLowing Immune checkpOint-inhibitioN (MEDALLION): protocol for an observational cancer immunotherapy cohort study — Gault et al. (2024)
Transgenesis enables mapping of segmental ganglia in the leech Helobdella austinensis — Kuo et al. (2024)
Transposition flap and skin graft techniques for optimizing anastomosis coverage — Ha et al. (2025)
Endo-chip laser-induced thrombus formation: a vessel-on-chip model for in vitro testing of antithrombotic agents — Dupuy et al. (2025)
Thrombomodulin-Induced Prevention of Peripheral Neuropathy in Oxaliplatin-Treated Mice Involves Complement C5a Inactivation and PAR1 Activation in Addition To HMGB1 Degradation — Maruo et al. (2025)
Ultrastructural and morphological characterization of Trypanosoma bubalisi reveals an active endocytic system — Wang et al. (2025)
P02 A single-centre, retrospective study of paediatric tinea capitis in the United Kingdom — Herd et al. (2025)
In vivo real-time monitoring of tissue perfusion via L-lactate levels in interstitial fluid: an innovative and portable microfluidic device trial using a pig model — Zhao et al. (2026)
Oropharyngeal Free Flap Inset With a Single Port Robot: A Case Series — Chen et al. (2026)
Utilising the Flap Vein of a Pedicled TRAM Flap for LYMPHA: A Case Report — Zhang et al. (2025)
Personal Strategies for DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction in Patients with Prior Abdominal Surgery and Hernia Repairs — Gupta et al. (2026)
A proposal for dose-adjustment of dabigatran etexilate in atrial fibrillation guided by thrombin time — Chin et al. (2014)
Rivaroxaban for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism — Liang et al. (2021)
Rivaroxaban versus aspirin in prevention of venous thromboembolism following total joint arthroplasty or hip fracture surgery: a meta-analysis — Hu et al. (2021)
Low-Dose Rivaroxaban as Extended Prophylaxis Reduces Postdischarge Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Malignancy and IBD — Ogilvie et al. (2024)
Anticoagulation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease — Elenjickal et al. (2024)
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety Between Apixaban, Dabigatran, Edoxaban, and Rivaroxaban Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation : A Multinational Population-Based Cohort Study — Lau et al. (2022)
Pharmacological properties of betrixaban — Huisman et al. (2018)
Executive Summary: Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report — Stevens et al. (2021)
Fondaparinux sodium — Reverter. (2002)
Tridegin, a novel peptidic inhibitor of factor XIIIa from the leech, Haementeria ghilianii, enhances fibrinolysis in vitro — Seale et al. (1997)
Supermicrosurgical Experience pertaining to Replantation of Tamai Zone 1 Fingertip Amputations — Pamuk. (2023)
Functional Assays in the Diagnosis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Review — Minet et al. (2017)
How I treat cancer-associated thrombosis — Moik et al. (2020)
How I Manage Cancer-Associated Thrombosis — Moik et al. (2020)
Anticoagulation Strategies in Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Weight-Based vs. Concentration-Based Approaches — Harnish et al. (2022)
Systemic anticoagulation related to heparin locking of non-tunnelled venous dialysis catheters in intensive care patients — Bong et al. (2016)
Pulmonary embolus — Dix et al. (2022)
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcomes of Patients With Subsegmental Pulmonary Embolism With and Without Anticoagulation Treatment — Bariteau et al. (2018)
Putative nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing cells in the central nervous system of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis: NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry — Leake et al. (1996)
Fibrinogen degradation by hementin, a fibrinogenolytic anticoagulant from the salivary glands of the leech Haementeria ghilianii — Malinconico et al. (1984)
Design of selective eglin inhibitors of HCV NS3 proteinase — Martin et al. (1998)
Predictors of Complications in Autologous Breast Reconstruction Using DIEP Flaps: Implications for Management — Wu et al. (2023)
Delineating the risk factors of venous congestion: An analysis of 455 deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps with radiographic correlation — Huang et al. (2022)
Morbidity of microsurgical breast reconstruction in patients with comorbid conditions — Seidenstuecker et al. (2011)
Measuring the pressure in the superficial inferior epigastric vein to monitor for venous congestion in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator breast reconstructions: a pilot study — Smit et al. (2010)
Early institutional head and neck oncologic and microvascular surgery practice patterns across the United States during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19) pandemic — Patel et al. (2020)
Delayed-onset functional ischemia 16 years after digital replantation: A Raynaud's-like vasospasm case report — Wu et al. (2026)
Use of the labial artery for replantation of the lip and chin — Schubert et al. (1988)
Entire scalp replantation: case report and review of the literature — Arashiro et al. (1995)
Microsurgical replantation of a total scalp avulsion. Case report — Fogdestam et al. (1986)
Replantation of the totally avulsed scalp — Tantri et al. (1980)
Avoiding prophylactic tracheostomies in head and neck surgeries with reconstructive free flaps: An institutional shift in practice — Liu et al. (2026)
Evaluation of Sensibility of Noninnervated, Intraoral, Microsurgically Transferred Flaps — Modabber et al. (2026)
Clinical use of leeches in reconstructive surgery — Daane et al. (1997)
Leeching as initial treatment in a cat with polycythaemia vera — Nett et al. (2001)
Reconstruction of a Volar Thumb Defect Using a Princeps Pollicis Artery Perforator Flap: A Case Report of Partial Flap Congestion and Successful Salvage — Zin et al. (2026)
Assessing current applications of tranexamic acid in reconstructive microsurgery and future direction: An 11-year meta-analysis — Bright et al. (2026)
Clinical reliability of pedicled perforator flaps in the management of adult limb and trunk soft tissue sarcomas: Experience of two French expert centres — Lafaye et al. (2022)
Reconstruction of intraoral defects after resection of cancer with two types of submental artery perforator flaps — Huang et al. (2018)
Free temporal artery posterior auricular skin (TAPAS) flap: A new option in facial and intra-oral reconstruction — Lassus et al. (2017)
Salvage of a failed partial prosthetic breast reconstruction using a free deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap — Cherian et al. (2025)
Lower limb salvage in necrotizing burn wound infection: The role of fibular ostectomy and local flaps in a resource-limited setting - A case report and literature review — Dawit (2024)
High Above-Knee Amputations for Femoral Osteosarcomas Treated with Free Microsurgical Tibial Reconstruction in the Pediatric Population — Wilkes et al. (2025)
Comparison of Lymphatic Drainage of the Lower Limbs After Soft Tissue Reconstruction by Microvascular Muscle Flap Versus Fasciocutaneous Flaps — Cordelia et al. (2023)
The Partial Removal of Rectus Abdominis Muscle Inserting into Ribs in Ipsilateral Pedicled TRAM Flap for Breast Reconstruction — Son et al. (2022)
Is It Reasonable to Use Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging to Determine the Border of Pedicled TRAM Flap Zone IV? — Chirappapha et al. (2020)
Survival Differences in Women with and without Autologous Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy for Breast Cancer — L et al. (2017)
A Cadaveric Anatomy Study of the Shape-Modified Radial Forearm Flap — Charvillat et al. (2025)
Simultaneous Bi-Jaw Reconstruction: Double Free Fibula Flap Following Resection of Synchronous Oral Malignancy — Khan et al. (2026)
Relationship between fibula free flap complications and dental implant outcomes: a retrospective cohort study — Attia et al. (2025)
Reconstruction of mandibular defects using free fibula flaps with a spliced surgical template system — Cao et al. (2026)
Flap reconstruction following Fournier's gangrene: A systematic review of techniques and outcomes — Alammar et al. (2026)
Extremity and Mandibular Reconstruction After Gunshot Trauma-Orthoplastic Strategies from Five Years of Humanitarian Missions in a Resource-Limited Setting — Koenig et al. (2025)
Evolution and practice pattern in microsurgical breast reconstruction-A European multicenter study — Siegwart et al. (2025)
The Effect of Medial Circumflex Artery Variation on the Success Rate of Gracilis Flap Procedures: A Systematic Review — Vallas et al. (2024)
Low Skeletal Muscle Mass as a Key Predictor of Postoperative Diet Outcomes in Circumferential Hypopharyngeal Cancer Reconstruction — Kodama et al. (2026)
Oblique Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Versus Anterolateral Thigh-Vastus Lateralis Flap for Perineal Reconstruction: A Retrospective Comparative Study — Guillier et al. (2026)
Heparin-induced thrombosis with a normal platelet count — Alvarez et al. (2007)
Delayed-onset eptifibatide-induced thrombocytopenia — Huffman et al. (2024)
Clinical impact of kidney function in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving oral anticoagulants — Matsuoka et al. (2025)
Renal outcomes following oral anticoagulation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A multicentre, propensity-matched retrospective analysis in an Asian population — Koh et al. (2025)
Effectiveness and Safety in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation Who Switched from Warfarin to Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Medicare Population — Atreja et al. (2025)
Bleeding Associated With Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Using Direct Oral Anticoagulants: A Nationwide Population Cohort Study — Wu et al. (2024)
Comparing Efficacy and Safety of Different Anticoagulants in Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis — Waseem et al. (2026)
PROS1 (Cys228Tyr) missense mutation associated with mesenteric and pulmonary venous thromboembolism during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case report — Huang et al. (2025)
Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis Secondary to Gastric Cancer: A Case Report — Takano et al. (2026)
Treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis: The evolution of anticoagulant choice and clinical insights into practical management — Riess et al. (2021)
An update on the efficacy and safety of novel anticoagulants for cancer associated thrombosis — Cosmi (2021)
Real-world evidence comparing oral anticoagulants for NVAF in Europe: a systematic review and network meta-analysis — Cichewicz et al. (2025)
Segmented worms (Phylum Annelida): a celebration of twenty years of progress through Zootaxa and call for action on the taxonomic work that remains — Magalhes et al. (2021)
A new subspecies of Trypanosoma cyclops found in the Australian terrestrial leech Chtonobdella bilineata — Ellis et al. (2021)
Batracobdella leeches, environmental features and Hydromantes salamanders — Lunghi et al. (2018)
In-hospital outcomes after switching from a bivalirudin-first strategy to an unfractionated heparin-first strategy for percutaneous coronary interventions — Jaswaney et al. (2018)
Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and venous limb gangrene after aortic dissection repair: in vitro and in vivo effects of intravenous immunoglobulin — Arcinas et al. (2019)
Bleeding and Thrombotic Adverse Events in Hospitalized Patients Under Empiric Treatment for Suspected Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia While Awaiting Confirmatory Testing — Dykes et al. (2021)
Argatroban dosage requirements and outcomes in intensive care versus non-intensive care patients — Smythe et al. (2009)
Retrospective study of clinical settings, indications and consequences of measurement of direct oral anticoagulant plasma levels in Northern Tasmania, Australia — Lim et al. (2024)
Treatment of dabigatran intoxication in critically ill patients with Acute Kidney Injury: The role of Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis — Pacchiarini et al. (2023)
Atrial Fibrillation Detected before or after Stroke: Role of Anticoagulation — Lyrer et al. (2023)
Coagulation factor XI and cardiovascular disease: A complex, cardio-specific conundrum — Cate et al. (2026)
Factor XI and XIa inhibition: a new approach to anticoagulant therapy — Sammut et al. (2024)
Factor XII in Thrombosis and Thromboinflammation: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Translation — Stpnicki et al. (2026)
Engineering the Cyclization Loop of MCoTI-II Generates Targeted Cyclotides that Potently Inhibit Factor XIIa — Tian et al. (2022)
CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION IN OTHERWISE HEALTHY CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: Association With Multigenetic Variants of Thrombophilia — BremondGignac et al. (2020)
Tirofiban-Associated Profound Thrombocytopenia in a Patient With Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Case Report — Zhao et al. (2026)
Resolution of thrombocytopenia through sodium bicarbonate intervention as an alternative diluent for heparin in an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patient: a case report — AlFaifi et al. (2026)
Bilateral Adrenal Infarction as an Uncommon Complication of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report — Singla et al. (2026)
A Case of Piperacillin-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia: Diagnostic Challenges and Management — Patel et al. (2025)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring VA-ECMO management during percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome: A case report — Kawamura et al. (2024)
A Case of COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia — Harrison et al. (2022)
PF4-dependent P-selectin expression assay in comparison to the heparin-induced platelet activation assay for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Meier et al. (2025)
The use of 1E12, a monoclonal anti-platelet factor 4 antibody, to improve the diagnosis of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia — Vayne et al. (2024)
Challenges in the Monitoring of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange during Acute Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Adults under ECMO — Gendron et al. (2024)
Molecular mechanism underlines heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis — Qian et al. (2010)
Advances in flap monitoring and impact of enhanced recovery protocols — Karinja et al. (2018)
Head and neck pedicled flap autonomization using a new high-resolution indocyanine green fluorescence video-angiography device — Giordano et al. (2022)

Drug Development (762)

Hirudotherapy in Medicine and Dentistry — Jha K et al. (2015)
Leech therapy: a history — Hyson J (2005)
Hirudins of the Asian medicinal leech, Hirudinaria manillensis: same same, but different — Lukas P et al. (2019)
Transcriptomic analysis of the salivary gland of medicinal leech Hirudo nipponia — Lu Z et al. (2018)
Molecular dynamic and pharmacological studies on protein-engineered hirudin variants of Hirudinaria manillensis and Hirudo medicinalis — Sun Y et al. (2022)
Cell-free synthesis of the hirudin variant 1 of the blood-sucking leech Hirudo medicinalis — Wüstenhagen D et al. (2020)
Hirudin variants production by genetic engineered microbial factory — Zhang J, Lan N (2018)
Hirudin in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Lubenow N, Greinacher A (2002)
Hirudin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting Gsdmd-mediated pyroptosis — Han J et al. (2023)
Hirudin as alternative anticoagulant--a historical review — Markwardt F (2002)
Hirudin in renal insufficiency — Fischer K (2002)
Hirudin: clinical potential of a thrombin inhibitor — Johnson P (1994)
Hirudin for diagnostic purposes — Stocker K (1991)
The direct thrombin inhibitor hirudin — Greinacher A, Warkentin T (2008)
Past, present and future of hirudin — Markwardt F (1991)
Hirudin, a new therapeutic tool? — Bichler J, Fritz H (1991)
Bivalent direct thrombin inhibitors: hirudin and bivalirudin — Warkentin T (2004)
Production and evaluation of recombinant hirudin — Courtney M et al. (1989)
Pharmacology of recombinant hirudin — Nowak G (2002)
Novel drug delivery systems for hirudin-based product development and clinical applications — Mo L et al. (2025)
Hirudin and hirudin analogues as new anticoagulant agents — Pineo G, Hull R (1995)
Clinical monitoring of hirudin and direct thrombin inhibitors — Nowak G (2001)
Tyrosine phosphorylation of recombinant hirudin increases affinity to thrombin and antithrombotic activity — Volkova A, Semenyuk P (2024)
Hirudin versus citrate as an anticoagulant for ROTEM — Wickramasinghe W et al. (2023)
Leech bionic Hirudin fusion protein prodrug loaded microneedles for long-term inhibition of thrombosis — Tian X et al. (2025)
Surface modification with PEG and hirudin for protein resistance and thrombin neutralization in blood contact — Alibeik S, Zhu S, Brash J (2010)
Recombinant hirudin in clinical practice: focus on lepirudin — Greinacher A, Lubenow N (2001)
Thrombin inhibition by hirudin: how hirudin inhibits thrombin — Fenton J et al. (1991)
RGD-hirudin-based low molecular weight peptide prevents blood coagulation via subcutaneous injection — Li Y et al. (2020)
The hirudin-like factors HLF3 and HLF4-hidden hirudins of European medicinal leeches — Müller C et al. (2020)
The effects of a hirudin/liposome complex on a diabetic nephropathy rat model — Wang H et al. (2019)
Some objective considerations for the neutralization of the anticoagulant actions of recombinant hirudin — Fareed J et al. (1991)
An objective perspective on recombinant hirudin: a new anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent — Fareed J et al. (1991)
Pharmacological properties of hirudin and its derivatives. Potential clinical advantages over heparin — Monreal M, Costa J, Salva P (1996)
Current status of the anticoagulant hirudin: its biotechnological production and clinical practice — Sohn J et al. (2001)
The history of leeching and hirudin — Fields W (1991)
Hirudin or hirudin-like factor - that is the question: insights from the analyses of natural and synthetic HLF variants — Müller C et al. (2020)
[Hirudin and hirudin fragments] — Deschamps A, Samama M (1992)
Kinetics of the inhibition of thrombin by hirudin — Stone S, Hofsteenge J (1986)
Clinical pharmacology of recombinant hirudin — Markwardt F, Nowak G, Stürzebecher J (1991)
In-vitro antileishmanial potential of peptide drug hirudin — Khan H et al. (2017)
Therapeutic Potentials of Medicinal Leech in Chinese Medicine — Wu S et al. (2024)
Revisiting the Asian Buffalo Leech (Hirudinaria manillensis) Genome: Focus on Antithrombotic Genes and Their Corresponding Proteins — Liu Z et al. (2023)
Parenteral anticoagulants: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines — Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, Samama MM (2012)
Self-regulated hirudin delivery for anticoagulant therapy — Xu X, Huang X, Zhang Y et al. (2020)
Bivalirudin: a review — Warkentin TE, Koster A (2005)
Direct thrombin inhibitors — Lee CJ, Ansell JE (2011)
Bivalirudin: pharmacology and clinical applications — Shammas NW (2005)
Saratin, an inhibitor of von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet adhesion, decreases platelet aggregation and intimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid endarterectomy model — Cruz CP, Eidt J, Drouilhet J, Brown AT, Wang Y, Barnes CS, Moursi MM (2001)
A large fragment approach to DNA synthesis: total synthesis of a gene for the protease inhibitor eglin c from the leech Hirudo medicinalis and its expression in E. coli — Rink H, Liersch M, Sieber P, Meyer F (1984)
The medicinal leech: a page from the annelids of internal medicine — Adams SL (1988)
History of the leech trade in Ireland, 1750-1915: microcosm of a global commodity — Sawyer RT (2013)
Management of thrombotic and cardiovascular disorders in the new millenium — Fareed J, Hoppensteadt DA, Bick RL (2003)
New anticoagulants - direct thrombin inhibitors — Brand B, Graf L (2012)
Structure-activity relationships of recombinant hirudins — Stürzebecher J, Walsmann P (1991)
Antihirudin antibodies following low-dose subcutaneous treatment with desirudin for thrombosis prophylaxis after hip-replacement surgery — Greinacher A, Eichler P, Albrecht D, Strobel U, Pötzsch B, Eriksson BI (2002)
The role of recombinant hirudins in the management of thrombotic disorders — Fischer KG (2004)
Eglin c, a pharmacologically active elastase inhibitor — Schnebli HP, Seemüller U, Fritz H et al. (1985)
Discovery of a Thrombin-Targeting Anticoagulant Peptide From Whitmania pigra via a 'Computation-Guided Experimentation' Strategy — Hua YT et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin: a new approach to anticoagulation — Nawarskas JJ, Anderson JR (2001)
Bivalirudin: an anticoagulant for acute coronary syndromes and coronary interventions — White HD, Chew DP (2002)
Bivalirudin: a direct thrombin inhibitor — Gladwell TD (2002)
Nanoencapsulation of leech saliva proteins in liposomes as a nanocarrier for inhibiting angiogenesis through targeting VEGFA in breast cancer — Shakouri A et al. (2021)
The leech: a novel invertebrate model for studying muscle regeneration and diseases — Grimaldi A et al. (2010)
Effect of Unloading Condition on the Healing Process and Effectiveness of Platelet Rich Plasma as a Countermeasure: Study on In Vivo and In Vitro Wound Healing Models — Cialdai F et al. (2020)
Shuxuetong injection and its peptides enhance angiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia by activating the MYPT1/LIMK1/Cofilin pathway — Sun W et al. (2022)
A systematic review on Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu capsule in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: Pharmacological actions, molecular mechanisms and clinical outcomes — Liang P et al. (2021)
Hirudo medicinalis: ancient origins of, and trends in the use of medicinal leeches throughout history — Whitaker IS et al. (2004)
A Comprehensive Review of Medicinal Leeches in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery — Hackenberger PN, Janis JE (2019)
Hijamat in traditional Persian medicine: risks and benefits — Nimrouzi M et al. (2014)
The historical course of varicose vein surgery in the Persian medicine — Asadi MH et al. (2023)
Alteration of the cutaneous microbiome in psoriasis and potential role in Th17 polarization — Chang HW et al. (2018)
Anticoagulants in acute coronary syndromes — Turpie AG (1999)
Peptidomimetic thrombin inhibitors — Kikelj D (2005)
By what mechanism do leeches help to salvage ischaemic tissues? A review — Whitaker IS et al. (2005)
Updates on Use and Monitoring of Direct Thrombin Inhibitors — Navaei A et al. (2026)
Alternative anticoagulants in heparin-sensitive patients undergoing carotid artery interventions: A scoping review — Dmitriev AP et al. (2026)
Retrospective, Single-Center Cohort Study of Bivalirudin Compared to Unfractionated Heparin in Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation — Lofy T et al. (2025)
Evaluation of bivalirudin-based anticoagulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, including patients with COVID-19 — Raguindin M et al. (2026)
Resolving Bivalirudin Interference on Fibrinogen Testing by the Use of Activated Carbon — Du J et al. (2026)
Supramolecular Prodrug Hydrogel for One-Week Protection Against Thrombosis — Zhang W et al. (2025)
Catheter-Directed Bivalirudin for Local Anticoagulation and Clot Dissolution in Children Requiring Mechanical Circulatory Support — Chaudhry-Waterman N et al. (2025)
Anticoagulation for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia before, during, and after peripheral endovascular procedures — Cardi S et al. (2025)
Safety and Efficacy of Bivalirudin as a Heparin Alternative in Patients Undergoing Carotid Artery Stenting — Kania TA et al. (2025)
Hemocompatibility related complications in Impella 5+ patients treated with Bivalirudin and dual antiplatelet therapy: a SHEAR score evaluation — Bandini M et al. (2025)
Production and functional characteristics of a novel hirudin variant with better anticoagulant activities than bivalirudin — Ge P et al. (2025)
Outcomes of patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a contemporary multicenter cohort — Nilius H et al. (2025)
Microneedle patch-assisted transdermal administration of recombinant hirudin for the treatment of thrombotic diseases — Men Z et al. (2021)
Impact of CytoSorb on kinetics of vancomycin and bivalirudin in critically ill patients — Scandroglio AM et al. (2021)
Pharmacological activities and mechanisms of hirudin and its derivatives — a review — Junren C et al. (2021)
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation analysis of CTB-001, a recently developed generic of bivalirudin — Han S et al. (2019)
Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TNHH, a novel targeted neutrophil-inhibitory hirulog hybrid glycoprotein, in healthy volunteers — Gou ZP et al. (2019)
Evaluating prodrug characteristics of a novel anticoagulant fusion protein neorudin, a prodrug targeting release of hirudin variant 2-Lys47 at the thrombosis site — Dong X et al. (2018)
Effects of combined natural hirudin and hyperbaric oxygen therapy on survival of transplanted random-pattern skin flap in rats — Cai J et al. (2018)
Development, validation, and clinical pharmacokinetic application of UPLC-MS/MS method for hirudin variant in human plasma — Dong X et al. (2017)
Pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic properties of a dual-function peptide 5rolGLP-HV — Ni Z et al. (2016)
Recombinant neorudin and its active metabolite hirudin: the fate of a novel anticoagulant drug — Li Q et al. (2024)
A biomimetic macrophage-membrane-fused liposomal system loaded with GVs-HV recombinant plasmid for targeted anti-atherosclerosis therapy — Zhang Y et al. (2025)
Distribution and blood penetration of hirudin in various organs and tissues of rabbits with carotid artery injury — Feng Y et al. (2025)
Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of recombinant Neorudin, a new anticoagulant drug, in patients undergoing coronary angiography — Liu YB et al. (2024)
Biomimetic platelet nanomotors for site-specific thrombolysis and ischemic injury alleviation — Chen YT et al. (2023)
LC-MS/MS method for determination of r-RGD-hirudin in human plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic study — Peng A et al. (2022)
Ecarin-based methods for measuring thrombin inhibitors — Gosselin RC (2023)
A substrate-selective enzyme-catalysis assembly strategy for oligopeptide hydrogel-assisted combinatorial protein delivery — Jiang T et al. (2017)
Recombinant hirudin prevents against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating PAR1/JAK2/STAT5/STAT3/CD36 pathway — Xiaoyu YU et al. (2025)
The place of chemical leeching with heparin in digital replantation — Yokoyama T et al. (2007)
Novel inhibitors of factor X for use in cardiovascular diseases — Spencer FA et al. (2000)
Inhibition of coagulation activation and inflammation by a novel Factor Xa inhibitor synthesized from the earthworm Eisenia andrei — Joo SS et al. (2009)
Role of bivalirudin for anticoagulation in adult perioperative cardiothoracic practice — Erdoes G et al. (2019)
Leech extract alleviates idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway — Zhang Y et al. (2024)
Reconstruction of Wagner Grade 4 diabetic foot ulcers with the superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator free flap — Evin N et al. (2025)
Managing necrotizing soft tissue infections of the lower limb: microsurgical reconstruction and hospital resource demands — Karamitros G et al. (2025)
Anticoagulants: from chance discovery to structure-based design — Chan N et al. (2025)
Hirudin-based treatment of diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction through inhibition of the HIF-1α to regulate RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway — Sun L et al. (2025)
Efficacy and potential mechanism of atherosclerosis prevention by the active components of leech based on network pharmacology — Lv Q et al. (2024)
Network pharmacology and experimental verification reveal the mechanism of hirudin in suppressing myocardial hypertrophy — Liu M et al. (2022)
Functional expression of a thrombin exosite I inhibitor triabin in Escherichia coli — Mo Z et al. (2023)
Distinct 3-disulfide-bonded isomers of tridegin differentially inhibit coagulation factor XIIIa — Bäuml CA et al. (2020)
NMR-based structural characterization of a two-disulfide-bonded analogue of the FXIIIa inhibitor tridegin — Schmitz T et al. (2021)
Combined systems pharmacology and fecal metabonomics to study the biomarkers and therapeutic mechanism of type 2 diabetic nephropathy treated with leech — Chen R et al. (2018)
A Bioinspired and Cost-Effective Device for Minimally Invasive Blood Sampling — Zoratto N et al. (2024)
Potent Trivalent Inhibitors of Thrombin through Hybridization of Salivary Sulfopeptides from Hematophagous Arthropods — Agten SM et al. (2021)
Biomimetic nanoparticles co-deliver hirudin and lumbrukinase to ameliorate thrombus and inflammation for atherosclerosis therapy — Cheng M et al. (2024)
Combined drug anti-deep vein thrombosis therapy based on platelet membrane biomimetic targeting nanotechnology — Xiao H et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin and sirolimus co-eluting coronary stent: Potential strategy for the prevention of stent thrombosis and restenosis — Sane M et al. (2021)
Novel Strategy of Gene Delivery System Based on Dendrimer Loaded Recombinant Hirudine Plasmid for Thrombus Targeting Therapy — Chen J et al. (2019)
Direct thrombin inhibitors — Kaplan KL (2003)
Direct thrombin inhibitors: patents 2002-2012 — Kong Y et al. (2014)
Use of direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndrome — Nemergut C et al. (2000)
Engineering ultrapotent trivalent anticoagulants through hybridisation of salivary peptides from multiple haematophagous organisms — Maxwell JWC et al. (2025)
In the transition from fibrinolysis to primary PCI, the HERO trials help refine STEMI ECG interpretation and Q wave analysis potentially alters future management — Wong CK et al. (2018)
Overcoming Heparin-Associated RT-qPCR Inhibition and Normalization Issues for microRNA Quantification in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction — Coelho-Lima J et al. (2018)
Implications of the Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes-2 (OASIS-2) study and the results in the context of other trials — Fox KA et al. (1999)
Translational success stories: development of direct thrombin inhibitors — Coppens M et al. (2012)
Structural basis of RGD-hirudin binding to thrombin: Tyr3 and five C-terminal residues are crucial for inhibiting thrombin activity — Huang Y et al. (2014)
Vasospastic angina: a review on diagnostic approach and management — Jenkins et al. (2024)
Postprocedural anticoagulation after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction with bivalirudin — Yan et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin versus heparin in ST and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction — Omerovic et al. (2024)
Antithrombotic therapy in patients with complex percutaneous coronary intervention — Larrubia Valle et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin versus heparin in patients with or without bail-out GPI use: a pre-specified subgroup analysis — Liao et al. (2024)
Comparison of the effects on coagulation function and safety of bivalirudin and heparin — Wang et al. (2024)
Comparison of short-to-medium-term ischemia and bleeding risks between unfractionated heparin and bivalirudin — Hou et al. (2024)
Heparin and bivalirudin in percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome — Wang et al. (2024)
Impact of pre-PCI activated clotting time on outcomes of bivalirudin versus heparin during primary PCI — Liu et al. (2025)
Multi-target anticoagulant regulation by peptides from medicinal leeches: a unique natural strategy — Shi et al. (2025)
Postprocedural anticoagulation after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: 1-year results — Yan et al. (2026)
The Use of Bivalirudin in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery and in the Interventional Cardiology Suite — Goswami D et al. (2020)
Bivalirudin anticoagulation in neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery — Hasija S et al. (2022)
Bivalirudin anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery — Meshulami N et al. (2023)
Quantitative methods to improve bivalirudin dosing in pediatric cardiac ICU patients — Brinkley L et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin for Pediatric Procedural Anticoagulation: A Narrative Review — Zaleski KL et al. (2019)
Heparin Versus Bivalirudin in Pediatric Patients Assisted With Mechanical Circulatory Support: A Retrospective Before-and-after Study — Giorni C et al. (2025)
Titration of Bivalirudin Infusion in the Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory: A Case Report — Streiff A et al. (2019)
Bivalirudin May Reduce the Need for Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Pediatric Cardiac Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation — Machado DS et al. (2021)
Is anticoagulation with bivalirudin comparable to heparin for pediatric extracorporeal life support? Results from a high-volume center — Schill MR et al. (2020)
Pediatric Mechanical Circulatory Support: Pathophysiology of Pediatric Hemostasis and Available Options — Giorni C et al. (2021)
Evaluation of a Bivalirudin Dosing and Monitoring Protocol in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation — Smith LM et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin or Unfractionated Heparin for Anticoagulation in Pediatric Patients on Continuous Flow Ventricular Assist Device Support: Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study — Puri K et al. (2022)
Staged mechanical circulatory support in paediatric HIT: Bivalirudin anticoagulation across ECMO, VAD, and cardiac transplantation — Beeman A et al. (2025)
Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia in Pediatrics Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass — Yuan SM (2019)
Randomized Controlled Trial of Heparin Versus Bivalirudin Anticoagulation in Acyanotic Children Undergoing Open Heart Surgery — Hasija S et al. (2018)
Lessons Learned from Managing Antithrombotic Therapy in Children Supported with Pediatric Ventricular Assist Devices — Murray JM et al. (2022)
A Comparative Analysis of Bivalirudin and Heparin for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Pediatric Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit — Daniels Z et al. (2025)
Comparison of two pediatric cases requiring the use of bivalirudin during cardiopulmonary bypass — Bryant ME et al. (2018)
Anticoagulation with Intravenous Direct Thrombin Inhibitors in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review of the Literature — Kiskaddon AL et al. (2023)
Bivalirudin Experience in a Heterogeneous Ventricular Assist Device Population — Bates A et al. (2020)
Risk factors for thromboembolic events in pediatric patients with ventricular assist devices — Adderley J et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin-based versus conventional heparin anticoagulation for postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — Ranucci M et al. (2011)
Bivalirudin Anticoagulation for a Pediatric Patient with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Ventricular Assist Device Placement — Faella KH et al. (2016)
Berlin Heart EXCOR and ACTION post-approval surveillance study report — Zafar F et al. (2021)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Depasse F, Samama MM (2000)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis — Patel VP et al. (2007)
Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Smythe MA et al. (2005)
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenetic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects — Castelli R et al. (2007)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a general review — Swanson JM (2007)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: diagnosis and management — Hassell K (2008)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a frequent complication after cardiac surgery — Pouplard C et al. (2007)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: when a low platelet count is a mandate for anticoagulation — Ortel TL (2009)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: how to manage it, how to avoid it — Caiola E (2000)
Current agents for the treatment of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Warkentin TE (2002)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: natural history, diagnosis, and management — Deitcher SR, Carman TL (2001)
Lepirudin-induced thrombocytopenia following subcutaneous administration — Schroeder WS et al. (2009)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the pediatric population: a review of current literature — Vakil NH et al. (2012)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in a Patient with Essential Thrombocythemia: A Case Based Update — Noel E et al. (2015)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with acute aortic and renal thrombosis in a patient treated with low-molecular-weight heparin — Chevalier J et al. (2005)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia complicated by warfarin-induced skin necrosis — Howard-Thompson A et al. (2008)
Standardizing the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Fugate S, Chiappe J (2008)
Early onset of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis after open heart surgery: importance of an early diagnosis and Lepirudin treatment — Paparella D et al. (2004)
New anticoagulant protein from medicinal leech — Manuvera VA et al. (2024)
A novel protease-activated receptor 1 inhibitor from the leech Whitmania pigra — Ren SH et al. (2019)
Investigation on the microcirculation effect of local application of natural hirudin on porcine random skin flap venous congestion — Yin GQ et al. (2012)
Effect of plant Kunitz inhibitors from Bauhinia bauhinioides and Bauhinia rufa on pulmonary edema caused by activated neutrophils — Neuhof C et al. (2003)
Two engineered eglin c mutants potently and selectively inhibiting kexin or furin — Liu Z et al. (2004)
Recombinant destabilase-lysozyme: synthesis de novo in E. coli and action mechanism of the enzyme expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda — Zavalova LL et al. (2004)
Destabilase-lysozyme of medicinal leech. Multifunctionality of recombinant protein — Zavalova LL et al. (2010)
Effect of O-glycosylation and tyrosine sulfation of leech-derived peptides on binding and inhibitory activity against thrombin — Hsieh YS et al. (2011)
Whitmania Pigra Whitman Extracts Inhibit Lipopolysaccharide Induced Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Migration and their Adhesion Ability to THP-1 and RAW 264.7 Cells — Li S et al. (2017)
From haemadin to haemanorm: Synthesis and characterization of full-length haemadin from the leech Haemadipsa sylvestris and of a novel bivalent, highly potent thrombin inhibitor (haemanorm) — Acquasaliente L et al. (2023)
Neutrophil elastase and acute lung injury: prospects for sivelestat and other neutrophil elastase inhibitors as therapeutics — Zeiher BG et al. (2002)
Differences between human proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase and their murine homologues are relevant for murine model experiments — Wiesner O et al. (2005)
N-terminal proteolytic processing by cathepsin G converts RANTES/CCL5 and related analogs into a truncated 4-68 variant — Lim JK et al. (2006)
Neutrophil interaction with the hemostatic system contributes to liver injury in rats cotreated with lipopolysaccharide and ranitidine — Deng X et al. (2007)
Long-range electrostatic complementarity governs substrate recognition by human chymotrypsin C, a key regulator of digestive enzyme activation — Batra J et al. (2013)
Phagocytosis of live and dead Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in human whole blood is markedly reduced by combined inhibition of C5aR1 and CD14 — Skjeflo EW et al. (2019)
Ecarin based coagulation testing — Gosselin RC, Douxfils J (2020)
Avoiding ambient air in test tubes during incubations of human whole-blood minimizes complement background activation — Storm BS et al. (2020)
A Conformational Change of Complement C5 Is Required for Thrombin-Mediated Cleavage, Revealed by a Novel Ex Vivo Human Whole Blood Model Preserving Full Thrombin Activity — Nilsson PH et al. (2021)
Air Bubbles Activate Complement and Trigger Hemostasis and C3-Dependent Cytokine Release Ex Vivo in Human Whole Blood — Storm BS et al. (2021)
Application of the C3 inhibitor compstatin in a human whole blood model designed for complement research - 20 years of experience and future perspectives — Mollnes TE et al. (2022)
Thrombin Differentially Modulates the Acute Inflammatory Response to E. coli and S. aureus in Human Whole Blood — Johnson C et al. (2022)
Hirudin in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease — Liu SJ et al. (2024)
Economic evaluation of desirudin vs heparin in deep vein thrombosis prevention after hip replacement surgery — Levin LA et al. (1998)
New therapeutic options in DVT prophylaxis — Wille-Jorgensen P et al. (2000)
The potential role of new therapies in deep-vein thrombosis prophylaxis — Wille-Jørgensen P (2001)
Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Dager WE et al. (2002)
Prevention of venous thromboembolism following orthopaedic surgery: clinical potential of direct thrombin inhibitors — Eriksson BI et al. (2004)
Clinical potential of oral direct thrombin inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism — Agnelli G (2004)
[Clinical use of a new class of anticoagulant drugs: the direct thrombin inhibitors] — Puccio D et al. (2006)
Role of clopidogrel loading dose in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: results from the HORIZONS-AMI (harmonizing outcomes with revascularization and stents in acute myocardial infarction) trial — Dangas G et al. (2009)
Direct thrombin inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists or low molecular weight heparins for prevention of venous thromboembolism following total hip or knee replacement — Salazar CA et al. (2010)
Emerging anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism prevention — Trujillo TC (2010)
A risk score to predict bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes — Mehran R et al. (2010)
Outcome of the HORIZONS-AMI trial: bivalirudin enhances long-term survival in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing angioplasty — Shah A et al. (2012)
Bivalirudin for primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: the HORIZONS-AMI trial — Capranzano P et al. (2012)
Multicenter trial of desirudin for the prophylaxis of thrombosis: an alternative to heparin-based anticoagulation (DESIR-ABLE) — Bergese SD et al. (2012)
Intra-procedural stent thrombosis: a new risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes — Brener SJ et al. (2012)
Comparison of prasugrel and bivalirudin vs clopidogrel and heparin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Design and rationale of the Bavarian Reperfusion Alternatives Evaluation (BRAVE) 4 trial — Schulz S et al. (2014)
Bivalirudin or Unfractionated Heparin in Acute Coronary Syndromes — Valgimigli M et al. (2015)
Impact of anticoagulation regimen prior to revascularization in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: The ACUITY trial — Geisler T et al. (2015)
Assessing the cardiology community position on transradial intervention and the use of bivalirudin in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing invasive management: results of an EAPCI survey — Adamo M et al. (2016)
Impact of Bleeding and Bivalirudin Therapy on Mortality Risk in Women Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (from the REPLACE-2, ACUITY, and HORIZONS-AMI Trials) — Ng VG et al. (2015)
The safety and effectiveness of bivalirudin in female patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: A subgroup analysis of the BRIGHT trial — Liang Z et al. (2016)
Early Stent Thrombosis and Mortality After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Patient-Level Analysis of 2 Randomized Trials — Dangas GD et al. (2016)
Safety and Efficacy of Bivalirudin in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: From the REPLACE-2, ACUITY and HORIZONS-AMI Trials — Giustino G et al. (2016)
Efficiency and safety of bivalirudin in patients undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention via radial access: A subgroup analysis from the bivalirudin in acute myocardial infarction versus heparin and GPI plus heparin trial — Wang H et al. (2016)
Bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes managed invasively with and without ST elevation (MATRIX): randomised controlled trial — Leonardi S et al. (2016)
Bivalirudin as an Alternative Anticoagulant for Cardiopulmonary Bypass During Adult Cardiac Surgery-A Change in Practice — Gatt P et al. (2017)
The Use of Bivalirudin in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Advantages and Limitations — Sergie Z et al. (2012)
In-Hospital Outcome Comparing Bivalirudin to Heparin in Real-World Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention — Hasun M et al. (2017)
Efficacy and safety of bivalirudin in coronary artery disease patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease: Meta-analysis — Zeng X et al. (2017)
Bivalirudin or Heparin in Patients Undergoing Invasive Management of AcuteCoronarySyndromes — Gargiulo G et al. (2018)
Impact of sex on comparative outcomes of bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: a pre-specified analysis of the MATRIX trial — Gargiulo G et al. (2019)
A Patient With Remote Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Antiphospholipid Syndrome Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Do Current Guidelines Apply? — Ibrahim W et al. (2018)
Radial versus femoral access and bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin in invasively managed patients with acute coronary syndrome (MATRIX): final 1-year results of a multicentre, randomised controlled trial — Valgimigli M et al. (2018)
Post-Procedural Bivalirudin Infusion atFull or Low Regimen in Patients WithAcute Coronary Syndrome — Gargiulo G et al. (2019)
Radial versus femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing invasive management: A prespecified subgroup analysis from VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART — Völz S et al. (2019)
Safety and efficacy of bivalirudin monotherapy in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes with positive biomarkers undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention — Huang X et al. (2020)
Individual Patient Data Pooled Analysis of Randomized Trials of Bivalirudin versus Heparin in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Rationale and Methodology — Bikdeli B et al. (2019)
Assessment of residual thrombus burden in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin infusion: The MATRIX (minimizing adverse hemorrhagic events by transradial access site and angioX) OCT study — Garcia-Garcia HM et al. (2019)
Choice of access site and type of anticoagulant in acute coronary syndromes with advanced Killip class or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest — Gargiulo G et al. (2020)
Bivalirudin Versus Heparin Monotherapy in Elderly Patients With Myocardial Infarction: A Prespecified Subgroup Analysis of the VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART Trial — Wester A et al. (2020)
Acute kidney injury in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing invasive management treated with bivalirudin vs. unfractionated heparin: insights from the MATRIX trial — Landi A et al. (2021)
Improved hemocompatibility by modifying acellular blood vessels with bivalirudin and its biocompatibility evaluation — Du P et al. (2021)
Bivalirudin Versus Heparin Monotherapy in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction — James S et al. (2021)
Bivalirudin plus a high-dose infusion versus heparin monotherapy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomised trial — Li Y et al. (2022)
Periprocedural antithrombotic strategies in acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Have we discarded bivalirudin too soon? — Benenati S et al. (2023)
Bivalirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with heparin allergy — Boysan E et al. (2023)
Intraoperative Bivalirudin Use in Patient Undergoing Femoral Endarterectomy with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: Case Report and Review of the Literature — Haffler ZJ et al. (2023)
Intravenous Direct Thrombin Inhibitors for Acute Venous Thromboembolism or Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia with Thrombosis in Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature — Kiskaddon AL et al. (2024)
Prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement: direct thrombin inhibition with recombinant hirudin, CGP 39393 — Eriksson BI et al. (1996)
Prevention of thromboembolism with use of recombinant hirudin. Results of a double-blind, multicenter trial comparing the efficacy of desirudin (Revasc) with that of unfractionated heparin in patients having a total hip replacement — Eriksson BI et al. (1997)
A comparison of recombinant hirudin with a low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent thromboembolic complications after total hip replacement — Eriksson BI et al. (1997)
Intravenous Direct Thrombin Inhibitors for Acute Venous Thromboembolism or Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia with Thrombosis in Children: A Systematic Review — Kiskaddon AL et al. (2024)
Monitoring of argatroban and lepirudin anticoagulation in critically ill patients by conventional laboratory parameters and rotational thromboelastometry — ALicia substudy — Beiderlinden M et al. (2018)
Recognition and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass patients — Boshkov LK et al. (2006)
Anticoagulation for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia before, during, and after peripheral endovascular procedures — Cardi S et al. (2025)
Laboratory Monitoring of Parenteral Direct Thrombin Inhibitors — Van Cott EM et al. (2017)
Emerging therapy options in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Chaudhary RK et al. (2014)
New developments in parenteral anticoagulation for arterial and venous thromboembolism — van Es N et al. (2013)
Update in hematology: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and bivalirudin — Augoustides JGT (2011)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a practical review — Hong MS, Amanullah AM (2010)
Lepirudin in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Gajra A et al. (2008)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the critical care setting: diagnosis and management — Napolitano LM et al. (2006)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. A contemporary clinical approach to diagnosis and management — Shantsila E et al. (2009)
Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (VITT)-like Syndrome: A Case Report and Some Considerations on a Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge — Delfino L et al. (2026)
Nitric oxide in the ECMO circuit as a treatment option for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: A case report — Joelsons D et al. (2026)
An Overview of Anticoagulant Drugs Pharmacology, Therapeutic Approaches, Limitations and Perspectives — Morgovan C et al. (2026)
Anticoagulation management and monitoring in ECMO: an international survey from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Pediatric and Neonatal Thrombosis and Hemostasis — Regling K et al. (2026)
Alternate and Emerging Anticoagulation Strategies for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Scoping Review — Kumar A et al. (2026)
Current use and limitations of direct thrombin inhibitors in pediatric ECMO: A European survey — Gardeton P et al. (2026)
Bivalirudin Monitoring in Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Analysis of Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Data 2018-2022 — Engel ER et al. (2024)
Impact of inflammation and steroids on anti-coagulation in children supported on a ventricular assist device — Brandewie K et al. (2024)
Anticoagulants in Children with Renal Impairment: A Narrative Review — Kiskaddon AL et al. (2025)
Anticoagulant use in patients with chronic renal impairment — Grand'Maison A et al. (2005)
Bivalirudin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: effect of renal function, dose, and gender — Robson R et al. (2002)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in cardiac surgery and critically ill patients — Selleng S, Selleng K (2016)
Effect of renal function on argatroban therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Guzzi LM et al. (2006)
Extensive prolongation of aPTT with argatroban in an elderly patient with improving renal function, normal hepatic enzymes, and metastatic lung cancer — Kubiak DW et al. (2005)
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of argatroban: effects of age, gender, and hepatic or renal dysfunction — Swan SK, Hursting MJ (2000)
The Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Dabigatran and Lepirudin Inhibit GPIbalpha-Mediated Platelet Aggregation — Trabold K et al. (2019)
An assay to measure levels of factor Xa inhibitors in blood and plasma — Kim PY et al. (2019)
Emerging anticoagulants — Kennedy B et al. (2012)
Brave new world: the current and future use of novel anticoagulants — Spyropoulos AC (2008)
New anticoagulant agents: direct thrombin inhibitors — Nutescu EA et al. (2008)
Direct thrombin inhibitors for treatment of heparin induced thrombocytopenia, deep vein thrombosis and atrial fibrillation — Francis CW (2005)
Temperature-controlled molecular weight of hyaluronic acid produced by engineered Bacillus subtilis — Li Y et al. (2020)
Eliminating the capsule-like layer to promote glucose uptake for hyaluronan production by engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum — Wang Y et al. (2020)
Construction of engineered Streptococcus zooepidemicus for the production of hyaluronic acid ligosaccharide — Wei C et al. (2019)
Production of specific-molecular-weight hyaluronan by metabolically engineered Bacillus subtilis 168 — Jin P et al. (2016)
Combinatorial Evolution of Enzymes and Synthetic Pathways Using One-Step PCR — Jin P et al. (2016)
Recombinant hirudin attenuates pulmonary hypertension and thrombosis in acute pulmonary embolism rat model — Wei X et al. (2024)
Recombinant Neorudin for the Prevention of Deep-Vein Thrombosis After Spinal-Cord Injury — Liu YB et al. (2023)
The Antithrombotic Effect of Recombinant Neorudin on Thrombi — Liu YB et al. (2022)
Efficacy and safety of next-generation tick transcriptome-derived direct thrombin inhibitors — Koh CY et al. (2021)
Thrombolytic and anticoagulant effects of a recombinant staphylokinase-hirudin fusion protein — Ren K et al. (2021)
Engineering a 'three-in-one' hirudin prodrug to reduce bleeding risk: A proof-of-concept study — Zhu Y et al. (2021)
RGD-hirudin-based low molecular weight peptide prevents blood coagulation via subcutaneous injection — Li YR et al. (2020)
Novel Strategy of Gene Delivery System Based on Dendrimer Loaded Recombinant Hirudine Plasmid for Thrombus Targeting Therapy — Chen J et al. (2019)
A novel hirudin derivative inhibiting thrombin without bleeding for subcutaneous injection — Zhao B et al. (2016)
A novel stearic acid-modified hirudin peptidomimetic with improved pharmacokinetic properties and anticoagulant activity — Liu Z et al. (2015)
Evaluation of a multifunctional staphylokinase variant with thrombin inhibition and antiplatelet aggregation activities produced from salt-inducible E. coli GJ1158 — Kumar A et al. (2013)
Elucidating the Neuroinflammatory Modulatory Mechanisms of Maixuekang Capsule via Network Pharmacology in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Rats — Han H et al. (2026)
Hirudin alleviates acute ischemic stroke by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation: In vivo and in vitro approaches — Li WQ et al. (2022)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (review) — Fabris F et al. (2000)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients — Selleng K et al. (2007)
Qualities of Whitmania pigra in different-month-age and best harvest time — Shi H et al. (2009)
Hirudin-based anticoagulant strategies for patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions and bypass grafting — Becker RC (2000)
Pathophysiology and therapeutic modification of thrombin generation in patients with coronary artery disease — Pothula A et al. (2000)
Comparison of enoxaparin, hirulog, and heparin as adjunctive antithrombotic therapy during thrombolysis with rtPA in the stenosed canine coronary artery — Leadley RJ et al. (1997)
Failure of thrombin inhibition to prevent intracoronary thrombosis in the dog (Folts model) — Belcher PR et al. (1996)
Selective inhibition of factor Xa during thrombolytic therapy markedly improves coronary artery patency in a canine model of coronary thrombosis — Nicolini FA et al. (1996)
Inhibition of arterial thrombus formation in two canine models: comparison of ancrod, r-hirudin, and Ro 43-8857 GPIIb/IIIa antagonist — Rubsamen K et al. (1995)
Prevention of rethrombosis after coronary thrombolysis in a chronic canine model. II. Adjunctive therapy with r-hirudin — Rote WE et al. (1994)
A new rat model of arterial thrombosis with a platelet-rich head and an erythrocyte-rich tail: thrombolysis experiments with specific thrombin inhibition — Lenfors S et al. (1993)
Combination of inhibition of thrombin and blockade of thromboxane A2 synthetase and receptors enhances thrombolysis and delays reocclusion in canine coronary arteries — Yao SK et al. (1992)
Elevating local concentrations of GPIIb-IIIa antagonists counteracts platelet thrombus stability — Speich HE et al. (2013)
Specific factor Xa inhibition reduces restenosis after balloon angioplasty of atherosclerotic femoral arteries in rabbits — Ragosta M et al. (1994)
Anticoagulant peptide LR from Whitmania pigra ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury — Liu R et al. (2026)
Therapeutic Potentials of Medicinal Leech in Chinese Medicine — Wu S et al. (2024)
Purification and characterization of a novel thermostable anticoagulant protein from medicinal leech Whitmania pigra Whitman — Zhang Y et al. (2022)
Identification and characterization of novel anticoagulant peptide with thrombolytic effect and nutrient oligopeptides with high branched chain amino acid from Whitmania pigra protein — Ren Y et al. (2016)
Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia In The Setting Of Urgent Cardiac Surgery: Can Bivalirudin Be A Safe Option? - A Case Report — Alves B et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation — Dunham S et al. (2024)
Bivalirudin as a substitute for heparin in neurointervention for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Sukumaran M et al. (2024)
Outcomes of systemic bivalirudin and sodium bicarbonate purge solution for Impella 5.5 — Bashline M et al. (2022)
Evaluation of anticoagulation with bivalirudin for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — Hanna DJ et al. (2022)
Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Using Plasmapharesis in Patients Undergoing HeartMate 3 Left Ventricular Assist Device — Naqvi SY et al. (2021)
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Activated neutrophils impair gastric cytoprotection role of neutrophil elastase — Harada N et al. (2000)
The dual role of thrombin's anion-binding exosite-I in the recognition and cleavage of the protease-activated receptor 1 — Myles T et al. (2001)
Electrostatic steering and ionic tethering in the formation of thrombin-hirudin complexes: the role of the thrombin anion-binding exosite-I — Myles T et al. (2001)
The hydrolysis and resynthesis of a single reactive site peptide bond in recombinant antistasin by coagulation factor Xa — Dunwiddie CT et al. (1992)
Improvement of the specificity of dipetarudin by site directed mutagenesis — Lpez M et al. (2005)
MIF: a new cytokine link between rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis — Morand EF et al. (2006)
Thrombin induced tumour growth - pharmacological control — Nowak G et al. (2007)
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and glucocorticoid sensitivity — Aeberli D et al. (2006)
Decrease of hirudin degradation by deleting the KEX1 gene in recombinant Pichia pastoris — Ni Z et al. (2008)
A recombinant peptide, hirudin, potentiates the inhibitory effects of stealthy liposomal vinblastine on the growth and metastasis of melanoma — Guo RR et al. (2008)
Paradoxical interactions between modifiers and elastase-2 — Schenker P et al. (2010)
Redesigning allosteric activation in an enzyme — Rana S et al. (2011)
Sensitive detection of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate in heparin sodium or crude heparin with a colorimetric microplate based assay — Sommers CD et al. (2011)
Interactions of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) from different sources with unfractionated heparin — Gray A et al. (2012)
Agarose-gel electrophoresis for the quality assurance and purity of heparin formulations — Volpi N et al. (2012)
Identification of a novel structure in heparin generated by sequential oxidative-reductive treatment — Beccati D et al. (2012)
Electrophoresis for the analysis of heparin purity and quality — Volpi N et al. (2012)
Decorsin. A potent glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonist and platelet aggregation inhibitor from the leech Macrobdella decora — Seymour JL et al. (1990)
Characterization of currently marketed heparin products: key tests for LMWH quality assurance — Ye H et al. (2013)
Method to detect contaminants in heparin using radical depolymerization and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry — Li G et al. (2013)
Morphological and molecular characterization of a new species of leech (Glossiphoniidae, Hirudinida): Implications for the health of its imperiled amphibian host (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) — Hopkins WA et al. (2014)
Identification of lactoferrin as a human dedifferentiation factor through the studies of reptile tissue regeneration mechanisms — Bae KS et al. (2014)
Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate binds to chemokines and inhibits stromal cell-derived factor-1 mediated signaling in activated T cells — Zhou ZH et al. (2014)
GILZ: a new link between the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and rheumatoid arthritis? — Eades LE et al. (2014)
Rational design of stable and functional hirudin III mutants with lower antigenicity — Asgari S et al. (2015)
The IL-1 cytokine family and its role in inflammation and fibrosis in the lung — Borthwick LA (2016)
Effect of Astragali Radix on growth, immunity and related gene expression of Whitmania pigra — Wu B et al. (2018)
Equine pythiosis in Costa Rica: report of 39 cases — Mendoza L et al. (1986)
Leeches attenuate blood hyperviscosity and related metabolic disorders in rats differently than aspirin — Wang X et al. (2019)
Linear Peptides Containing d-Leucine with Neuroprotective Activities from the LeechWhitman — Zhang ZY et al. (2019)
Metabolomics-based study reveals the effect of lead (Pb) in the culture environment on Whitmania pigra — Luo X et al. (2020)
Effects of Time-Interval since Blood Draw and of Anticoagulation on Platelet Testing (Count, Indices and Impedance Aggregometry): A Systematic Study with Blood from Healthy Volunteers — Hardy M et al. (2020)
Spontaneous Platelet Aggregation in Blood Is Mediated by FcRIIA Stimulation of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase — Duan R et al. (2021)
Recombinant hirudin suppresses angiogenesis of diffuselarge B-cell lymphoma through regulation of the PAR-1-VEGF — Zhao J et al. (2024)
Dabigatran-idarucizumab pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics in sheep undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass — Eaton MP et al. (2025)
Genetically Encoded Multivalent Elastin-Like Polypeptide-Haemadin Fusion Proteins for Prolonged Antithrombotic Protection — Yang H et al. (2026)
Design of potent bivalent thrombin inhibitors based on hirudin sequence: incorporation of nonsubstrate-type active site inhibitors — Tsuda Y et al. (1994)
Expression, purification and characterization of multigram amounts of a recombinant hybrid HV1-HV2 hirudin variant expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae — Lehman ED et al. (1993)
A comparison of the effect of decorsin and two disintegrins, albolabrin and eristostatin, on platelet function — McLane MA et al. (1995)
Enhancement of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis with a selective factor Xa inhibitor derived from the leech Hirudo medicinalis: comparison with heparin and hirudin in a rabbit thrombosis model — Kornowski R et al. (1996)
Chemical synthesis and structural characterization of the RGD-protein decorsin: a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation — Polverino de Laureto P et al. (1998)
Stopped flow fluorescence energy transfer measurement of the rate constants describing the reversible formation and the irreversible rearrangement of the elastase-alpha1-proteinase inhibitor complex — Mellet P (1998)
ICAM-1-CD18 interaction mediates neutrophil cytotoxicity through protease release — Barnett CC (1998)
Role of neutrophil elastase in compression-induced spinal cord injury in rats — Taoka Y (1998)
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes induce PDGF release from IL-1beta-treated endothelial cells: role of adhesion molecules and serine proteases — Totani L (1998)
Elastase in hyperpnea-induced guinea pig airway constriction — Lai YL (1998)
The stabilization and release of hirudin from liposomes or lipid-assemblies coated with hydrophobically modified dextran — Mumper RJ et al. (2000)
Studies on preparation of recombinant hirudin-2 liposome and its pharmacokinetics by nasal delivery in rats — Zhang YJ et al. (2007)
Increase of the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic efficacy of negatively charged polypeptide recombinant hirudin in rats via parenteral route by association with cationic liposomes — Meng M et al. (2008)
Structure of the leech protein saratin and characterization of its binding to collagen — Gronwald W et al. (2008)
Phylogenomic Analysis of a Putative Missing Link Sparks Reinterpretation of Leech Evolution — Phillips AJ et al. (2019)
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor. — Camici et al. (1999)
Anticoagulation and anticoagulation reversal with cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass: an update. — Despotis et al. (1999)
Design of P1' and P3' residues of trivalent thrombin inhibitors and their crystal structures. — Slon-Usakiewicz et al. (2000)
The protein C pathway. — Esmon (2000)
Discovery of 1-[3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]-N-3-fluoro-2'-(methylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (DPC423), a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of blood coagulation factor Xa. — Pinto et al. (2001)
Heparin-binding exosite of factor Xa. — Rezaie (2000)
Protein C anticoagulant pathway and its role in controlling microvascular thrombosis and inflammation. — Esmon (2001)
New anticoagulants. — Hirsh (2001)
Structure and biology of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. — Bajaj et al. (2001)
The tissue factor pathway in disseminated intravascular coagulation. — Østerud et al. (2001)
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor: an update of potential implications in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. — Kaiser et al. (2001)
Antithrombin abnormalities and perinatal management. — Kobayashi (2005)
Functional mapping of charged residues of the 82-116 sequence in factor Xa: evidence that lysine 96 is a factor Va independent recognition site for prothrombin in the prothrombinase complex. — Manithody et al. (2005)
Activated protein C and sepsis. — O'Brien et al. (2006)
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor: structure, biology and involvement in disease. — Lwaleed et al. (2006)
Protein C anticoagulant activity in relation to anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. — Mosnier et al. (2006)
Determinants of specificity of factor xa interaction with its physiological inhibitors. — Rezaie (2006)
The cytoprotective protein C pathway. — Mosnier et al. (2006)
Exosites in the substrate specificity of blood coagulation reactions. — Bock et al. (2007)
The haemostatic role of tissue factor pathway inhibitor. — Crawley et al. (2007)
Membrane-dependent interaction of factor Xa and prothrombin with factor Va in the prothrombinase complex. — Qureshi et al. (2009)
The protein C pathway and sepsis. — Della Valle et al. (2011)
Tissue factor/TFPI and blood cells. — Osterud (2011)
Protein C anticoagulant and cytoprotective pathways. — Griffin et al. (2012)
Structural biology of factor VIIa/tissue factor initiated coagulation. — Vadivel et al. (2012)
Review article: heparin sensitivity and resistance: management during cardiopulmonary bypass. — Finley et al. (2013)
[Direct oral thrombin inhibitor, "dabigatran"]. — Yasaka (2013)
Neutron and X-ray crystallographic analysis of the human α-thrombin-bivalirudin complex at pD 5.0: protonation states and hydration structure of the enzyme-product complex. — Yamada et al. (2013)
Factor Xa activation of factor V is of paramount importance in initiating the coagulation system: lessons from a tick salivary protein. — Schuijt et al. (2013)
Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor: Multiple Anticoagulant Activities for a Single Protein. — Mast (2015)
Daboxin P, a Major Phospholipase A2 Enzyme from the Indian Daboia russelii russelii Venom Targets Factor X and Factor Xa for Its Anticoagulant Activity. — Sharma et al. (2016)
Conservative management of neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis with coexisting thrombophilia. — Khatri et al. (2018)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: An Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Strategies. — Papageorgiou et al. (2018)
American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: venous thromboembolism in the context of pregnancy. — Bates et al. (2018)
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor in atherosclerosis. — Yuan et al. (2019)
Impact of an oral anticoagulation self-monitoring and self-management program in patients with mechanical heart valve prosthesis. — Blanch et al. (2021)
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor upregulates CXCR7 expression and enhances CXCL12-mediated migration in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. — Cui et al. (2021)
Structure-function of anticoagulant TIX-5, the inhibitor of factor Xa-mediated FV activation. — Maag et al. (2021)
Platelet tissue factor pathway inhibitor-α dampens cardiac thrombosis and associated fibrosis in mice. — Maroney et al. (2022)
Cryo-EM structure of coagulation factor V short. — Mohammed et al. (2023)
Downregulation of thrombomodulin-thrombin-activated protein C pathway as a mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 induced endotheliopathy and microvascular thrombosis. — Agarwal et al. (2022)
Met343Val mutation disrupts the shuttling of Trp380 leading to a low-activity conformer of activated protein C and causes thrombosis. — Zhou et al. (2024)
Targeting tissue factor pathway inhibitor with concizumab to improve hemostasis in patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia: an in vitro study. — Dubut et al. (2024)
Rebalancing agents in hemophilia: knowns, unknowns, and uncertainties. — Van Thillo et al. (2025)
Heparin Resistance in Cardiac Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Evidence-Based Management. — Rivera Jiménez et al. (2025)
Protein C. — Esmon (1984)
The isomorphous structures of prethrombin2, hirugen-, and PPACK-thrombin: changes accompanying activation and exosite binding to thrombin. — Vijayalakshmi et al. (1994)
Allosteric modulation of BPTI interaction with human alpha- and zeta-thrombin. — De Cristofaro et al. (1999)
The molecular basis of thrombin allostery revealed by a 1.8 A structure of the "slow" form. — Huntington et al. (2003)
Crystal structure of anticoagulant thrombin variant E217K provides insights into thrombin allostery. — Carter et al. (2004)
Molecular dissection of Na+ binding to thrombin. — Pineda et al. (2004)
Determinants of specificity in coagulation proteases. — Page et al. (2005)
The Na+ binding channel of human coagulation proteases: novel insights on the structure and allosteric modulation revealed by molecular surface analysis. — Silva et al. (2005)
How Na+ activates thrombin--a review of the functional and structural data. — Huntington (2008)
Mutagenesis studies toward understanding allostery in thrombin. — Qureshi et al. (2009)
Molecular basis of thrombomodulin activation of slow thrombin. — Adams et al. (2009)
Thrombin allosteric modulation revisited: a molecular dynamics study. — de Amorim et al. (2009)
Probing light chain mutation effects on thrombin via molecular dynamics simulations and machine learning. — Xiao et al. (2018)
Novel heparin mimetics reveal cooperativity between exosite 2 and sodium-binding site of thrombin. — Abdel Aziz et al. (2018)
Na-binding modes involved in thrombin's allosteric response as revealed by molecular dynamics simulations, correlation networks and Markov modeling. — Xiao et al. (2019)
The Na+ binding site of thrombin. — Di Cera et al. (1995)
The role of the insertion loop around tryptophan 148 in tthe activity of thrombin. — DiBella et al. (1996)
Rational engineering of activity and specificity in a serine protease. — Dang et al. (1997)
Critical role of W60d in thrombin allostery. — Guinto et al. (1997)
Molecular mechanisms of thrombin function. — Di Cera et al. (1997)
Strategies for development of novel antithrombotics: modulating thrombin's procoagulant and anticoagulant properties. — Hall et al. (1997)
Kinetic pathway for the slow to fast transition of thrombin. Evidence of linked ligand binding at structurally distinct domains. — Lai et al. (1997)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Pathogenesis, frequency, avoidance and management. — Warkentin (1997)
Lepirudin (recombinant hirudin) for parenteral anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Heparin-Associated Thrombocytopenia Study (HAT) investigators. — Greinacher et al. (1999)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thromboembolic complications: meta-analysis of 2 prospective trials to assess the value of parenteral treatment with lepirudin and its therapeutic aPTT range. — Greinacher et al. (2000)
A comparison of danaparoid and lepirudin in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Farner et al. (2001)
Production and clinical development of a Hansenula polymorpha-derived PEGylated hirudin. — Avgerinos et al. (2001)
Use of lepirudin during percutaneous vascular interventions in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Cochran et al. (2003)
Lepirudin for prophylaxis of thrombosis in patients with acute isolated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an analysis of 3 prospective studies. — Lubenow et al. (2004)
The use of direct thrombin inhibitors in cardiovascular surgery in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — Greinacher (2004)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. — Warkentin et al. (2004)
Developing an algorithm for treating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. — McIntosh (2004)
Lepirudin in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia - results of the third prospective study (HAT-3) and a combined analysis of HAT-1, HAT-2, and HAT-3. — Lubenow et al. (2005)
Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in cardiovascular patients. — Matthai (2006)
Segmental and regional differences in neuronal expression of the leech Hox genes Lox1 and Lox2 during embryogenesis. — Gharbaran et al. (2012)
Reversal agents for use with direct and indirect anticoagulants. — Smythe et al. (2016)
Anticoagulant activity of a sulfated galactan: serpin-independent effect and specific interaction with factor Xa. — Glauser et al. (2009)
Antithrombotic therapy for acute coronary syndrome: Past, present and future. — Sibbing et al. (2017)
Real World Outcomes Associated with Idarucizumab: Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. — Singh et al. (2020)
Systematic review of drug-drug interactions between rifamycins and anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents and considerations for management. — MacDougall C et al. (2022)
Direct thrombin inhibitors — Maffrand JP (1992)
The new anticoagulants — Stone WM et al. (2007)
Global coagulation tests: their applicability for measuring direct factor Xa- and thrombin inhibition and reversal of anticoagulation by prothrombin complex concentrate — Dinkelaar J et al. (2014)
Direct factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban and apixaban) versus enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: A meta-analysis of 6 randomized clinical trials — Ma G et al. (2015)
Using metabarcoding to compare the suitability of two blood-feeding leech species for sampling mammalian diversity in North Borneo — Drinkwater R et al. (2018)
Outcomes of single digit replantation for amputation proximal to the flexor digitorum superficialis insertion: A systematic review with meta-analysis — Wong S et al. (2022)
Role of Infrared Thermography in Planning and Monitoring of Head and Neck Microvascular Flap Reconstruction — Chava SK et al. (2023)
Effect of concurrent use of rivaroxaban or apixaban with amiodarone on international normalised ratio: a retrospective observational study — Kho C et al. (2025)
Old and new natural products as the source of modern antithrombotic drugs — Beretz A et al. (1991)
Unique overlap in the prerequisites for thrombin inhibition and oral bioavailability resulting in potent oral antithrombotics — Adang AE et al. (2002)
Design, parallel synthesis, and crystal structures of pyrazinone antithrombotics as selective inhibitors of the tissue factor VIIa complex — Parlow JJ et al. (2003)
In-vitro profile and ex-vivo anticoagulant activity of the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and its orally active prodrug, dabigatran etexilate — Wienen et al. (2007)
Effects of argatroban as an anticoagulant for intermittent veno-venous hemofiltration (IVVH) in patients at high risk of bleeding — Sun et al. (2011)
Bifunctional lipocalin ameliorates murine immune complex-induced acute lung injury — Roversi et al. (2013)
Development of an Oral Anticoagulation Strategy for Permanent Artificial Lung Support — Hong et al. (2026)
Venous thromboembolism prevention and treatment with factor XI/XIa inhibitors: current status and future perspectives — Del et al. (2026)
Retrospective modeling study of ChatGPT (GPT 4) warfarin dose adjustment in patients with INRs outside the therapeutic range — Tezcan et al. (2026)
PK/PD interactions of antiarrhythmic drugs and oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients: clinical implications for stroke and dementia prevention — Oh et al. (2026)
Hirudin prevents vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and permeability enhancement induced by the serum from rat with chronic renal failure through inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway — Chen et al. (2021)
Correlation between partial thromboplastin time and thromboelastography in adult critically ill patients requiring bivalirudin for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — Buckley et al. (2023)
Investigation into the binding domains of platelet factor 4 unlocks new avenues for the design and synthesis of selective sulfated pseudo-tetrasaccharide aminoglycoside ligands — Philip et al. (2025)
Herb-Drug Interaction Between Sailuotong and Pitavastatin: A Systematic Pharmacokinetic Investigation and Mechanism Analysis — Zhang et al. (2025)
Delayed-type hypersensitivity and cross-reactivity to heparins and danaparoid: a prospective study — Grassegger et al. (2001)
The therapeutic potential of novel anticoagulants — Chi et al. (1997)
Current Opinion on the use of Direct Oral Anticoagulants for the Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism among Medical Inpatients — Lee et al. (2021)
Argatroban in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Babuin et al. (2010)
Lung transplantation using argatroban in severe heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case series — Lee et al. (2020)
Dabigatran etexilate versus warfarin as the oral anticoagulant of choice? A review of clinical data — Ma et al. (2011)
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-World Studies Evaluating Rivaroxaban for Cancer-Associated Venous Thrombosis — Martinez et al. (2018)
Effectiveness and Safety of Rivaroxaban in Patients With Cancer-Associated Venous Thrombosis — Kohn et al. (2018)
Oral anticoagulation in primary care — Altirriba et al. (2017)
Fondaparinux: use in thromboprophylaxis of acute medical patients — Dhillon et al. (2008)
Fondaparinux as a treatment option for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Papadopoulos et al. (2007)
Refractory autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia following cardiac surgery — Zlamal et al. (2025)
The identification and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the vascular patient — LaMuraglia et al. (2012)
Comparison of bleeding and thrombotic outcomes in veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Heparin versus bivalirudin — Kartika et al. (2024)
Argatroban anticoagulation for heparin induced thrombocytopenia in patients with ventricular assist devices — Pappalardo et al. (2012)
Effects of Bivalirudin and Unfractionated Heparin on Liver and Renal Function in Chinese Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Coronary Angiography with/without Percutaneous Coronary Intervention — Jia et al. (2021)
Association Between Argatroban and Outcomes of Branch Atheromatous Disease: A Propensity-Matched Analysis From MRI-Based Study — Li et al. (2025)
Safety and efficacy of argatroban combined with antiplatelet therapy for acute mild-to-moderate ischemic stroke with large artery atherosclerosis — Yan et al. (2025)
Population pharmacokinetics of unfractionated heparin and multivariable analysis of activated clotting time in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation — Konecki et al. (2024)
Efficacy and safety of Xa inhibitors for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism — Kimpton et al. (2019)
Peak and Trough Concentration Ranges of Factor Xa Inhibitors for Preventing Thromboembolic Stroke in Korean Patients with Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation — Park et al. (2026)
Edoxaban-Induced Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome: A Case Report With Review of the Literature — Borgonovo et al. (2024)
Optimizing warfarin dosing for patients with atrial fibrillation using machine learning — Petch et al. (2024)
The dosing and monitoring of argatroban for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a word of caution — Phillips et al. (2014)
Direct thrombin inhibitors and factor xa inhibitors can influence the diluted prothrombin time used as the initial screen for lupus anticoagulant — Olah et al. (2013)
Factor XIa Inhibitors in Anticoagulation Therapy: Recent Advances and Perspectives — Xie et al. (2023)
Coumarins as factor XIIa inhibitors: Potency and selectivity improvements using a fragment-based strategy — Davoine et al. (2023)
Pharmacokinetic studies with recombinant hirudin in dogs — Nowak et al. (1988)
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of recombinant hirudin via four non-parenteral routes — Liu et al. (2005)
Bivalirudin in peripheral interventions — Maclean et al. (2006)
Antibodies against lepirudin are polyspecific and recognize epitopes on bivalirudin — Eichler et al. (2004)
The in vitro anticoagulant effects of danaparoid, fondaparinux, and lepirudin in children compared to adults — Ignjatovic et al. (2008)
Clinical application of argatroban as an alternative anticoagulant for extracorporeal circulation — Kawada et al. (2000)
Argatroban: a synthetic thrombin inhibitor of low relative molecular mass — Fitzgerald et al. (1996)
Removal of dabigatran using sorbent hemadsorption — Angheloiu et al. (2019)
Andexanet alfa versus PCC products for factor Xa inhibitor bleeding: A systematic review with meta-analysis — White et al. (2024)
Apixaban, an oral, direct inhibitor of activated Factor Xa — Shantsila et al. (2008)
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban--an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor — Kreutz et al. (2014)
Real world utilization of Andexanet alfa in the management of oral factor Xa inhibitor-associated gastrointestinal bleeding — Brown et al. (2023)
Alpha-1-antitrypsin-Pittsburgh. A potent inhibitor of human plasma factor XIa, kallikrein, and factor XIIf — Scott et al. (1986)
The Coagulation Factor XIIa Inhibitor rHA-Infestin-4 Improves Outcome after Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats — Krupka et al. (2016)
Substrate-Guided Design of Selective FXIIa Inhibitors Based on the Plant-Derived Momordica cochinchinensis Trypsin Inhibitor-II (MCoTI-II) Scaffold — Swedberg et al. (2016)
The full-length cDNA of anticoagulant protein infestin revealed a novel releasable Kazal domain, a neutrophil elastase inhibitor lacking anticoagulant activity — Lovato et al. (2006)
Direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: principal results of a meta-analysis based on individual patients' data — Direct et al. (2002)

Genomics & Proteomics (295)

434 Salivary Proteins — Integrated Proteomics of Hirudo medicinalis — Liu et al. (2019)
Medicinal Leech Genome Assembly — Anticoagulant Gene Catalog — Kvist et al. (2020)
Leech therapy (Hirudo medicinalis) attenuates testicular damages induced by testicular ischemia/reperfusion in an animal model — Davoodi F et al. (2021)
New anticoagulant protein from medicinal leech — Manuvera V et al. (2024)
AIF-1 and RNASET2 Play Complementary Roles in the Innate Immune Response of Medicinal Leech — Baranzini N et al. (2019)
Medicinal leech antimicrobial peptides lacking toxicity represent a promising alternative strategy to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens — Grafskaia E et al. (2019)
Structural insights into thrombolytic activity of destabilase from medicinal leech — Marin E et al. (2023)
The genome of medicinal leech (Whitmania pigra) and comparative genomic study for exploration of bioactive ingredients — Tong L et al. (2022)
Medicinal Leech CNS as a Model for Exosome Studies in the Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons — Raffo-Romero A et al. (2018)
Transcriptomic profiling and the first spatial expression analysis of candidate genes in the salivary gland of the East Asian medicinal leech, Hirudo nipponia — Kim J et al. (2024)
Draft genome of the European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis (Annelida, Clitellata, Hirudiniformes) with emphasis on anticoagulants — Kvist S et al. (2020)
18s rDNA characterization and morphological investigation of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis from Felaw Pond — Jawdat Bilal S (2024)
Small bite, large impact-saliva and salivary molecules in the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis — Hildebrandt J, Lemke S (2011)
Internal and External Morphological Characteristics of the Medicinal Leech Species — Sağlam N (2019)
Spectral responses across a dorsal-ventral array of dermal sensilla in the medicinal leech — Groves T, Jellies J (2021)
Microglia of medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) express a specific activation marker homologous to vertebrate ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1/alias aif-1) — Drago F et al. (2014)
Antimicrobial Role of RNASET2 Protein During Innate Immune Response in the Medicinal Leech — Baranzini N et al. (2020)
Hirudo medicinalis: avascular tissues for clear-cut angiogenesis studies? — de Eguileor M et al. (2004)
Morganella Morganii Infection in Hirudo Medicinalis (Iran): A Case Report — Rahmati Holasoo H et al. (2022)
Draft mitochondrial genomes of — Nikitina A et al. (2016)
The Hirudo medicinalis species complex — Kutschera U (2012)
Identifying genes for neuron survival and axon outgrowth in Hirudo medicinalis — Blackshaw S et al. (2004)
Protective efficacy of Eglin C from Hirudo medicinalis against Eimeria papillata-induced coccidiosis — Al-Sayed S et al. (2023)
Validation of Medicinal Leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) as a Non-invasive Blood Sampling Tool for Hematology and Biochemistry Profiling in Mammals — Kvapil P et al. (2022)
The duration of rest and feeding greatly affects the re-breeding of ectoparasites: Hirudo verbana, Hirudo medicinalis and Hirudo orientalis — Aminov R, Frolov A, Aminova A (2022)
Hirudo medicinalis: a platform for investigating genes in neural repair — Wang W et al. (2005)
The influence of the planting time and conditions on the reproductive properties of Hirudo verbana and Hirudo medicinalis — Aminov R, Frolov A, Aminova A (2021)
Characterizations of Hirudo medicinalis DNA promoters for targeted gene expression — Baker M, Macagno E (2006)
Differentially expressed genes in Hirudo medicinalis ganglia after acetyl-L-carnitine treatment — Federighi G et al. (2013)
A new cellular type in invertebrates: first evidence of telocytes in leech Hirudo medicinalis — Pulze L et al. (2017)
Diverse molecular data demonstrate that commercially available medicinal leeches are not Hirudo medicinalis — Siddall M et al. (2007)
Diversity of hirudin and hirudin-like factor genes in the North-African medicinal leech, Hirudo troctina — Ahmed R, Abilov A, Müller C (2024)
Development of a mitochondrial mini-barcode and its application in metabarcoding for identification of leech in traditional Chinese medicine — Shi C et al. (2025)
Construction of a medicinal leech transcriptome database and its application to the identification of leech homologs of neural and innate immune genes — Macagno E et al. (2010)
Updates in Wound Management and Dressings — Buote N (2022)
Specific MALDI-MSI: Tag-Mass — Stauber J et al. (2010)
Bacterial symbioses of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana — Nelson M, Graf J (2012)
Extracellular Ca2+ changes during transmitter application in the leech central nervous system — Lohr C, Rose C, Deitmer J (1996)
Leech blood-meal invertebrate-derived DNA reveals differences in Bornean mammal diversity across habitats — Drinkwater R et al. (2021)
Neural circuits for generating rhythmic movements — Friesen W, Stent G (1978)
High-yield novel leech hyaluronidase to expedite the preparation of specific hyaluronan oligomers — Jin P et al. (2014)
Starvation-induced changes in the proteome and transcriptome of the salivary glands of leech (Hirudo nipponia) — Cai M, Shen H, Xing Y, Wang W, Guan F, Luo Y (2024)
In-depth profiles of bioactive large molecules in saliva secretions of leeches determined by combining salivary gland proteome and transcriptome data — Liu Z, Tong X, Su Y et al. (2019)
Draft genome sequences of Hirudo medicinalis and salivary transcriptome of three closely related medicinal leeches — Babenko VV, Podgorny OV, Manuvera VA et al. (2020)
Phylogeny and phylogeography of medicinal leeches (genus Hirudo): fast dispersal and shallow genetic structure — Trontelj P, Utevsky SY (2012)
Celebrity with a neglected taxonomy: molecular systematics of the medicinal leech (genus Hirudo) — Trontelj P, Utevsky SY (2004)
Directed culturing of microorganisms using metatranscriptomics — Bomar L, Maltz M, Colston S, Graf J (2011)
Kaistia hirudinis sp. nov., isolated from the skin of Hirudo verbana — Glaeser SP, Galatis H, Martin K, Kämpfer P (2013)
Stratified bacterial community in the bladder of the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana — Kikuchi Y, Bomar L, Graf J (2009)
Flavobacterium cutihirudinis sp. nov., isolated from the skin of the medical leech Hirudo verbana — Glaeser SP, Galatis H, Martin K, Kämpfer P (2013)
Castellaniella hirudinis sp. nov., isolated from the skin of Hirudo verbana — Glaeser SP, Galatis H, Martin K, Kämpfer P (2012)
Niabella hirudinis and Niabella drilacis sp. nov., isolated from the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana — Glaeser SP, Galatis H, Martin K, Kämpfer P (2013)
Mucinivorans hirudinis gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, mucin-degrading bacterium isolated from the digestive tract of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana — Nelson MC, Bomar L, Maltz M, Graf J (2015)
Devosia epidermidihirudinis sp. nov. isolated from the surface of a medical leech — Galatis H, Martin K, Kämpfer P, Glaeser SP (2013)
Characterization of the digestive-tract microbiota of Hirudo orientalis, a european medicinal leech — Laufer AS, Siddall ME, Graf J (2008)
Determination of disulfide linkages in antimicrobial peptides of the macin family by combination of top-down and bottom-up proteomics — Hung CW, Jung S, Grötzinger J, Gelhaus C, Leippe M, Tholey A (2014)
Poly-paraphyly of Hirudinidae: many lineages of medicinal leeches — Phillips AJ, Siddall ME (2009)
Transcriptomic analysis of the salivary gland of medicinal leech Hirudo nipponia — Lu Z, Shi P, You H, Liu Y, Chen S (2018)
Characterization of the digestive tract microbiota of Hirudo orientalis (medicinal leech) and antibiotic resistance profile — Whitaker IS, Maltz M, Siddall ME, Graf J (2014)
Gut microbiota and metabolic function in leeches with distinct feeding niches — Tong X, Yang D, Cao X et al. (2026)
Leeches and their microbiota: naturally simple symbiosis models — Graf J, Kikuchi Y, Rio RV (2006)
Culture-independent characterization of the digestive-tract microbiota of the medicinal leech reveals a tripartite symbiosis — Worthen PL, Gode CJ, Graf J (2006)
Exploring a Hirudin variant from nonhematophagous leeches: Unraveling full-length sequence, alternative splicing, function, and potential as a novel anticoagulant polypeptide — Yi X et al. (2024)
Proteome modifications of the medicinal leech nervous system under bacterial challenge — Vergote D et al. (2006)
Expression and function of an even-skipped homolog in the leech Helobdella robusta — Song MH et al. (2002)
A hedgehog homolog regulates gut formation in leech (Helobdella) — Kang D et al. (2003)
The medicinal leech genome encodes 21 innexin genes: different combinations are expressed by identified central neurons — Kandarian B et al. (2012)
A subtractive cDNA library from an identified regenerating neuron is enriched in sequences up-regulated during nerve regeneration — Korneev S et al. (1997)
Regeneration of a central synapse restores nonassociative learning — Modney BK et al. (1997)
Regeneration of a distinctive set of axosomatic contacts in the leech central nervous system — French KA, Muller KJ (1986)
Effects of cyclic nucleotides and calcium/calmodulin on protein phosphorylation in the CNS of Hirudo medicinalis — Garcia-Gil M et al. (1989)
Activity-dependent increase of the AHP amplitude in T sensory neurons of the leech — Scuri R, Mozzachiodi R, Brunelli M (2002)
The venomous cocktail of the vampire snail Colubraria reticulata (Mollusca, Gastropoda) — Modica MV et al. (2015)
A novel RGD-toxin protein, Lj-RGD3, from the buccal gland secretion of Lampetra japonica impacts diverse biological activities — Wang J et al. (2010)
Protective effects of microglia in multiple sclerosis — Napoli I, Neumann H (2009)
Mechanics of cocoon secretion in a segmented worm (Annelida: Hirudinidae) — Rossi AM et al. (2016)
Operculum ultrastructure in leech cocoons — Rossi AM et al. (2013)
Cell dynamics during cocoon secretion in the aquatic leech, Theromyzon tessulatum — Sayers CW, Coleman J, Shain DH (2008)
Production, Purification, and Characterization of a Novel Cysteine-Rich Anticoagulant from the Medicinal Leech and the Functional Role of Its Disulfide Bonds — Manuvera VA et al. (2025)
The great diversity: monomeric and oligomeric hirudins, hirudin-like factors and decorsins in the Asian medicinal leeches Hirudo nipponia and Hirudo tianjinensis — Kalatehjari P et al. (2026)
Duplication of the Antistasin-Like Structure Resulted in a New Anticoagulant Protein in the Medicinal Leech — Brovina KA et al. (2026)
Monomeric and Oligomeric Decorsins of the Asian Medicinal Leech — Tolksdorf C et al. (2025)
Hirudins and fenestrins of the African medicinal leech Asiaticobdella fenestrata — Schulz L et al. (2025)
Comparative genomics suggests extensive antithrombotic gene expansion in Haemadipsa yanyuanensis — Lin Y et al. (2025)
Genetic variation and gene expression of the antimicrobial peptide macins in Asian Buffalo Leech — Yu Y et al. (2025)
Correction to: Draft genome sequences of Hirudo medicinalis and salivary transcriptome of three closely related medicinal leeches — Babenko VV et al. (2020)
Identification and characterization of WpDestabilase, a novel destabilase from the salivary glands of Whitmania pigra — Huang B et al. (2026)
Gut microbiota participates and remodels host metabolism: from treating patients to treating their gut flora — Han S et al. (2024)
Cloning, characterization, and heterologous expression of a candidate hirudin gene from the salivary gland transcriptome of Hirudo nipponia — Shi P et al. (2023)
Identification and characterization of hirudin-HN, a new thrombin inhibitor, from the salivary glands of Hirudo nipponia — Cheng B et al. (2019)
Marine leech anticoagulant diversity and evolution — Tessler M et al. (2018)
Comparative transcriptomic analyses of three species of Placobdella confirms a single origin of blood feeding in leeches — Siddall ME et al. (2015)
Transcripts involved in hemostasis: exploring salivary complexes from Haementeria vizottoi leeches through transcriptomics — Amorim AM et al. (2015)
Proteomic analysis methods for characterization of proteins from the salivary gland secretions of the medicinal leech during different seasons — Baskova IP et al. (2007)
Protein mapping of the salivary complex from a hematophagous leech — Ricci-Silva ME et al. (2005)
Protein profiling of the medicinal leech salivary gland secretion by proteomic analytical methods — Baskova IP et al. (2004)
Possible detection of physiological state disorders with the help of medicinal leeches Hirudo verbana — Aminov R (2023)
Research progress of natural active compounds on improving podocyte function to reduce proteinuria in diabetic kidney disease — Gong L et al. (2023)
A novel integrated strategy for discovering absorbable anticoagulant bioactive peptides: a case study on leech protein hydrolysates — Fang KX et al. (2025)
Anticoagulant peptide LR from Whitmania pigra ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury — Liu R et al. (2026)
Exploring the mechanism of hirudin in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease using network pharmacology combined with molecular docking — Xinxin P et al. (2022)
Hirudin reduces nephropathy microangiopathy in STZ-induced diabetes rats by inhibiting endothelial cell migration — Pang X et al. (2020)
Hirudin protects against kidney damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy rats by inhibiting inflammation via P38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway — Han J et al. (2020)
Effect of heavy metal lead on anticoagulant activity of leech based on label-free quantitative proteomics — Xue M et al. (2021)
Effect of lead pollution on anticoagulant effect of Whitmania pigra based on in vitro anticoagulation experiment — Luo XM et al. (2019)
Identification and characterization of novel anticoagulant peptide with thrombolytic effect and nutrient oligopeptides from Whitmania pigra — Ren Y et al. (2016)
In vitro anticoagulant activity of different processed products of Whitmania pigra by water extraction and bionic extraction — Shan Y et al. (2016)
Complete cox1 gene and ITS sequence of Hirudinaria manillensis and molecular evolution analysis — Wang W et al. (2025)
The development and application of mini-barcodes from mitochondrial DNA for identifying medicinal leeches from traditional medicines — Liu Y et al. (2025)
Chromosome-level Dinobdella ferox genome provided a molecular model for its specific parasitism — Gao JW et al. (2023)
Phylogenetic position and description of a new species of medicinal leech from the eastern United States — Phillips AJ et al. (2019)
Exploring species diversity and phylogenetic relationship within Suborder Erpobdelliformes — Liu Y et al. (2024)
The origin and evolution of antistasin-like proteins in leeches — Iwama RE et al. (2021)
The salivary transcriptome of Limnatis nilotica and orthology determination of major leech anticoagulants — Iwama R et al. (2019)
Isolation and characterization of poecistasin, an anti-thrombotic antistasin-type serine protease inhibitor from leech — Tang X et al. (2018)
Therostasin, a novel clotting factor Xa inhibitor from the rhynchobdellid leech Theromyzon tessulatum — Chopin V et al. (2000)
A new factor Xa inhibitor (lefaxin) from the Haementeria depressa leech — Faria F et al. (1999)
Structure of the complex of the antistasin-type inhibitor bdellastasin with trypsin and modelling of the bdellastasin-microplasmin system — Rester U et al. (1999)
Bdellastasin, a serine protease inhibitor of the antistasin family from the medical leech — Moser M et al. (1998)
DNA barcoding reveals Mexican diversity within the freshwater leech genus Helobdella — Oceguera-Figueroa A et al. (2010)
Genetic barcoding of marine leeches (Ozobranchus spp.) from Florida sea turtles and their divergence in host specificity — McGowin AE et al. (2010)
Broad geographic sampling and DNA barcoding do not support the presence of Helobdella stagnalis in North America — Iwama RE et al. (2019)
DNA barcoding reveals association of Glossiphoniidae species on endangered freshwater turtles in Northeast India — Kundu S et al. (2019)
Genetic assessment of leech species from yak in the tract of Northeast India — Chatterjee N et al. (2017)
Genetic diversity of freshwater leeches in Lake Gusinoe, Eastern Siberia, Russia — Kaygorodova IA et al. (2014)
Buried treasure in a public repository: mining mitochondrial genes of 32 annelid species from sequence reads deposited in the Sequence Read Archive — Kobayashi G et al. (2023)
Phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation in Haemopis — Kvist S et al. (2022)
DNA barcoding for species delimitation of the freshwater leech genus Glossiphonia from the Western Balkan — Jovanović M et al. (2021)
Application of invertebrate-derived DNA barcoding (iDNA) in blood sucking leeches from West Sumatra — Irawan AD et al. (2025)
Taxonomic update and DNA barcoding of Tunisian nasal leeches: confirming Limnatis nilotica and revealing a second species — Ben Ahmed R et al. (2025)
Morphological data and DNA barcoding reveal the presence of the alien freshwater leech Helobdella octatestisaca in North Africa — Ben Ahmed R et al. (2024)
Be ready at any time: postprandial synthesis of salivary proteins in salivary gland cells of the haematophagous leech Hirudo verbana — Lemke S et al. (2016)
Transcriptomics and differential gene expression in Helobdella: contrasting feeding and fasting modes — Khan MS (2019)
Description of two new species of freshwater leeches of the genus Theromyzon (Hirudinea, Glossiphoniidae) from Mexico — Torres-Carrera G et al. (2025)
Contribution to the morphological description of the marine leech Ozobranchus margoi by using combined histology, micro-CT and SEM — Cascarano MC et al. (2017)
Rapid molecular species identification of mammalian scat samples using nanopore adaptive sampling — Frank LE et al. (2024)
Not that many leech species after all: Myzobdella lugubris and Myzobdella patzcuarensis are the same species — Torres-Carrera G et al. (2024)
Molecular phylogeny of the leech genus Pontobdella with notes on Pontobdella californiana and Pontobdella macrothela — Ruiz-Escobar F et al. (2024)
ERGA-BGE reference genome of a once neglected freshwater haematophagous European medicinal leech — Manzano-Marin A et al. (2026)
The genome sequence of the freshwater leech Erpobdella octoculata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hirudinida: Erpobdellidae) — Skipp SJ et al. (2025)
Chromosome-level genome assembly and anticoagulant protein annotation of the buffalo leech Hirudinaria bpling (Hirudinea: Hirudinidae) — Khan MS et al. (2025)
Characterization of the natural peptidome of four leeches by integrated proteogenomics and pseudotargeted peptidomics — Liu X et al. (2023)
Complete mitochondrial genome of Hirudo nipponia (Annelida, Hirudinea) — Yan H et al. (2014)
De novo transcriptome assembly databases for the central nervous system of the medicinal leech — Northcutt AJ et al. (2015)
Salivary transcriptome of the North American medicinal leech, Macrobdella decora — Min GS et al. (2010)
Genetic variation in Whitmania pigra, Hirudo nipponica and Poecilobdella manillensis, three endemic and endangered species in China using SSR and TRAP markers — Liu F et al. (2016)
Chromacin-like peptide in leeches — Salzet M et al. (2003)
Spatial regulation dominates gene function in the ganglia chain — Hibsh D et al. (2013)
Hirudin and decorsins of the North American medicinal leech: gene structure reveals homology to hirudins and hirudin-like factors of Eurasian medicinal leeches — Muller C et al. (2019)
Comparative genomics of two Asian medicinal leeches Hirudo nipponia and Hirudo tianjinensis — Zhao et al. (2024)
Comparative study of hirustasin superfamily gene expression in two medicinal leeches — Sun et al. (2025)
Hirudo verbana as a freshwater invertebrate model to assess the effects of polypropylene micro and nanoplastics dispersion in freshwater — Baranzini N et al. (2022)
Internal and External Morphological Characteristics of the Medicinal Leech Species Hirudo sulukii and Hirudo verbana — Saglam N (2019)
Characterization of a Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) in Hirudo Verbana — Kabeiseman E et al. (2024)
Comparison of body wall histologic structure of two medicinal leeches Hirudo sulukii and Hirudo verbana (Hirudinida: Hirudinidae) — Gul MU, Cakici O (2021)
Activity-Dependent Modulation of Tonic GABA Currents by Endocannabinoids in Hirudo verbana — Paulsen RT, Burrell BD (2022)
Exploring the attachment of the Mediterranean medicinal leech to porous substrates — Kampowski T et al. (2020)
Ultrastructural Architecture and Morphological Examination of Hirudo verbana (Annelida, Hirudinea) — Selviler Sizer S et al. (2025)
Serotonin mediates stress-like effects on responses to non-nociceptive stimuli in the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana — Mack D et al. (2022)
Dynamic relationship among extracellular matrix and body wall cells in Hirudo verbana morphogenesis — Pulze L et al. (2024)
Characterization of a monoacylglycerol lipase in the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana — Kabeiseman E et al. (2020)
Spatio-Temporal Changes of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Stiffness in the Development of the Leech Hirudo verbana — Pulze L et al. (2022)
The effects of substrate porosity, mechanical substrate properties and loading conditions on the attachment performance of the Mediterranean medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) — Kampowski T et al. (2022)
ERGA-BGE reference genome of Hirudo verbana, a once neglected freshwater haematophagous European medicinal leech — Manzano-Marin A et al. (2026)
Building exploration with leeches Hirudo verbana — Adamatzky A, Sirakoulis GC (2015)
Starvation-induced changes in the proteome and transcriptome of the salivary glands of leech (Hirudo nipponia) — Cai M et al. (2024)
In-depth profiles of bioactive large molecules in saliva secretions of leeches determined by combining salivary gland proteome and transcriptome data — Liu Z et al. (2019)
Draft genome sequences of Hirudo medicinalis and salivary transcriptome of three closely related medicinal leeches — Babenko VV et al. (2020)
Transcriptomic profiling and the first spatial expression analysis of candidate genes in the salivary gland of the East Asian medicinal leech, Hirudo nipponia — Kim JH et al. (2023)
Destabilase from the medicinal leech is a representative of a novel family of lysozymes — Zavalova LL et al. (2000)
Separation of monomerizing and lysozyme activities of destabilase from medicinal leech salivary gland secretion — Baskova IP et al. (2001)
Lysozyme activity of the salivary gland secretion of the medicinal leech H. verbana, H. medicinalis and H. orientalis — Baskova IP et al. (2011)
Metagenomic analysis of the medicinal leech gut microbiota — Maltz MA et al. (2014)
Understanding Diversity, Evolution, and Structure of Small Heat Shock Proteins in Annelida Through in Silico Analyses — de la Fuente M, Novo M (2022)
Comprehensive Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis of Hirudinaria manillensis in Different Growth Periods — Shan H et al. (2022)
Characterization of shed medicinal leech mucus reveals a diverse microbiota — Ott BM et al. (2015)
Hitchhiking of host biology by beneficial symbionts enhances transmission — Ott BM et al. (2014)
Marine vampires: Persistent, internal associations between bacteria and blood-feeding marine annelids and crustaceans — Goffredi SK et al. (2023)
Molecular mechanisms underlying hematophagia revealed by comparative analyses of leech genomes — Zheng J et al. (2023)
Division of developmental phases of freshwater leech Whitmania pigra and key genes related to neurogenesis revealed by whole genome and transcriptome analysis — Liu J et al. (2023)
Motor neural networks in the leech — Szczupak L (2023)
Quantitative proteomics based bioactive proteins discovery and quality control of medicinal leeches — Li FG et al. (2023)
Transcriptomic Profiling at the Maternal-to-Zygotic Transition in Leech — Hsaio S et al. (2024)
Structural model of an antistasin/notch-like fusion protein from the cocoon wall of the aquatic leech, Theromyzon tessulatum — Mason TA et al. (2006)
Expression and characterization of the N-terminal half of antistasin, an anticoagulant protein derived from the leech Haementeria officinalis — Palladino LO et al. (1991)
Purification and characterization of recombinant antistasin: a leech-derived inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa — Nutt EM et al. (1991)
Cloning and expression of cDNA encoding antistasin, a leech-derived protein having anti-coagulant and anti-metastatic properties — Han JH et al. (1989)
A novel selective inhibitor to thrombin-induced platelet aggregation purified from the leech Whitmania pigra — Liu X et al. (2016)
Antistasin, a leech-derived inhibitor of factor Xa. Kinetic analysis of enzyme inhibition and identification of the reactive site — Dunwiddie C et al. (1989)
Purification and characterization of a novel anti-coagulant from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis — Cheng RM et al. (2019)
Electrophysiology and transcriptomics reveal two photoreceptor classes and complex visual integration in — Stowasser A et al. (2019)
Draft Genome of the Asian Buffalo Leech — Guan DL et al. (2020)
Identification and functional characterization of multiple haemadins and an oligomeric decorsin in the Asian land leech Haemadipsa interrupta — Müller C et al. (2024)
Neuroprotective effects of hirudin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibition of CCL2-mediated ferroptosis and inflammatory pathways — Liao J et al. (2025)
Isolation and characterization of hirustasin, an antistasin-type serine-proteinase inhibitor from the medical leech Hirudo medicinalis — Söllner C et al. (1994)
The complete amino acid sequence of a hirudin variant from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis — Electricwala A et al. (1993)
Amino acid sequence of piguamerin, an antistasin-type protease inhibitor from the blood sucking leech Hirudo nipponia — Kim DR et al. (1998)
Structure and cleavage pattern of a hyaluronate 3-glycanohydrolase in the glycoside hydrolase 79 family — Huang H et al. (2021)
Taxonomic update and DNA barcoding of Tunisian nasal leeches (Annelida: Hirudiniformes; Praobdellidae): confirming Limnatis nilotica and revealing a second Limnatis species in North Africa — Ben Ahmed R et al. (2025)
Development of a mitochondrial mini-barcode and its application in metabarcoding for identification of leech in traditional Chinese medicine — Shi C et al. (2025)
Morphological data and DNA barcoding reveal the presence of the alien freshwater leech Helobdella octatestisaca (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniformes) in North Africa (Tunisia) — Ben Ahmed R et al. (2024)
Amazing Discoveries of Benthic Fauna from the Abyssal Zone of Lake Baikal — Kondratov IG et al. (2021)
DNA barcoding for species delimitation of the freshwater leech genus from the Western Balkan (Hirudinea, Glossiphoniidae) — Jovanovic M et al. (2021)
Genetic variation, pseudocryptic diversity, and phylogeny of Erpobdella (Annelida: Hirudinida: Erpobdelliformes), with emphasis on Canadian species — Anderson K et al. (2019)
Prey, populations, and the pleistocene: evidence for low COI variation in a widespread North American leech — Mack J et al. (2019)
Genetic assessment of leech species from yak (Bos grunniens) in the tract of Northeast India — Chatterjee N et al. (2017)
Lessons from leeches: a call for DNA barcoding in the lab — Bely AE, Weisblat DA (2006)
Serotonin in the leech central nervous system: anatomical correlates and behavioral effects — Lent CM et al. (1991)
Multiplexed modulation of behavioral choice (leech Hirudo verbana) — Palmer CR et al. (2014)
Ingestive behaviour and physiology of the medicinal leech — Lent CM et al. (1988)
On the termination of ingestive behaviour by the medicinal leech — Lent CM, Dickinson MH (1987)
Serotonergic modulation of the feeding behavior of the medicinal leech — Lent CM (1985)
A novel trypsin Kazal-type inhibitor from Aedes aegypti with thrombin coagulant inhibitory activity — Watanabe RM et al. (2010)
Segmental differentiation in the leech central nervous system: proposed segmental homologs of the heart accessory neurons — Stewart RR et al. (1991)
Proteins and peptides of the salivary gland secretion of medicinal leeches Hirudo verbana, H. medicinalis, and H. orientalis — Baskova IP et al. (2008)
Old World Leech Gut Microbial Community Structure Conserved in a New World Leech (Macrobdella) — McClure EA et al. (2021)
Bacterial Community of the Digestive Tract of the European Medicinal Leech (Hirudo verbana) from the Danube River — Neupane S et al. (2019)
Draft genome sequences of Hirudo medicinalis and salivary transcriptome of three closely related medicinal leeches — Babenko VV et al. (2020)
Large scale changes in the transcriptome of Eisenia fetida during regeneration — Bhambri A et al. (2018)
Chinese herbal medicine for aspirin resistance: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials — Liu AJ et al. (2014)
Hepatocellular senescence induces multi-organ senescence and dysfunction via TGF — Kiourtis C et al. (2024)
Mining anticoagulant peptides from Poecilobdella manillensis by peptidomics analysis — Zheng HX et al. (2026)
Coagulation Factor XIIIa and Activated Protein C Activate Platelets via GPVI and PAR1 — De Simone I et al. (2022)
Effects of Medicinal Leech-Related Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides on Human Blood Cells and Plasma — Vakhrusheva TV et al. (2022)
MS-proteomics provides insight into the host responses towards alginate microspheres — Coron AE et al. (2022)
Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly ofLeech, 1889 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) — Pan Z et al. (2023)
An efficient and robust laboratory workflow and tetrapod database for larger scale environmental DNA studies — Axtner J et al. (2019)
Nonconventional glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonist and antagonist interplay at the GLP-1 receptor revealed in high-throughput FRET assays for cAMP — Chepurny OG et al. (2019)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in pediatric congenital heart disease: a comprehensive review — Faheem MSB et al. (2025)
Toll-like receptor genes (TLRs) from Capitella capitata and Helobdella robusta (Annelida) — Davidson CR et al. (2007)
The Insect Chemoreceptor Superfamily Is Ancient in Animals — Robertson HM (2015)
Timing and Scope of Genomic Expansion within Annelida: Evidence from Homeoboxes in the Genome of the Earthworm Eisenia fetida — Zwarycz AS et al. (2015)
Evidence that heparin but not hirudin reduces PAI-1 expression in cultured human endothelial cells — Orbe J et al. (1999)
From natural to synthetic multisite thrombin inhibitors — Lombardi A et al. (1999)
Modulation of clearance of recombinant serum albumin by either glycosylation or truncation — Sheffield WP et al. (2000)
Recombinant decorsin: dynamics of the RGD recognition site — Krezel AM et al. (2000)
Molecular mapping of the thrombin-heparin cofactor II complex — Fortenberry YM et al. (2004)
Expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1, a negative regulator of the mitogen-activated protein kinases, in rheumatoid arthritis: up-regulation by interleukin-1beta and glucocorticoids — Toh ML et al. (2004)
Ornatins: potent glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonists and platelet aggregation inhibitors from the leech Placobdella ornata — Mazur P et al. (1991)
Flexibility of the thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor pro-domain enables productive binding of protein substrates — Valnickova Z et al. (2010)
Highly sensitive potentiometric strip test for detecting high charge density impurities in heparin — Kang Y et al. (2011)
The complete N-terminal extension of heparin cofactor II is required for maximal effectiveness as a thrombin exosite 1 ligand — Boyle AJ et al. (2013)
Improving the bioactivity of rHirudin with boronophenylalanine site-specific modification — Xin X et al. (2015)
Effects of Cu enrichment and release on growth internal quality and relative gene expression of Whitmania pigra — Shi GW et al. (2018)
Effects of 17-E2 on growth and gonad development of overwintering Whitmania pigra — Wang S et al. (2019)
Loss of ELK1 has differential effects on age-dependent organ fibrosis — Cairns JT et al. (2019)
A peptide inhibitor of macrophage migration in atherosclerosis purified from the leech Whitmania pigra — Hu B et al. (2020)
Serum metabolomic profiles reveal the impact of BuZangTongLuo formula on metabolic pathways in diabetic mice with hindlimb ischemia — Zheng J et al. (2020)
A Systematic Review of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine: "Miscellaneous Therapies" — Bergh A et al. (2021)
Analysis of Heparin Samples by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in the Solid State — Devlin AJ et al. (2023)
Intravenous Dabigatran for Anticoagulation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Sheep Model — Nadtochiy SM et al. (2025)
Comparative Study of Lefaxin Family in Two Asian Leeches:and — Ye T et al. (2025)
Construction of Corynebacterium glutamicum for efficient secretion and production of recombinant proteins using the technology of ARTP mutagenesis and fluorescen activated droplet microfluidic screening — Liu X et al. (2026)
Hirudin suppresses ovarian cancer cell proliferation and glycolysis through inhibiting the NF-B/HK3 axis — Guo Y et al. (2026)
Tridegin, a new peptidic inhibitor of factor XIIIa, from the blood-sucking leech Haementeria ghilianii — Finney S et al. (1997)
A novel hirudin derivative characterized with anti-platelet aggregations and thrombin inhibition — Mo W et al. (2008)
Protein-lipid particles of medicinal leech salivary gland secretion; their size and morphology — Baskova IP et al. (2010)
Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution — Struck TH et al. (2011)
Innate and procured immunity inside the digestive tract of the medicinal leech — Silver A et al. (2011)
Biotechnological production of recombinant analogs of hirudin-1 from Hirudo medicinalis — Kostromina MA et al. (2012)
Analysis of codon usage patterns in Hirudinaria manillensis reveals a preference for GC-ending codons caused by dominant selection constraints — Guan DL et al. (2018)
Proteome and phosphoproteome profiling reveals the regulation mechanism of hibernation in a freshwater leech (Whitmania pigra) — Shi H et al. (2020)
Annelid Comparative Genomics and the Evolution of Massive Lineage-Specific Genome Rearrangement in Bilaterians — Lewin TD et al. (2024)
Chromosome-level genome assembly of the cave leech Sinospelaeobdella cavatuses (Hirudinea: Haemadipsidae) — Yao B et al. (2024)
ERGA-BGE reference genome of the lineid heteronemertean(Pilidiophora, Nemertea) — Verdes A et al. (2025)
Apparent intracellular Mg2+ buffering in neurons of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Günzel et al. (2001)
Calcium transients in subcompartments of the leech Retzius neuron as induced by single action potentials. — Beck et al. (2001)
Development of serotonin-induced ion currents in identified embryonic Retzius cells from the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis). — Lessmann et al. (1991)
Activity-dependent suppression of spontaneous spike generation in the Retzius neurons of the leech Hirudo medicinalis L. — Rose et al. (2006)
The regulation of intracellular pH by identified glial cells and neurones in the central nervous system of the leech. — Deitmer et al. (1987)
Axonal projections of the Retzius cells to the dorsal segmental root in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Carretta et al. (1987)
Synaptic effects elicited in the Retzius cells of the leech Hirudo medicinalis by stimulation of the segmental roots. — Carretta et al. (1985)
Immunohistochemical demonstration of peptides, serotonin and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-like material in the nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Osborne et al. (1982)
Two bidirectional nerve cord systems converging with electrical and chemical synapses on the Retzius cells of the leech Hirudo Medicinalis. — Carretta et al. (1981)
Reduced axon sprouting after treatment that diminishes microglia accumulation at lesions in the leech CNS. — Ngu et al. (2007)
In situ hybridization reveals transient laminin B-chain expression by individual glial and muscle cells in embryonic leech central nervous system. — Luebke et al. (1995)
Sodium-magnesium antiport in Retzius neurones of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Günzel et al. (1996)
An increase in activity of serotonergic Retzius neurones may not be necessary for the consummatory phase of feeding in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Wilson et al. (1996)
Activation of AMPA/kainate receptors but not acetylcholine receptors causes Mg2+ influx into Retzius neurones of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Muller et al. (2003)
Afferent sensillar inputs to the Retzius cell of the leech Hirudo medicinalis. — Carretta et al. (1987)
Glutaminergic responses of neuropile glial cells and Retzius neurones in the leech central nervous system. — Dörner et al. (1990)
Ingestive sensory inputs excite serotonin effector neurones and promote serotonin depletion from the leech central nervous system and periphery. — Groome et al. (1995)
Central and peripheral 5-HT receptors in the leech (Hirudo medicinalis) redefined. — Leake et al. (1995)
Mesenchyme of embryonic reproductive ducts directs process outgrowth of Retzius neurons in the medicinal leech. — French et al. (1992)
Beyond the central pattern generator: amine modulation of decision-making neural pathways descending from the brain of the medicinal leech. — Crisp et al. (2006)
Postactivation inhibition of spontaneously active neurosecretory neurons in the medicinal leech. — Gocht et al. (2007)
Two forms of sensitization of the local bending reflex of the medicinal leech. — Lockery et al. (1991)
Multiple changes in peptide and lipid expression associated with regeneration in the nervous system of the medicinal leech. — Meriaux et al. (2011)
Three-dimensional culture of leech and snail ganglia for studies of neural repair. — Babington EJ et al. (2005)
WPK5, a Novel Kunitz-Type Peptide from the LeechInhibiting Factor XIa, and Its Loop-Replaced Mutant to Improve Potency. — Zheng YZ et al. (2021)
Emergingspp. infections in Europe: characterization of human clinical isolates from German patients — Schwartz K et al. (2024)
High-resolution structure of a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor from the dengue vector Aedes aegypti — Torquato et al. (2017)
A new species of medicinal leech in the genus Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 (Hirudiniformes, Hirudinidae) from Tianjin City, China — Wang et al. (2022)
Comparative proteomic analysis reveals the response mechanism of freshwater leech (Whitmania pigra) under heat-stress challenge — Wang et al. (2025)
Tissue-level Consequences of Segmental Abnormalities in Hirudo verbana: A Morphological and Histological Approach — Tozak et al. (2026)

Safety & Infection Control (182)

Improvement of patient care through hirudotherapy and the management of leeches from their reception to their disposal in France — Vaesken C et al. (2023)
Hirudotherapy (medicinal leeches) for treatment of upper airway obstruction in a dog — Trenholme H, Masseau I, Reinero C (2021)
Analysis of antibiotic resistant infections associated with hirudotherapy — Brauer P et al. (2024)
Kounis syndrome due to hirudotherapy (leech therapy) in emergency department; a case report — Çakmak T et al. (2018)
Complications of leech therapy — Pourrahimi M, Abdi M, Ghods R (2020)
Medicinal leech therapy and Aeromonas spp. infection — Verriere B et al. (2016)
Rethinking antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients receiving medicinal leech therapy — McCracken J, Koehler S, Sharma R (2022)
Prophylactic use of levofloxacin during medicinal leech therapy — Bauters T et al. (2014)
Low-Level Antimicrobials in the Medicinal Leech Select for Resistant Pathogens That Spread to Patients — Beka L et al. (2018)
Leech Application-related Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Case Report — Dolek U et al. (2023)
A clinical trial for evaluation of leech application in the management of Vicarcikā (Eczema) — Shankar K et al. (2014)
Icaridin-Loading Nitrocellulose As a New Repellent Against Aquatic Leech with Waterproof and Long-Acting Properties — Zeng W et al. (2022)
Hirudo (Leech) for proliferative vitreous retinopathy: A protocol for systemic review and meta-analysis — Huang H et al. (2021)
Meta analysis of the leech as a live foreign body: detection, precaution and treatment — Saki N et al. (2009)
Acute postoperative infection with Aeromonas hydrophila after using medical leeches for treatment of venous congestion — Schnabl SM, Kunz C, Unglaub F et al. (2010)
Ceftriaxone-Resistant Aeromonas hydrophila Infection Following Leech Therapy: A New Resistant Strain — Bykowski MR, Zhu X, Diaz-Garcia R (2018)
Rethinking antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients receiving medicinal leech therapy — McCracken JA, Koehler SM, Sharma R (2022)
Ciprofloxacin-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila infection following leech therapy: a case report and review of the literature — Patel KM, Svestka M, Sinkin J, Ruff P (2013)
Ciprofloxacin-resistant Aeromonas infection following leech therapy for digit replantation: report of 2 cases — van Alphen NA, Gonzalez A, McKenna MC, McKenna TK, Carlsen BT, Moran SL (2014)
Lethal Sepsis in the Course of Medicinal Leech Therapy — Sproll C, Lommen J, Balasiu A et al. (2022)
Ciprofloxacin-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila cellulitis following leech therapy — Giltner CL, Bobenchik AM, Uslan DZ, Deville JG, Humphries RM (2013)
Preventing infective complications following leech therapy: elimination of symbiotic Aeromonas spp. from the intestine of Hirudo verbana using antibiotic feeding — Litwinowicz A, Blaszkowska J (2014)
Antimicrobial prophylaxis during Hirudo medicinalis therapy: a multicenter study — Kruer RM, Barton CA, Roberti G, Gilbert B, McMillian WD (2014)
Leech related Aeromonas complex infection after reconstruction with a microvascular forearm flap — Beger B, von Loewenich F, Goetze E, Moergel M, Walter C (2016)
Implementation of a Leeches + Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Order Panel to Optimize Medicinal Leech Use at a Tertiary Care Academic Medical Center — Palm NM, Wesolowski JC, Wu JY, Srinivas P (2021)
Flap infection associated with medicinal leeches in reconstructive surgery: two new drug-resistant organisms — Bibbo C, Fritsche T, Stemper M, Hall M (2013)
Preventing infective complications following leech therapy: is practice keeping pace with current research? — Whitaker IS, Kamya C, Azzopardi EA, Graf J, Kon M, Lineaweaver WC (2009)
Aeromonas hydrophila infection associated with the use of medicinal leeches — Snower DP, Ruef C, Kuritza AP, Edberg SC (1989)
Evolving Antibiotic Resistance of Aeromonas Species in Finger Replantation — Mokhtar K, Culnan DM, Lineaweaver WC (2019)
Bacterial flora of Hirudo medicinalis and their antibiotic sensitivities in the Middle Black Sea Region, Turkey — Eroglu C, Hokelek M, Guneren E, Esen S, Pekbay A, Uysal OA (2001)
Selection of a multidrug-resistant Aeromonas during medicinal leech therapy — Ruppé E, Cherkaoui A, Wagner N et al. (2017)
Indigenous bacterial flora of medicinal leeches and their susceptibilities to 15 antimicrobial agents — Nonomura H, Kato N, Ohno Y, Itokazu M, Matsunaga T, Watanabe K (1996)
Aeromonas septicemia after medicinal leech use following replantation of severed digits — Levine SM, Frangos SG, Hanna B, Colen K, Levine JP (2009)
Microbiota Dynamics: A Key Factor in Hirudotherapy-Related Infections? — Karasartova D, Arslan-Akveran G, Sensoz S, Mumcuoglu KY, Taylan-Ozkan A (2025)
Medicinal leech therapy and Aeromonas spp. infection — Verriere B, Sabatier B, Carbonnelle E et al. (2016)
Bacterial Community of the Digestive Tract of the European Medicinal Leech (Hirudo verbana) from the Danube River — Neupane S et al. (2019)
The role of leech water sampling in choice of prophylactic antibiotics in medical leech therapy — Wilmer A et al. (2013)
Multidrug resistant Aeromonas infection following medical leech therapy: A case report and development of a joint antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention protocol — Masters MC et al. (2020)
Symbiosis of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria and Hirudo medicinalis, the medicinal leech: a novel model for digestive tract associations — Graf J (1999)
Identification of iron and heme utilization genes in Aeromonas and their role in the colonization of the leech digestive tract — Maltz M, LeVarge BL, Graf J (2015)
Identification of Aeromonas veronii genes required for colonization of the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana — Silver AC et al. (2007)
Reciprocal immune benefit based on complementary production of antibiotics by the leech Hirudo verbana and its gut symbiont Aeromonas veronii — Tasiemski A et al. (2015)
Infection following Leech Therapy for the Treatment of Nipple-Areola Complex Congestion after Breast Reduction: A Case Report — Torresetti M et al. (2024)
Tunneling of a leech into a free flap breast reconstruction — Flurry M et al. (2011)
Managing vascular compromise of hand and digit replantation following traumatic amputation — Spiers E (2018)
Postoperative Interventions in Pediatric Digital Replantation: A Tertiary Referral Center Case Review — Larson EL et al. (2022)
Hemolysis Monitoring Practices during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Survey Report — Strong AE et al. (2025)
Time to reconsidering the potential role of leech salivary proteins in medicine: Type-II Kounis syndrome triggered by leech bite — Tas S et al. (2025)
Aeromonas: the multifaceted middleman in the One Health world — Lamy B et al. (2021)
Identification and characterization of putative Aeromonas spp. T3SS effectors — Rangel LT et al. (2019)
Host matters: medicinal leech digestive-tract symbionts and their pathogenic potential — Marden JN et al. (2016)
Insights into gut microbiota communities of Poecilobdella manillensis, a prevalent Asian medicinal leech — Meng F et al. (2022)
Evaluation of methylene blue as an effective antiseptic for medicinal leeches — Doğan S et al. (2024)
Cellulitis caused by Aeromonas bites that lead to an allergic reaction — Najjari M et al. (2022)
Combination of quercetin, hirudin and cinnamaldehyde promotes Schwann cell differentiation and myelination against high glucose by inhibiting ERK signaling — Liu D et al. (2020)
The problem of the presence of DNA in cosmetic and medicinal products obtained from animals on the CITES list — Figura A et al. (2025)
Polymorphism in the aggressive mimicry lure of the parasitic freshwater mussel — Hewitt TL et al. (2024)
Hookworm recombinant protein promotes regulatory T cell responses that suppress experimental asthma — Navarro S et al. (2016)
Topical hypertonic saline as a treatment for ocular and nasal hirudiniasis in a dog — Perry EN et al. (2023)
Barcoding, types and the Hirudo files: using information content to critically evaluate the identity of DNA barcodes — Kvist S et al. (2010)
Hirudin reduces the expression of markers of the extracellular matrix in renal tubular epithelial cells in a rat model of diabetic kidney disease — Pang X et al. (2020)
Molecular detection of Bartonella spp. in terrestrial leeches feeding on human and animal blood in Gageo-do, Republic of Korea — Kang JG et al. (2016)
A network pharmacology-based study on the mechanism of hirudin attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis through Nrf2 and NF-κB signalling pathways — Yang K et al. (2026)
The Ozobranchus leech is a candidate mechanical vector for the fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus — Greenblatt RJ et al. (2004)
Marine leech parasitism of sea turtles varies across host species, seasons, and the tumor disease fibropapillomatosis — Rittenburg LT et al. (2021)
First record of the marine turtle leech (Ozobranchus margoi) on hawksbill turtles in the inner granitic Seychelles — Göpper BM et al. (2018)
Low genetic diversity in Ozobranchus jantseanus in Japan: possibility of introduction with their host turtles — Nakano T et al. (2017)
Marine leech Ozobranchus margoi parasitizing loggerhead turtle in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil — Rodenbusch CR et al. (2012)
A leech capable of surviving exposure to extremely low temperatures — Suzuki D et al. (2014)
Prevalence, etiology, and transmission of fibropapillomatosis in Olive Ridley turtles at a mass-nesting colony in the Mexican Pacific — Labastida-Estrada E et al. (2026)
Heparin coagulant super-sensitivity during leech therapy — Rong Z et al. (2026)
Scrotal hirudiniasis: the mysterious migration of a leech into the scrotum — Chakroborty P et al. (2026)
Coincidental occurrence of endometrial hyperplasia with atypia and vaginal leech infestation in a postmenopausal woman — Negasi Gebreslase M et al. (2026)
Uncommon cause of airway obstruction and hypovolemic shock: pharyngeal leech infestation in a rural Ethiopian child — Yigzaw KT et al. (2026)
A rare case of upper airway obstruction due to laryngeal leech infestation in a 1-year-old child — Woldemariam TH et al. (2025)
Septic gangrene and thrombophlebitis following leech therapy in a patient with undiagnosed arterial occlusive disease — Ostovar M et al. (2025)
Airway leech infestation masquerading as a tumor — Li P et al. (2025)
Long-term survey of sea turtles reveals correlations between parasite infection, feeding ecology, reproductive success and population status — Lockley EC et al. (2020)
Manifestation of leech infestation as severe gastrointestinal bleeding in a 3-year-old boy: a case report and review of the literature — Reihani H et al. (2022)
A Case Report on Leech Infestation as a Cause of Severe Anemia in a 10-Month-Old Infant in Ethiopia — Getahun AM et al. (2021)
Mucosal hirudiniasis presenting as palatal mass: A case report and review of the literature — Bijou W et al. (2020)
Leech in the Rectum Causing Lower GI Bleeding in a Four Years Old Child: A Case Report — Tilahun T et al. (2020)
Pediatric Vaginal Leech Infestation with Severe Bleeding: A Case Report and Review Article — Majidi S et al. (2019)
A Rare Cause of Hypovolemic Shock in Prepubertal Girl: Vaginal Leech Infestation — Lahmini W et al. (2019)
A Tale of Transmission: Aeromonas veronii Activity within Leech-Exuded Mucus — Ott BM et al. (2016)
Draft Genome Sequence of Aeromonas veronii Hm21, a Symbiotic Isolate from the Medicinal Leech Digestive Tract — Bomar L et al. (2013)
Complex evolutionary history of the Aeromonas veronii group revealed by host interaction and DNA sequence data — Silver AC et al. (2011)
The type II secretion system is essential for erythrocyte lysis and gut colonization by the leech digestive tract symbiont Aeromonas veronii — Maltz M et al. (2011)
Old World Leech Gut Microbial Community Structure Conserved in a New World Leech — McClure EA et al. (2021)
Complement resistance is essential for colonization of the digestive tract of Hirudo medicinalis by Aeromonas strains — Braschler TR et al. (2003)
Aspects of constitutive and acquired antibioresistance in Aeromonas hydrophila strains isolated from water sources — Balotescu C et al. (2003)
Aeromonas spp. infections: retrospective study in Nimes University Hospital, 1997-2004 — Fraisse T et al. (2008)
Leech bites: massive bleeding, coagulation profile disorders, and severe anemia — Kose A et al. (2008)
Leech-borne infection on a TRAM flap: a case report — Bourdais L et al. (2009)
Nasopharyngeal bleeding due to leech bites in a 9-month-old infant — Jafari Rouhi AH et al. (2010)
Leech infestation in children through body orifices: experience in a hospital in Bangladesh — Hannan MJ et al. (2012)
Infections following the application of leeches: two case reports and review of the literature — Maetz B et al. (2012)
First isolation of a giant virus from wild Hirudo medicinalis leech: Mimiviridae isolation in Hirudo medicinalis — Boughalmi M et al. (2013)
Vaginal leech infestation: a rare cause of hypovolemic shock in postmenopausal woman — Tilahun T et al. (2015)
Unusual case of penile ecchymosis — Peterson T et al. (2019)
Unusual vaginal bleeding due to a leech bite in a girl from a tropical area: a case report — Hasanzadeh M et al. (2019)
Rickettsia japonica infection after land leech bite, Japan — Sando E et al. (2019)
Antibiotic sensitivities of Aeromonas hydrophila cultured from medicinal leeches — Hermansdorfer J et al. (1988)
First identification of beta-lactamases in antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated in stream macroinvertebrates in a central Italian region — Segatore B et al. (2020)
Cutaneous pseudolymphoma as a rare adverse effect of medicinal leech therapy: a case report and review of the literature — Sepaskhah M et al. (2020)
A case report on prepubertal vaginal bleeding due to leech bite: history is very important — Rahman SMT et al. (2021)
Leech infestation in the vulvar region: causes of vaginal bleeding in a six-year-old child — Sebazungu T et al. (2021)
Umbilical incarcerated hernia with omental eventration caused by a leech bite in a 9-year-old child: a case report — Sher et al. (2023)
Cutaneous pseudolymphoma: a case series of three patients — Yao et al. (2025)
Reduced dense granules in platelet by electron microscopy in a patient with abnormal bleeding after self-applied leech therapy — Yusof et al. (2025)
Risk of transfusion-transmitted infections among returned high-risk deferred donors — Teimourpour et al. (2025)
Heart failure secondary to severe anemia from oropharyngeal leech infestation: a case report — Tiruneh et al. (2025)
Cutaneous larva migrans following a leech bite: a brief report — Kadambila et al. (2025)
Microbiota Dynamics: A Key Factor in Hirudotherapy-Related Infections? — Karasartova D et al. (2025)
Bacterial symbioses of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana — Nelson MC, Graf J (2012)
Evaluation of Methylene Blue as An Effective Antiseptic for Medicinal Leeches — Dogan S et al. (2024)
Optimal artificial conditions for keeping and breeding medicinal leeches Hirudo verbana and Hirudo orientalis — Aminov R et al. (2025)
The duration of rest and feeding greatly affects the re-breeding of ectoparasites: Hirudo verbana, Hirudo medicinalis and Hirudo orientalis — Aminov R et al. (2022)
Possible detection of physiological state disorders with the help of medicinal leeches Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 — Aminov R (2023)
Prevalence and infestation intensity of a piscicolid leech, Zeylanicobdella arugamensis on cultured hybrid grouper in Brunei Darussalam — Azmey S et al. (2020)
The Problem of the Presence of DNA in Cosmetic and Medicinal Products Obtained from Animals on the CITES List — Figura A et al. (2025)
Lethal Aeromonas Sepsis in the Course of Medicinal Leech Therapy — Sproll C et al. (2022)
Aeromonas septicemia after medicinal leech use following replantation of severed digits — Levine SM et al. (2009)
Selection of a multidrug-resistant Aeromonas during medicinal leech therapy — Ruppe E et al. (2017)
Leech related Aeromonas complex infection after reconstruction with a microvascular forearm flap — Beger B et al. (2016)
Interaction between innate immune cells and a bacterial type III secretion system in mutualistic and pathogenic associations — Silver AC et al. (2007)
Prevalence of genes encoding the type three secretion system and the effectors AexT and AexU in the Aeromonas veronii group — Silver AC, Graf J (2009)
Delayed leech-borne infection with Aeromonas hydrophilia in escharotic flap wound — Ardehali B et al. (2006)
Elimination of symbiotic Aeromonas spp. from the intestinal tract of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, using ciprofloxacin feeding — Mumcuoglu KY et al. (2009)
Symbiont succession during embryonic development of the European medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana — Rio RV et al. (2009)
Sensitivities of Aeromonas hydrophila cultured from medicinal leeches to oral antibiotics — Braga A et al. (1990)
Aeromonas hydrophila infection complicating digital replantation and revascularization — Lowen RM et al. (1989)
Hitchhiking of host biology by beneficial symbionts enhances transmission — Ott BM et al. (2014)
Water and sediment toxicity assessment by use of behavioural responses of medicinal leeches — Petrauskiene L (2003)
Preventing infective complications following leech therapy: elimination of symbiotic Aeromonas spp. from the intestine of Hirudo verbana using antibiotic feeding — Litwinowicz A, Blaszkowska J (2014)
Symbiosis of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria and Hirudo medicinalis, the medicinal leech: a novel model for digestive tract associations — Graf J (1999)
Reduced dense granules in platelet by electron microscopy in a patient with abnormal platelet aggregation with ADP and arachidonic acid: A case report of delta storage pool disorder — Yusof N et al. (2025)
Leech bites: massive bleeding, coagulation profile disorders, and severe anemia — Kose A et al. (2008)
Bleeding due to a medicinal leech bite — Ikizceli I et al. (2005)
A study of the influence of lead pollution on the anticoagulant activity of Whitmania pigra based on pharmacodynamics and metabolomics research — Chen X et al. (2021)
Aeromonas hydrophila infections following clinical use of medicinal leeches: a review of published cases — Lineaweaver WC et al. (1991)
Humoral response of captive zebra sharks Stegostoma fasciatum to salivary gland proteins of the leech Branchellion torpedinis — Marancik DP et al. (2012)
Regulatory T cells promote innate inflammation after skin barrier breach via TGF- activation — Moreau JM et al. (2021)
Detection of haemoparasites in selected Australian reptiles using archived blood smears — Bracken R et al. (2026)
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are dysregulated in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children — Beckmann ND et al. (2020)
Closed Genome Sequence of Aeromonas veronii Strain Hm21, an Isolate from the Medicinal Leech Hirudo verbana — Graf J et al. (2020)
Downregulation of exhausted cytotoxic T cells in gene expression networks of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children — Beckmann ND et al. (2021)
36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine : Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016 — Bateman RM et al. (2016)
Comparison between anterolateral thigh free flap and jejunal flap for tissue reconstruction in patients underwent resection of pharyngoesophageal squamous cell carcinoma after radiotherapy failure: a retrospective study — Sun SL et al. (2021)
The Anterolateral Thigh Flap for Achilles Tendon Reconstruction: Functional Outcomes — Ehrl D et al. (2019)
A Comprehensive Review of Hirudiniasis: From Historic Uses of Leeches to Modern Treatments of Their Bites — Joslin J et al. (2017)
Microbial challenge promotes the regenerative process of the injured central nervous system of the medicinal leech by inducing the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides in neurons and microglia — Schikorski D et al. (2008)
Novel Leech Antimicrobial Peptides, Hirunipins: Real-Time 3D Monitoring of Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Mechanisms Using Optical Diffraction Tomography — Kumar SD et al. (2025)
Peptide-based immunotherapy of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis without anaphylaxis — Leech MD et al. (2007)
The heparin recall of 2008 — Hedlund KD et al. (2012)
High-throughput differentiation of heparin from other glycosaminoglycans by pyrolysis mass spectrometry — Nemes P et al. (2013)
Annexin A1: potential for glucocorticoid sparing in RA — Yang YH et al. (2013)
Purification and characterization of a novel fibrinolytic enzyme from Whitmania pigra Whitman — Jiang Q et al. (2020)
Leech-borne Serratia marcescens infection following complex hand injury. — Pereira et al. (1998)
Bivalirudin for anticoagulation in elderly acute coronary syndrome: Effects on myocardial microcirculation and adverse events. — Cheng CY et al. (2025)
Argatroban: a direct thrombin inhibitor for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and other clinical applications. — Chen JL (2001)
Andexanet Alfa in Urgent Cardiac Surgery: A Case Report of Edoxaban Reversal for Acute Hemopericardium. — Al Mawed M et al. (2025)
[Overdosing of direct oral anticoagulants]. — Neumann MA et al. (2024)
Aeromonas hydrophila infections following use of medicinal leeches in replantation and flap surgery — Lineaweaver WC et al. (1992)
The clinical effectiveness and safety of intravenous unfractionated heparin following digital replantation and revascularization: A narrative systematic review — Deblois et al. (2022)
Avoiding Systemic Heparinization During Hemodialysis: How the Dialysis Setup Might Help — Janssens et al. (2024)
A Case Description of Spontaneous Intracardiac Thrombogenesis During Mitral Valve Repair: A Complication of Aminocaproic Acid? — Zavala et al. (2025)
Development and validation of interpretable machine learning models for predicting the risk of necrosis after finger replantation: A retrospective multicenter study — Dong et al. (2025)
Vascular venous anatomy of the calcaneal fillet flap for tibial stump reconstruction: Anatomical study focused on reduction of vascular complications — Crosio et al. (2025)
Extended Anticoagulation Therapy With Rivaroxaban for Cancer-Associated Low-Risk Pulmonary Embolism According to Different Performance Status Scores: Insights From the ONCO PE Randomized Trial — Xiong et al. (2026)
Infection risk related to the use of medicinal leeches — Bauters et al. (2007)
Epistaxis Versus Nonepistaxis Bleeding in Anticoagulated Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Results From the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Trial — Semco et al. (2025)
Targeting factor XI as a compromise between thrombosis and bleeding — Żuk-Łapan et al. (2025)
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Various Anticoagulation Regimens for Portal Venous Thrombosis in Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis — Abideen et al. (2025)
Perioperative anticoagulation management in patients with left ventricular assist devices undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery: a retrospective study of bleeding and thrombosis — Lam et al. (2026)
Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in pediatric congenital and acquired heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials — Bakry et al. (2026)
Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Thrombolysis with Tenecteplase in Patients with Wake-Up Branch Atheromatous Disease — Zhu et al. (2026)
Efficacy and Safety of Reteplase Versus Alteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke Based on Fibrinogen Levels: The RAISE Trial Subgroup — Wang et al. (2026)
Synthetic anticoagulant octaparin targets mitochondrial cardiolipin-GSDMD axis to rescue redox homeostasis in sepsis — Zhang et al. (2025)
Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica Infections in two patients with osteomyelitis, China — Meng et al. (2025)
Osteomyocutaneous Free Fibula Flap Prevents Osteoradionecrosis and Osteomyelitis in Head and Neck Cancer Reconstruction — Wang et al. (2021)
Comparison of VTE prophylaxis agents on hemoglobin levels after total knee arthroplasty: a hospital information system-based observational study — Yuan et al. (2025)

Salivary Pharmacology (178)

[Medicinal leeches and hirudotherapy] — Gödekmerdan A et al. (2011)
PEROXIDATION OF SALIVA LIPIDS IN PATIENTS WITH POSTCOVID SYNDROME DURING HIRUDOTHERAPY — Serikbayeva S et al. (2024)
Medicinal leech therapy in pain syndromes: a narrative review — Koeppen D, Aurich M, Rampp T (2014)
Immunomodulatory effects of medicinal leech saliva extract on in vitro activated macrophages — Ayhan H et al. (2024)
Proteinase inhibitors from the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis — Baskova I, Zavalova L (2001)
[Polyfunctionality of destabilase, a lysozyme from a medicinal leech] — Baskova I, Zavalova L (2008)
Make it double: identification and characterization of a Tandem-Hirudin from the Asian medicinal leech Hirudinaria manillensis — Lukas P et al. (2022)
Use of the medicinal leech in the treatment of ear diseases — Seleznev K et al. (1992)
Recombinant Destabilase from — Bobrovsky P et al. (2021)
Effects of Carbon Nanotube Environmental Dispersion on an Aquatic Invertebrate, Hirudo medicinalis — Girardello R et al. (2015)
Effect of hirudin on arterialized venous flap survival in rabbits — Liu J et al. (2021)
[Research progress in hirudin fusion protein--review] — Zhang C et al. (2007)
Intracerebral hirudin injection alleviates cognitive impairment and oxidative stress and promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in rats subjected to cerebral ischemia — Xia X et al. (2023)
Leeches-Inspired Hydrogel-Elastomer Integration Materials — Feng J et al. (2018)
Novel Sodium Channel Inhibitor From Leeches — Wang G et al. (2018)
Platelet aggregation inhibitors from hematophagous animals — Francischetti I (2010)
Proton bridging in the interactions of thrombin with hirudin and its mimics — Kovach IM, Kakalis L, Jordan F, Zhang D (2013)
Effects of hirudin (thrombin specific inhibitor) in zebrafish embryos: a developmental role for thrombin — Jagadeeswaran P, Liu YC, Eddy CA (1997)
Probing the hirudin-thrombin interaction by incorporation of noncoded amino acids and molecular dynamics simulation — De Filippis V, Colombo G, Russo I, Spadari B, Fontana A (2002)
A novel protease-activated receptor 1 inhibitor from the leech Whitmania pigra — Ren SH, Liu ZJ, Cao Y et al. (2019)
Molecular Insights into Leech-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Biochemical Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential — Raghavi S, Deva Darshini B, Saravanan KM, Anbarasu K (2026)
Antithrombotic effect of piyavit, a substance from the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis), containing prostanoid and destabilase fractions — Baskova IP, Zavalova LL, Basanova AV, Aquejouf OM, Azougagh-Oualane F, Doutremepuich C (1995)
Destabilase complexes - natural liposome produced by medicinal leeches Hirudo medicinalis — Nikonov GI, Titova EA (1999)
Arterial antithrombotic effect of piyavit, the novel pharmacological preparation from the medicinal leech, and of its components, prostanoids and enzyme destabilase — Baskova IP, Aguejouf OM, Azougagh-Oualane F, Zavalova LL, Basanova AV, Doutremepuich C (1995)
Destabilase, the novel epsilon-(gamma-Glu)-Lys isopeptidase with thrombolytic activity — Baskova IP, Nikonov GI (1991)
Molecular characterization of two novel antibacterial peptides inducible upon bacterial challenge in an annelid, the leech Theromyzon tessulatum — Tasiemski A, Vandenbulcke F, Mitta G, Lemoine J, Lefebvre C, Sautière PE, Salzet M (2004)
Macin family of antimicrobial proteins combines antimicrobial and nerve repair activities — Jung S, Sönnichsen FD, Hung CW et al. (2012)
Production and characterization of saratin, an inhibitor of von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet adhesion to collagen — Barnes CS, Krafft B, Frech M et al. (2001)
The High-Affinity Chymotrypsin Inhibitor Eglin C Poorly Inhibits Human Chymotrypsin-Like Protease: Gln192 and Lys218 Are Key Determinants — Németh BZ, Kiss B, Sahin-Tóth M, Magyar C, Pál G (2024)
Interference of recombinant eglin C, a proteinase inhibitor extracted from leeches, with neutrophil-mediated platelet activation — Renesto P, Ferrer-Lopez P, Chignard M (1990)
Binding of the recombinant proteinase inhibitor eglin c from leech Hirudo medicinalis to serine (pro)enzymes: a comparative thermodynamic study — Ascenzi P, Aducci P, Amiconi G et al. (1991)
Eglin-c, a polypeptide derived from the medicinal leech, prevents human neutrophil elastase-induced emphysema and bronchial secretory cell metaplasia in the hamster — Snider GL, Stone PJ, Lucey EC et al. (1985)
Refined 1.2 Å crystal structure of the complex formed between subtilisin Carlsberg and the inhibitor eglin c — Bode W, Papamokos E, Musil D, Seemueller U, Fritz H (1986)
Leech protein extract ameliorated hyperuricemia by restoring gut microbiota dysregulation and affecting serum metabolites — Liu X, Liang XQ, Lu TC et al. (2024)
Binding of the recombinant proteinase inhibitor eglin c from leech Hirudo medicinalis to human leukocyte elastase, bovine alpha-chymotrypsin and subtilisin Carlsberg: thermodynamic study — Ascenzi P, Amiconi G, Menegatti E, Guarneri M, Bolognesi M, Schnebli HP (1988)
Purification and characterization of a novel thermostable anticoagulant protein from medicinal leech Whitmania pigra — Zhang Y et al. (2022)
Purification and characterization of an anticoagulant oligopeptide from Whitmania pigra Whitman — Zheng X et al. (2015)
A rapid method for isolation and purification of an anticoagulant from Whitmania pigra — Zhong S et al. (2007)
Life without blood: Molecular and functional analysis of hirudins and hirudin-like factors of the Asian non-hematophagous leech Whitmania pigra — Müller C et al. (2022)
Antithrombotic pharmacodynamics and metabolomics study in raw and processed products of Whitmania pigra — Kui H et al. (2024)
A study of the influence of lead pollution on the anticoagulant activity of Whitmania pigra based on pharmacodynamics and metabolomics research — Chen X et al. (2021)
Characterization and antioxidant activities of glycosaminoglycans from dried leech — Shen T et al. (2023)
Interaction of hementin with fibrinogen and fibrin — Budzynski AZ (1991)
The biological function of hementin in the proboscis of the leech Haementeria ghilianii — Sawyer RT, Jones CP, Munro R (1991)
A unique proteolytic fragment of human fibrinogen containing the A alpha COOH-terminal domain of the native molecule — Kirschbaum NE, Budzynski AZ (1990)
Fibrino(geno)lytic properties of purified hementerin, a metalloproteinase from the leech Haementeria depressa — Chudzinski-Tavassi AM et al. (1998)
Aqueous Extract of Whitmania Pigra Whitman Alleviates Thrombus Burden Via Sirtuin 1/NF-κB Pathway — Yao XL et al. (2019)
Molecular Insights into Leech-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Biochemical Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential — Raghavi S et al. (2026)
Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease: the mechanisms of signaling pathways regulations — Li W et al. (2026)
Optimization of protease-inhibitor interactions by randomizing adventitious contacts — Komiyama T et al. (2003)
The neurite-stimulating activity of components of the salivary gland secretion of the medicinal leech in cultures of sensory neurons — Chalisova NI et al. (2003)
Hirudin ameliorates kidney injury in DKD mice by decreasing SOD2 β-hydroxybutyrylation mediated ROS level and NLRP3 inflammasome formation — Li Y et al. (2026)
Deciphering the role of the electrostatic interactions involving Gly70 in eglin C by total chemical protein synthesis — Lu WY et al. (2000)
A cysteine-rich serine protease inhibitor (Guamerin II) from the non-blood sucking leech Whitmania edentula — Kim DR et al. (1996)
Hirudin delays the progression of diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting glomerular endothelial cell migration and abnormal angiogenesis — Zhang J et al. (2024)
Prostaglandin E1 is an efficient molecular tool for forest leech blood sucking — Zheng F et al. (2021)
Role of isopeptidolysis in the process of thrombolysis — Baskova IP et al. (2018)
Generation of recombinant destabilase-lysozyme from medicinal leeches in three different expression systems — Manuvera VA et al. (2015)
A comparison of the enzymatic properties of three recombinant isoforms of thrombolytic and antibacterial protein — destabilase-lysozyme from medicinal leech — Kurdyumov AS et al. (2015)
Research progress on the treatment of diabetic nephropathy with leech and its active ingredients — Tian F et al. (2024)
Heparin accelerates the inhibition of cathepsin G by mucus proteinase inhibitor: potent effect of O-butyrylated heparin — Ermolieff J et al. (1998)
Amino-acid-sequence determination and biological activity of tessulin, a naturally occurring trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor isolated from the leech Theromyzon tessulatum — Chopin V et al. (1998)
Investigation of kinetic parameters in vitro of serine proteinases included in the blood coagulation cascade — Danalev DL (2006)
Cytokine loaded biopolymers as a novel strategy to study stem cells during wound-healing processes — Grimaldi A et al. (2011)
Outcomes and current state of deep inferior epigastric perforator flap surgery in Peru and Mexico — Ziegler Rodriguez OR et al. (2025)
The multifunctional role of fibroblasts during wound healing in Hirudo medicinalis — Tettamanti G et al. (2004)
Proteins and peptides of the salivary gland secretion of medicinal leeches Hirudo verbana, H. medicinalis, and H. orientalis — Baskova IP et al. (2008)
Novel cysteine protease inhibitor derived from the leech: recombinant expression, purification, and characterization — Linhares DDC et al. (2021)
Morphological and anatomical deformities of Hirudo verbana after feeding: light and electron microscopic analysis — Ülger Ö et al. (2025)
The stomatogastric nervous system of the medicinal leech: its anatomy, physiology and associated aminergic neurons — Mesce KA et al. (2018)
Functional morphology of suction discs and attachment performance of the Mediterranean medicinal leech — Kampowski T et al. (2016)
May salivary gland secretory proteins from hematophagous leeches reach pharmacologically relevant concentrations in the vertebrate host? — Lemke S et al. (2013)
Tyrosine-O-sulfation is a widespread affinity enhancer among thrombin interactors — Ripoll-Rozada J et al. (2022)
An optically stabilized fast-switching light emitting diode as a light source for functional neuroimaging — Wagenaar DA (2012)
Exploiting Chemical Protein Synthesis to Study the Role of Tyrosine Sulfation on Anticoagulants from Hematophagous Organisms — Maxwell JWC et al. (2023)
Gene cloning and expression of a partial sequence of Hirudomacin, an antimicrobial protein that is increased in leech (Hirudo nipponica Whitman) after a blood meal — Ding A et al. (2019)
Identification and Screening of Novel Antimicrobial Peptides from Medicinal Leech via Heterologous Expression in E. coli — Serebrennikova M et al. (2025)
Identification and Characterization of RK22, a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from Hirudinaria manillensis against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus — Lu X et al. (2023)
Vampire Venom: Vasodilatory Mechanisms of Vampire Bat Blood Feeding — Kakumanu R et al. (2019)
Leech Extract Enhances the Pro-Angiogenic Effects of Endothelial Cell-Derived Exosomes in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke — Cao Y et al. (2025)
Hirudin alleviates acute ischemic stroke by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation — Li WQ et al. (2022)
Traditional Chinese Medicinal Leech Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Glioblastoma by SGK1/Caspase-3 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway — Wu S et al. (2025)
3D Reconstruction of HvRNASET2 Molecule to Understand Its Antibacterial Role — Baranzini N et al. (2020)
The molecular characterization, expression analysis and antimicrobial activity of theromacin from Asian polychaeta (Perinereis linea) — Joo MS et al. (2020)
European Medicinal Leeches - New Roles in Modern Medicine — Lemke S et al. (2020)
Traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and toxicology of Chinese medicinal leech (Shuizhi): A comprehensive review — Liu J et al. (2025)
Novel contact-kinin inhibitor sylvestin targets thromboinflammation and ameliorates ischemic stroke — Zhang Z et al. (2022)
Time to Change Theory; Medical Leech from a Molecular Medicine Perspective: Leech Salivary Proteins Playing a Potential Role in Medicine — Shakouri A et al. (2020)
Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a destabilase from Hirudinaria manillensis — Gao T et al. (2025)
Molecular cloning and functional analysis of HnSaratin from Hirudo nipponia — Cheng B et al. (2023)
Cloning of Guamerin gene in Whitmania pigra and its spatio-temporal expression analysis after ingestion — Wu MJ et al. (2018)
Application of promoting blood circulation and resolving blood stasis in intracerebral hemorrhage: a traditional method gradually moving toward modern stroke care — Dingshan Z et al. (2025)
Couplet medicines of leech and centipede granules improve erectile dysfunction via inactivation of the CaSR/PLC/PKC signaling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats — Ma JX et al. (2020)
Hirudin ameliorates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation: roles of NLRP3-signaling pathway — Bai Y et al. (2023)
Disintegrins from hematophagous sources — Assumpcao TC et al. (2012)
Effect of ingestion on antithrombin activity in different tissues of Whitmania pigra — Wu MJ et al. (2018)
Hirudin promotes proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of HBMSCs via activation of cGMP/PKG signaling pathway — Cao S et al. (2022)
Isolation and characterization of poeciguamerin, a peptide with dual analgesic and antithrombotic activity from leech salivary glands — Wang et al. (2023)
Evaluation of hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, skin irritation and acute toxicity of leech (Hirudo nipponia) extract — Li et al. (2024)
Elucidating the neuroinflammatory modulatory mechanisms of Maixuekang capsule via network pharmacology and proteomics — Han et al. (2026)
Disintegrins from hematophagous sources — Assumpcao TCF et al. (2012)
Protein mapping of the salivary complex from a hematophagous leech — Ricci-Silva ME et al. (2005)
Protein profiling of the medicinal leech salivary gland secretion by proteomic analytical methods — Baskova IP et al. (2004)
Proteomic analysis methods for characterization of proteins from the salivary gland secretions of the medicinal leech during different seasons — Baskova IP et al. (2007)
Inhibition of induced and spontaneous platelet aggregation by destabilase from medicinal leech — Baskova I et al. (2000)
Neurite-stimulating activity of secretions from the Hirudo medicinalis salivary gland in cultured sensory neurons — Chalisova NI et al. (2001)
The neurite-stimulating influence of components of medicinal leech salivary gland secretions in organotypic culture of spinal ganglia — Chalisova NI et al. (2003)
Identification and characterization of a novel neuropeptide (neuropeptide Y-HS) from leech salivary gland of Haemadipsa sylvestris — Liu WH et al. (2016)
Repetitive nociceptive stimulation elicits complex behavioral changes in Hirudo: evidence of arousal and motivational adaptations — Hoynoski J et al. (2023)
Invertebrate compounds acting on the hemostatic mechanism — Arocha-Pinango CL et al. (1999)
The collagen-binding leech products rLAPP and calin prevent both von Willebrand factor and alpha2beta1(GPIa/IIa)-I-domain binding to collagen in a different manner — Depraetere H et al. (1999)
Hyaluronidase activity in leeches (Hirudinea) — Hovingh P et al. (1999)
Biochemical characterization of a thrombin inhibitor from the bloodsucking bug Dipetalogaster maximus — Lange U et al. (1999)
Enhanced production of anticoagulant hirudin in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae by chromosomal delta-integration — Kim MD et al. (2001)
Technical improvements in genetic manipulation of Pichia pastoris and their application in hirudin expression — Cai CQ et al. (2001)
Coexpression of BiP increased antithrombotic hirudin production in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae — Kim MD et al. (2003)
Antithrombotic effects of saratin on human atherosclerotic plaques — Vilahur G et al. (2004)
Saratin (an inhibitor of platelet-collagen interaction) decreases platelet aggregation and homocysteine-mediated postcarotid endarterectomy intimal hyperplasia in a dose-dependent manner — Davis JA et al. (2004)
Analysis of recombinant proteins by isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients — Bischoff R et al. (1992)
von Willebrand factor A1 domain can adequately substitute for A3 domain in recruitment of flowing platelets to collagen — Bonnefoy A et al. (2006)
Different susceptibility of elastase inhibitors to inactivation by proteinases from Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa — Sponer M et al. (1991)
High-level secretion of dipetarudin, a chimeric thrombin inhibitor, by Pichia pastoris — Lopez M et al. (2006)
The leech product saratin is a potent inhibitor of platelet integrin alpha2beta1 and von Willebrand factor binding to collagen — White TC et al. (2007)
Studies on the anticoagulant, antimetastatic and heparin-binding properties of ghilanten-related inhibitors — Brankamp RG et al. (1991)
Calin--a platelet adhesion inhibitor from the saliva of the medicinal leech — Munro R et al. (1991)
Expression of recombinant Hirudin in transgenic mice milk driven by the goat beta-casein promoter — Yen CH et al. (2008)
A long-lasting, plasmin-activatable thrombin inhibitor aids clot lysis in vitro and does not promote bleeding in vivo — Sheffield WP et al. (2009)
Diversity and selective pressures of anticoagulants in three medicinal leeches (Hirudinida: Hirudinidae, Macrobdellidae) — Kvist S et al. (2013)
The comeback of hirudin--an old-established anticoagulant agent — Markwardt F et al. (1988)
Evidence for the identity of hirudin isolated after kidney passage with the starting material — Henschen A et al. (1988)
Enzymatic production of specifically distributed hyaluronan oligosaccharides — Yuan P et al. (2015)
Enhanced production of leech hyaluronidase by optimizing secretion and cultivation in Pichia pastoris — Kang Z et al. (2015)
Isolation of recombinant hirudin by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography — Bischoff R et al. (1989)
Characterisation of separated end hyaluronan oligosaccharides from leech hyaluronidase and evaluation of angiogenesis — Lv M et al. (2016)
Spatiotemporal Expression of Anticoagulation Factorin Freshwater Leeches — Kwak HJ et al. (2019)
Genetic variation, pseudocryptic diversity, and phylogeny of Erpobdella (Annelida: Hirudinida: Erpobdelliformes), with emphasis on Canadian species — Anderson K et al. (2019)
High-level constitutive expression of leech hyaluronidase with combined strategies in recombinant Pichia pastoris — Huang H et al. (2020)
A novel thrombin inhibitory peptide discovered from leech using affinity chromatography combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectroscopy — Huang Q et al. (2020)
Functional morphology of the suckers and teeth of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida): A scanning electron microscope study — Ayhan H et al. (2021)
Ozone effects on inhibitors of human neutrophil proteinases — Smith CE et al. (1987)
First description study on molecular characterization of Hemiclepsis khankiana (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae) in China — He Y et al. (2023)
Pharmacology of hirudin: one hundred years after the first report of the anticoagulant agent in medicinal leeches — Markwardt F et al. (1985)
Yeast surface display of leech hyaluronidase for the industrial production of hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides — Liao L et al. (2023)
Hirudin promotes cerebral angiogenesis and exerts neuroprotective effects in MCAO/R rats by activating the Wnt/-catenin pathway — He L et al. (2025)
On the isolation of the thrombin inhibitor hirudin — Walsmann P et al. (1985)
Expression of Recombinant Hirudin in Bacteria and Yeast: A Comparative Approach — Wang Z et al. (2025)
Species delimitation recovers undescribed Erpobdellidae (Annelida: Hirudinea) from USA and Turkiye — Saglam N et al. (2025)
Protease inhibitors in Haementeria leech species — Murer EH et al. (1984)
Direct thrombin inhibition with Rec-hirudin CGP 39393 as prophylaxis of thromboembolic complications after total hip replacement — Eriksson BI et al. (1994)
Calin from Hirudo medicinalis, an inhibitor of von Willebrand factor binding to collagen under static and flow conditions — Harsfalvi J et al. (1995)
Calin from Hirudo medicinalis, an inhibitor of platelet adhesion to collagen, prevents platelet-rich thrombosis in hamsters — Deckmyn H et al. (1995)
A Kazal-type inhibitor of human mast cell tryptase: isolation from the medical leech Hirudo medicinalis, characterization, and sequence analysis — Sommerhoff CP et al. (1994)
Expression and kinetic characterization of barley chymotrypsin inhibitors 1a and 1b — Greagg MA et al. (1994)
Is colour Doppler ultrasound a sensitive screening method in diagnosing deep vein thrombosis after hip surgery? — Magnusson M et al. (1996)
Hyaluronidases in tissue invasion — Csoka TB et al. (1997)
Time to Reconsidering the Potential Role of Leech Salivary Proteins in Medicine: Type-II Kounis Syndrome Triggered by Leech Bite — Tas B et al. (2025)
Unveiling salivary gland-specific gene expression of Piezo1 and Neuroendocrine in the leech Helobdella austinensis — Pyo IH et al. (2025)
Nanoencapsulation of leech saliva extract proteins in liposomes as a nanocarrier for inhibiting angiogenesis through targeting VEGFA in the Breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) — Shakouri A et al. (2021)
Identification of heparin samples that contain impurities or contaminants by chemometric pattern recognition analysis of proton NMR spectral data — Zang Q et al. (2011)
One-hour screening of adulterated heparin by simplified peroxide digestion and fast RPIP-LC-MS(2) — Li H et al. (2015)
Preparation and Application of Nanosensor in Safeguarding Heparin Supply Chain — Bi Y et al. (2020)
Idarucizumab more effectively reverses the anticoagulant effects of dabigatran acylglucuronide than dabigatran — Kim JM et al. (2025)
Cardiovascular chemotherapy: anticoagulants — Shafer JA (1998)
Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis lesion caused by Leishmania major Using Leech Therapy in BALB/c Mice. — Shirani-Bidabadi (2024)
Salivary lipid profiles of the leech (Hirudo medicinalis). — Rabinowitz (1996)
The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of(Annelida: Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae). — Zhu X et al. (2023)
Primary structure and function of novel O-glycosylated hirudins from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis. — Steiner V et al. (1992)
Penthalaris, a novel recombinant five-Kunitz tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) from the salivary gland of the tick vector of Lyme disease, Ixodes scapularis. — Francischetti IM et al. (2004)
Designing allosteric regulators of thrombin. Exosite 2 features multiple subsites that can be targeted by sulfated small molecules for inducing inhibition. — Sidhu PS et al. (2013)
Erpobdellid leeches (Annelida, Clitellata, Hirudinida) from Tunisia: new records with the description of a new Trocheta species. — Ben Ahmed R et al. (2013)
A new species of buffalo leech in the genusWhitman, 1886 (Arhynchobdellida, Hirudinidae) from Thailand. — Jeratthitikul E et al. (2020)
Allosteric Modulation of Thrombin by Thrombomodulin: Insights from Logistic Regression and Statistical Analysis of Molecular Dynamics Simulations. — Wu D et al. (2024)
Identification of structural-kinetic and structural-thermodynamic relationships for thrombin inhibitors — Winquist et al. (2013)
Entry from the Lipid Bilayer: A Possible Pathway for Inhibition of a Peptide G Protein-Coupled Receptor by a Lipophilic Small Molecule — Bokoch et al. (2018)
Direct thrombin inhibitors fail to reverse the negative effects of heparin on lung growth and function after murine left pneumonectomy — Tsikis et al. (2024)
Fibrinolytic compromise by simultaneous administration of site-directed inhibitors of thrombin — Callas et al. (1994)
Additive effect of the combined administration of low molecular weight heparin and recombinant hirudin on thrombus growth in a rabbit jugular vein thrombosis model — Biemond et al. (1994)
Structural and Functional Characterization of Hirudin P6 Derived Novel Bivalent Thrombin Inhibitors - Studying the Effect of Linker Length and Glycosylation on Their Function — Shabareesh et al. (2016)

Antimicrobial Resistance (28)

Novel Leech Antimicrobial Peptides — Hirunipins — Kumar et al. (2025)
Neuropeptide-derived antimicrobial peptides from invertebrates for biomedical applications — Salzet M et al. (2005)
The Hirudo medicinalis microbiome is a source of new antimicrobial peptides — Grafskaia E et al. (2020)
Low-Level Antimicrobials in the Medicinal Leech Select for Resistant Pathogens — Beka L et al. (2018)
Ciprofloxacin-resistant Aeromonas infection following leech therapy for digit replantation: report of 2 cases — van Alphen NA et al. (2014)
Antibiotic sensitivities of Aeromonas hydrophila cultured from medicinal leeches — Hermansdorfer J et al. (1988)
Ciprofloxacin-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila infection following leech therapy — Patel KM et al. (2012)
Antibacterial non-glycosidase activity of invertebrate destabilase-lysozyme and of its helical amphipathic peptides — Zavalova LL et al. (2006)
Identification and cloning of an invertebrate-type lysozyme from Eisenia andrei — Joskova R et al. (2009)
Neuro-immune lessons from an annelid: The medicinal leech — Tasiemski A, Salzet M (2016)
Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Immunity of Parasitic Leeches — Kaygorodova IA (2023)
Clinical Efficacy of Leech Therapy (Ta'lq al-'Alaq) in Eczema (Nr Frs): An Open-Label Single-Arm Clinical Study — Ulla P BS et al. (2025)
The elastase-inhibitor eglin has no effect in an ovine model of endotoxemia — Redl H et al. (1988)
Competitive inhibition of heparinase by persulfonated glycosaminoglycans: a tool to detect heparin contamination — Aich U et al. (2011)
BuZangTongLuo decoction improved hindlimb ischemia by activating angiogenesis and regulating gut microbiota in diabetic mice — Zheng J et al. (2019)
Complement C3b contributes to-induced platelet aggregation in human whole blood — Landsem A et al. (2022)
Bacterial symbiont and salivary peptide evolution in the context of leech phylogeny — Siddall ME et al. (2011)
A novel Toll like receptor with two TIR domains (HcToll-2) is involved in regulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression of Hyriopsis cumingii. — Ren Q et al. (2014)
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a short peptidoglycan recognition protein from triangle-shell pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii). — Huang Y et al. (2018)
Isolation, Characterization, and Evaluation of a Lytic Jumbo Phage Z90 Againstin American Eels (). — Zhang M et al. (2025)
Elucidating environmental reservoir of antimicrobial resistance - a phenotypic characterization of gut microbiota from aquatic coleoptera in a low-anthropogenic impact zone. — Orhan F et al. (2025)
Culture, qPCR, and genome-based surveillance of,, andin school wastewater from Santiago, Chile. — Cortez-Astorga A et al. (2026)
Diversity and antibiograms of bacteria isolated from cutaneous leishmaniasis wounds in the Nkwanta South District of Ghana. — Yeboaa C et al. (2023)
Molecular Epidemiological Characteristics of Carbapenem Resistantfrom Hospital Wastewater. — Zhang Q et al. (2024)
Global spread and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila in aquatic food animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Jeamsripong S et al. (2025)
Genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of Aeromonas veronii isolated from aquatic animals in Sichuan, China — Peng et al. (2025)
Aeromonas characteristics in Iran, Southwest Asia; a systematic review and meta-analysis on epidemiology, reservoirs and antibiotic resistance profile from aquatic environments to human society during 2000-2023 — Moradi et al. (2025)
Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes in Aeromonas spp. isolated from marketed Manila Clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in Korea — Dahanayake et al. (2019)