Research Library — Analysed Articles

Every study carrying an original ASH relevance analysis (520 articles), grouped by topic.

Last Updated: June 18, 2026Reviewed by: ASH Editorial Board

Research index

Each of these 520 articles carries an original, abstract-grounded ASH relevance note — what the study examined, why it matters for hirudotherapy and the medicinal-leech secretome, and an honest evidence caveat. Studies that carry only a bare imported abstract remain searchable in the Smart Library but are kept out of this index.

Clinical Trials (316)

Leech Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis — The Landmark RCT — Michalsen et al. (2003)
Leech-Assisted Flap Salvage — Systematic Review of 277 Cases — Whitaker et al. (2012)
Effects of hirudotherapy on liver functions, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity in rats with metabolic syndrome — Bilden A et al. (2026)
HIRUDOTHERAPY IN PRESBYACUZIS PRAECOX IN CLEAN-UP WORKERS AFTER THE CHORNOBYL ACCIDENT DURING THE POST-CATASTROPHE YEARS — Zabolotnyi D, Mishchanchuk N (2019)
Wound healing potential of bark paste of Pongamia pinnata along with hirudotherapy: A case report — Balasooriya D, Karunarathna C, Uluwaduge I (2021)
Study on the effect of medicinal leech therapy (Hirudo medicinalis) on full-thickness excisional wound healing in the animal model — Zakian A et al. (2022)
[Hirudo medicinalis-leech applications in plastic and reconstructive microsurgery--a literature review] — Knobloch K et al. (2007)
The use of medicinal leeches in fingertip replantation without venous anastomosis - case report of a 4-year-old patient — Streit L, Dvořák Z, Novák O, Stiborová S, Veselý J (2014)
Outcomes of flap salvage with medicinal leech therapy — Nguyen MQ et al. (2012)
Management of flaps with compromised venous outflow in head and neck microsurgical reconstruction — Kubo T, Yano K, Hosokawa K (2002)
Use of the medicinal leech for salvage of venous congested microvascular free flaps of the head and neck — Koch CA, Olsen SM, Moore EJ (2011)
Current concepts in salvage procedures for failing microvascular flaps: is there a superior technique? — Troeltzsch M et al. (2016)
Monitoring of argatroban and lepirudin anticoagulation in critically ill patients by conventional laboratory parameters and rotational thromboelastometry — Beiderlinden M et al. (2018)
BMI differences on anticoagulation with bivalirudin vs. heparin during primary PCI: a BRIGHT-4 subanalysis — Zhang D et al. (2025)
The impact of microsurgery on the treatment of ring avulsion injuries — Chiu DT et al. (2019)
Microvascular replantation for partial auricle amputation: only arterial anastomosis with leech use — Li et al. (2023)
Use of expanded reverse sural artery flap in lower extremity reconstruction — Kose R et al. (2011)
Early venous congestion after diep flap breast reconstruction: case report of a successful management — Baccarani A et al. (2022)
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy as an Artificial Leech to Save a Congestive Flap: Case Report — Ardila MP, Gomez-Ortega V (2022)
Successful replantation of an amputated earlobe by microvascular anastomosis — Jung SN et al. (2009)
Clinical Impact of Intraprocedural Stent Thrombosis During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients Treated With Potent P2Y12 inhibitors - a VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART Substudy — Bergman S et al. (2021)
Performance Characteristics of DOAC Dipstick in Determining Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Urine — Harenberg J et al. (2021)
Submental flap for reconstruction of anterior skull base, orbital, and high facial defects — Chang BA et al. (2018)
Potential mechanism of acute stent thrombosis with bivalirudin following percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes — Laine M et al. (2016)
Incidence, predictors, and outcomes associated with acute kidney injury in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: from the BRAVO-3 randomized trial — Chandrasekhar J et al. (2021)
Diagnostics and management of direct oral anticoagulants-induced bleeding — von Heymann C et al. (2025)
Dabigatran-induced Gastrointestinal Bleed Treated by 4-factor Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Sikkim — Dhakal M et al. (2026)
Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. — Douketis et al. (2012)
Apixaban for Prevention of Thromboembolism in Pediatric Heart Disease. — Payne et al. (2023)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: treatment options and special considerations. — Dager et al. (2007)
Heparin vs bivalirudin anticoagulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. — Kaseer et al. (2020)
Successful salvage of venous thrombosis of a free flap by creation of a venocutaneous fistula. — Jones et al. (2011)
Net clinical benefit of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus no treatment in a 'real world' atrial fibrillation population: a modelling analysis based on a nationwide cohort study. — Banerjee et al. (2012)
An old controversy revisited-one versus two venous anastomoses in microvascular head and neck reconstruction using anterolateral thigh flap. — Chen et al. (2014)
Bivalirudin vs Heparin in Patients Who Undergo Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation. — Lange et al. (2015)
Outcomes and costs of left atrial appendage closure from randomized controlled trial and real-world experience relative to oral anticoagulation. — Panikker et al. (2016)
Is the ORBIT Bleeding Risk Score Superior to the HAS-BLED Score in Anticoagulated Atrial Fibrillation Patients?. — Esteve-Pastor et al. (2016)
[Real-world data on novel oral anticoagulants: the added value of registries and observational studies. Focus on apixaban]. — Pelliccia et al. (2016)
Renal Function Considerations for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. — Fanikos et al. (2017)
Low molecular weight heparin use during pregnancy and risk of postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Sirico et al. (2019)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia. — Prince et al. (2018)
Bariatric venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: an update on the literature. — Hamadi et al. (2019)
Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Obesity: An Updated Literature Review. — Sebaaly et al. (2020)
Use of direct-acting oral anticoagulants in solid organ transplantation: A systematic review. — Bixby et al. (2021)
Learning microvascular anastomosis: Analysis of practice patterns. — Mokhtari et al. (2021)
Dabigatran versus vitamin K antagonists for atrial fibrillation in clinical practice: final outcomes from Phase III of the GLORIA-AF registry. — Huisman et al. (2022)
Protocols for perioperative management of direct oral anticoagulants in hospitals: opportunities for improvement. — Mitrovic et al. (2023)
Simulation of Reconstructive Microsurgery in Soft Embalmed Cadavers: A Teaching Module for Plastic Surgery Residents. — Manikumari et al. (2022)
Low-Dose Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for Thromboprophylaxis During Pregnancy. — Rosenberg (2023)
Training in microvascular anastomosis - A randomized comparative study between chicken thigh specimen and live rat. — Fleurette et al. (2023)
Argatroban in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke With Early Neurological Deterioration: A Randomized Clinical Trial. — Zhang et al. (2024)
Feasibility and practicality of a novel teaching aid for microvascular anastomosis simulation training in neurosurgery generated by 3D printing. — Shi et al. (2025)
Evaluation of gaps in direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) management in an outpatient underserved clinic: a cross-sectional study. — Alghamdi et al. (2025)
Comprehensive Coagulation Management in Cardiac Surgery: Anticoagulants, Heparin Resistance, Monitoring, and Bleeding Risks : Coagulation Management in Cardiac Surgery. — Negargar et al. (2025)
Risk stratification of acute pulmonary embolism. — de Wit et al. (2023)
Submassive Pulmonary Embolism. — Rali et al. (2018)
Platelet function assays. — Rand et al. (2003)
Guidelines for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. — Alonso de Leciñana et al. (2011)
Reversal of anticoagulant effects in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. — Yates et al. (2015)
Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke on Anticoagulation Therapy. — Černík et al. (2018)
Medical Management for Secondary Stroke Prevention. — Kim (2020)
[COVID-19 and stroke]. — Wada et al. (2020)
Intracerebral Hemorrhage. — Nobleza (2021)
Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Concomitant Intracranial Hemorrhage. — Weller et al. (2022)
Myeloproliferative neoplasms and splanchnic vein thrombosis: Contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. — Kiladjian et al. (2023)
How we manage a high D-dimer. — Franchini et al. (2024)
Contemporary outcomes of acute ischemic stroke in atrial fibrillation patients on anticoagulation. — Vasquez et al. (2024)
Scaling theory of fibrin polymerization. — Panyukov (2024)
Quality Assurance in Platelet Function Testing. — Smock et al. (2026)
Congenital dysfibrinogenemia. — Martinez (1997)
Rivaroxaban for stroke patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (RISAPS): protocol for a randomized controlled, phase IIb proof-of-principle trial. — Mittal P et al. (2024)
Exposure-Response Relationship of Tranexamic Acid in Cardiac Surgery. — Zufferey PJ et al. (2021)
Tranexamic Acid in Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Dionne JC et al. (2022)
[Treatment of cancer associated thrombosis]. — Sanchez O (2022)
2025 ESVM Guidelines on interventional treatment of venous thromboembolism. — Schlager O et al. (2025)
Riociguat and the right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. — Benza RL et al. (2022)
Atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation, fall risk, and outcomes in elderly patients. — Sellers MB et al. (2011)
Prophylaxis for hemophilia A without inhibitors: treatment options and considerations. — Valentino LA et al. (2020)
The More Recent History of Hemophilia Treatment. — Franchini M et al. (2022)
Anticoagulation Management for Impella Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices: An Analysis of a Single-Center Experience. — Wood E et al. (2020)
Concomitant Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. — Kapadia SR et al. (2023)
Stroke in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices. — Plecash AR et al. (2021)
Evolving anticoagulation paradigms in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients: a focus on direct oral anticoagulants. — Ndakotsu A et al. (2025)
Moderate pulmonary embolism treated with thrombolysis (from the "MOPETT" Trial). — Sharifi M et al. (2012)
Neonatal thrombosis. — Makatsariya A et al. (2020)
Short term outcome of neonatal venous thromboembolism in anticoagulated versus observed patients. — Beg KA et al. (2024)
Effectiveness of early coronary angioplasty and abciximab for failed thrombolysis (reteplase or alteplase) during acute myocardial infarction (results from the GUSTO-III trial). Global Use of Strategies To Open occluded coronary arteries. — Miller JM et al. (1999)
Evaluation of mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke related to a distal arterial occlusion: A randomized controlled trial. — Clarençon F et al. (2023)
Clinical and Genetic Risk Factors for Acute Incident Venous Thromboembolism in Ambulatory Patients With COVID-19. — Xie J et al. (2022)
Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy: An Institution's 35 Year Perspective on Practice and Research. — Gonzalez E et al. (2014)
Quality of Life after Venous Stenting for Post-thrombotic Syndrome and the Effect of Inflow Disease. — Bakas JM et al. (2023)
Fragment-based approach to drug lead discovery: overview and advances in various techniques. — Fattori D et al. (2008)
Recent advances in the discovery and development of factor XI/XIa inhibitors. — Al-Horani RA et al. (2018)
Anticoagulation reversal (vitamin K, prothrombin complex concentrates, idarucizumab, andexanet-α, protamine). — Bekka E et al. (2024)
Clinical outcomes and a high prevalence of abnormalities on comprehensive arterial and venous thrombophilia screening in TIA or ischaemic stroke patients with a patent foramen ovale, an inter-atrial septal aneurysm or both — Lim ST et al. (2017)
Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with gastrointestinal cancer using edoxaban — Bosch FTM et al. (2021)
Evaluation of Direct Oral Anticoagulant Reversal Agents in Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis — Chaudhary R et al. (2022)
Effect of different application duration of a venous foot pump on prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip and knee arthroplasty: a multicenter prospective clinical trial — Gu S et al. (2023)
Current evidence on the effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulants in superficial venous thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Damay VA et al. (2024)
Clinical Analysis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia due to Therapeutic Plasmapheresis With Heparin Anticoagulation — Lv C et al. (2025)
Association between thrombophilic gene variants and thrombosis in the Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Safdari SM et al. (2025)
Enhanced trial efficiency of the novel "contemporaneous control recapture" parallel-cohort RCT design: Methods and application in the CRITICAL-Kids-TP trial — Sochet AA et al. (2025)
Predictors of hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage associated with factor Xa inhibitors — Komatsu Y et al. (2025)
Comparative Outcomes of Apixaban and Acenocoumarol in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Atrial Fibrillation: A Retrospective Observational Study — Suliman IL et al. (2025)
Comparing survival with vitamin K antagonists, low-molecular-weight heparin, and direct oral anticoagulants in patients with cancer-a systematic review and meta-analysis — Xirou V et al. (2025)
Comparison of 4-factor fixed-dose versus 4-factor weight-based-dose prothrombin complex concentrate for emergent warfarin reversal: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Alrashed M et al. (2025)
The Impact of NOACS versus VKAS on Absolute and Relative Cognitive Function Decline Over Time: A Machine Learning Approach — Ferrantelli S et al. (2025)
Prothrombin complex concentrate for oral factor Xa inhibitor-associated intracerebral hemorrhage — Shamiea M et al. (2026)
Non-cirrhotic portal-splenic-mesenteric vein thrombosis unmasking JAK2 V617F-positive polycythemia vera — Otake T et al. (2026)
Impact of Treatment Response to Anticoagulant Therapy on Liver-Related Events in Patients With Cirrhosis and Portal Vein Thrombosis — Maeda A et al. (2026)
Clinical outcomes following catheter-related venous thrombo-embolism among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia — Pelland-Marcotte MC et al. (2026)
Metabolic complications of citrate anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy (crrt): a delphi consensus on indications, monitoring and management — Jacobs R et al. (2026)
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Involving the Vein of Labbé and Left Sigmoid Sinus in a Patient With Immune Thrombocytopenia Treated With Romiplostim: A Case Report and Literature Review — Berrocal C et al. (2026)
Clinical implications of incidental venous thromboembolism in cancer patients — Mulder FI et al. (2020)
Identifying risk factors for major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation using direct oral anticoagulants: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Wang X et al. (2026)
Thromboembolic disease in testicular germ cell tumors-real-world evidence of three Portuguese institutions — Albuquerque J et al. (2026)
Aspirin is Not for Everyone: Discharge to Non-home Facilities After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Increases Risk of Venous Thromboembolism — McHugh M et al. (2024)
Thrombophilia and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: The Enigma Continues — Barut MU et al. (2018)
Deep vein thrombosis after total knee replacement — Ruban P et al. (2000)
The roles of endogenous membrane properties and synaptic interaction in generating the heartbeat rhythm of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis — Calabrese RL (1979)
Practice patterns for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in minimal-access surgery — Beekman R et al. (2006)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients — Selleng K et al. (2008)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a renal perspective — Syed S et al. (2009)
The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase HmLAR1 is up-regulated in the CNS of the adult medicinal leech following injury and is required for neuronal sprouting and regeneration — Sethi J et al. (2010)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: real-world issues — Linkins LA et al. (2011)
Deep vein thrombosis in arthroscopic surgery and chemoprophylaxis recommendation in an Asian population — Yeo KS et al. (2016)
Venous thromboembolism management in Northeast Melbourne: how does it compare to international guidelines and data? — Lim HY et al. (2017)
Responses to mechanically and visually cued water waves in the nervous system of the medicinal leech — Lehmkuhl AM et al. (2018)
Graduated compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis — Sachdeva A et al. (2018)
American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: optimal management of anticoagulation therapy — Witt DM et al. (2018)
Unusual presentation of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT) with multiple organ involvement — Zakhour H et al. (2025)
Increased Incidence of Thrombosis in Patients at Risk of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Receiving Epoprostenol for Cardiac Surgery — Becher EL et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin Monitoring Using Dilute Thrombin Time in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Single-Center, Retrospective Cost Analysis, 2018-2023 — Dorn LE et al. (2026)
Comparative Effectiveness of Oral Anticoagulants and Home Time After Venous Thromboembolism in Frail and Non-Frail Older Adults — Park CM et al. (2026)
Is the preoperative MPV value related to early thrombus formation in microvascular anastomosis? — Eser C et al. (2016)
A Unique Case of Replantation of Previously Replanted Fingers — Bharathi R et al. (2021)
The Learning Curve in Digital Replant Surgery: 46 Prospectively Collected Cases From a Single Surgeon Over a 10-Year Period — Hustedt JW et al. (2024)
Post-assault brachial vein thrombosis in an adolescent female: Diagnosis by CT angiography — Sumawe J (2026)
Novel use of a hemostatic dressing in the management of a bleeding leech bite: a case report and review of the literature — Fedor PJ (2012)
Long-Term Outcomes of Successful Fingertip Replantation: A Follow-Up of at Least 10 Years — Hayashi K et al. (2020)
The timing of neovascularization in fingertip replantation by external bleeding — Han et al. (2002)
Outcomes in microsurgery — Thoma et al. (2009)
More consistent postoperative care and monitoring can reduce costs following microvascular free flap reconstruction — Haddock et al. (2010)
Free flap take-back following postoperative microvascular compromise: predicting salvage versus failure — Mirzabeigi et al. (2012)
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in arthroscopic surgery — Bryll et al. (2013)
Challenges in measuring outcomes following digital replantation — Sebastin et al. (2013)
Supraclavicular flap repair in the free flap era — Trautman et al. (2018)
Factors Associated with Free Flap Failures in Head and Neck Reconstruction — Crawley et al. (2019)
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical effectiveness of point-of-care testing for anticoagulation management during ECMO — Jiritano et al. (2021)
Comparison of Screening Scores for Heparin- Induced Thrombocytopenia After Cardiopulmonary Bypass — Cutler et al. (2022)
Hemostasis in neonatal ECMO — Cortesi et al. (2022)
The Use of Machine Learning for Predicting Complications of Free-Flap Head and Neck Reconstruction — Asaad et al. (2023)
Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Worldwide Survey — Zambelli et al. (2024)
Comparison of Treatment Approaches and Subsequent Outcomes within a Pulmonary Embolism Response Team Registry — Weekes et al. (2024)
Methodologic Quality and Pharmacotherapy Recommendations for Patient Blood Management Guidelines for Cardiac Surgery on Cardiopulmonary Bypass — Huang et al. (2024)
Free Flap Perfusion in Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction: Influence of the Number of Ischemia Intervals and Ischemia Duration-A Retrospective Study — Ooms et al. (2024)
Complement activation as a biomarker for platelet-activating antibodies in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Myoung et al. (2025)
Impact of Vasopressors on Microvascular Free Flap Perfusion in Head and Neck Reconstruction — Ooms et al. (2025)
Salvage of fingertip amputated at nail level: new surgical principles and treatments — Hirase (1997)
Apixaban for the prophylaxis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: an evidence-based review — Mandernach et al. (2015)
Postoperative bridging anticoagulation and left ventricular assist system thrombosis — Nemer et al. (2019)
Remote monitoring of head and neck free flaps using near infrared spectroscopic tissue oximetry — Starr et al. (2020)
Non-anticoagulant factors affecting coagulation in the extracorporeal circulation circuit and the development of an individualized regional citrate anticoagulation protocol for hemodialysis: A real-world retrospective study — Hu et al. (2023)
Construction of a coagulation prediction model of the extracorporeal circulation circuit during hemodialysis with regional citrate anticoagulant (RCA) — Gong et al. (2024)
Return-to-Work After Attempted Digit Replantation: A Systematic Review of 31 Studies — Treger et al. (2024)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Hepatectomy: A Case Report — Sakio et al. (2025)
Glove-like hand: A case of severe-circumferential hand degloving injury — Pamuk et al. (2025)
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in a Patient With Pulmonary Embolism and Bilateral Deep Venous Thrombosis: A Case Report — Ojinna et al. (2025)
Positive Effect of Wrapping with Nerve Conduit on Nerve Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Suturing — Miyashima et al. (2025)
Direct oral anticoagulants vs. warfarin for left ventricular thrombus — Kassab et al. (2026)
Dabigatran prevents lipopolysaccharide mediated apoptosis in zebrafish through a thrombin independent mechanism — Fleischmann et al. (2026)
Centrifugal Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Pediatric Patients: A Single-Center Case Series From Japan — Omori et al. (2026)
Perioperative management and outcomes of hip and knee arthroplasty among heartmate 3 left ventricular assist device recipients — Turan et al. (2026)
Clodronate liposome treatment contributes to the nerve regeneration in corneal nerve involvement of diabetic mice — Ueno et al. (2025)
Efficacy of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in patients with metformin associated lactic acidosis and acute kidney injury — De et al. (2025)
Platelet responsiveness to aspirin in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A prospective cohort study — Marathe et al. (2026)
Venous thromboembolism after hip arthroscopy: a systematic review of incidence, risk factors, and international guidelines — Gao et al. (2025)
Volumetric Feasibility of Lumbar Artery Perforator Flaps Compared to Abdominal Flaps for Breast Reconstruction in Low-BMI Patients: A CT-Based Study — Kim et al. (2026)
Spontaneous intramural small bowel hematoma: unusual cause of intestinal subocclusion in an anticoagulated patient-a case report — Calomeni et al. (2026)
Tumor and Flap Reconstruction Volumes and Functional Outcomes after Glossectomy — Wu et al. (2026)
The role of indocyanine green fluorescence angiography in head and neck reconstruction: a systematic review — Poen et al. (2026)
Thrombosis at the crossroads of inflammation, coagulation, and vascular biology: Recent advances and emerging therapeutic strategies — Ramarajan et al. (2026)
Recent advances in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Cuker. (2011)
Biomechanical Properties of 3-Dimensional Printed Volar Locking Distal Radius Plate: Comparison With Conventional Volar Locking Plate — Kim et al. (2017)
Evaluation of platelet function in essential thrombocythemia under different analytical conditions — Lussana et al. (2020)
Dialdehyde pectin-crosslinked and hirudin-loaded decellularized porcine pericardium with improved matrix stability, enhanced anti-calcification and anticoagulant for bioprosthetic heart valves — Hu et al. (2021)
Examining Trends in Implantable Arterial Doppler Usage Among North American Head and Neck Microsurgeons: A Survey Study — Langenfeld et al. (2023)
Acute Kidney Injury in Different Anticoagulation Strategies: A Large-Scale Pharmacoepidemiologic Study Using Real-World Data — Xu et al. (2025)
Optimizing Anesthesia for Extensive Extraoral Fungating Lesions: Strategies and Considerations — Patel et al. (2024)
Imaging Photoplethysmography (iPPG) in Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery: A Novel Technique for Noninvasive Flap Perfusion Monitoring — van et al. (2024)
Head and Neck Free-Flap Reconstruction in Patients With Pre-Existing Coagulopathies: A Case Series — Longfellow et al. (2025)
Aquatic invertebrate diversity in Apostle Islands and Isle Royale waters: comparison among habitats and sampling gears and to open Lake Superior — Trebitz et al. (2024)
Oral anticoagulation for adults with atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism — Chin et al. (2025)
Safety of contraception among women using anticoagulant therapy: An updated systematic review — Nguyen et al. (2025)
Global Variations in Surgical Techniques and Postoperative Care for Radial Forearm Free Flap (RFFF) in Head & Neck Surgery: A Cross-Sectional International Survey — Russo et al. (2025)
Perioperative Goal Directed Versus Conventional Fluid Therapy in Head and Neck Free Flap Surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis — Shamim et al. (2025)
Prevalence of Major Bleeding in Elderly Patients on Oral Anticoagulants for Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Single-Center 12-Year Retrospective Review — Kwan et al. (2025)
Three-dimensional visualisation of developmental stages of an apicomplexan fish blood parasite in its invertebrate host — Hayes et al. (2011)
Competitive interactions between neurons making axosomatic contacts in the leech — Gu et al. (1990)
Leech therapy in nearly total amputation of fingers without vascular repair: a case report — TarazJamshidi et al. (2014)
Shuxuetong injection protects cerebral microvascular endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion — Sun et al. (2019)
Anti-Biofouling Performance of an Immobilized Indigenous Quorum Quenching Bacterium Bacillus cereus HG10 and Its Influence on the Microbial Community in a Bioreactor — Xu et al. (2019)
Osocimab: A Novel Agent in Preventing Venous Thromboembolism — Beavers et al. (2020)
Leeches and Caudal Analgesia After Replantation for Glans Amputation During Neonatal Circumcision — Mousa et al. (2022)
Monitoring immunE DysregulAtion foLLowing Immune checkpOint-inhibitioN (MEDALLION): protocol for an observational cancer immunotherapy cohort study — Gault et al. (2024)
Transgenesis enables mapping of segmental ganglia in the leech Helobdella austinensis — Kuo et al. (2024)
Transposition flap and skin graft techniques for optimizing anastomosis coverage — Ha et al. (2025)
Endo-chip laser-induced thrombus formation: a vessel-on-chip model for in vitro testing of antithrombotic agents — Dupuy et al. (2025)
Thrombomodulin-Induced Prevention of Peripheral Neuropathy in Oxaliplatin-Treated Mice Involves Complement C5a Inactivation and PAR1 Activation in Addition To HMGB1 Degradation — Maruo et al. (2025)
Ultrastructural and morphological characterization of Trypanosoma bubalisi reveals an active endocytic system — Wang et al. (2025)
P02 A single-centre, retrospective study of paediatric tinea capitis in the United Kingdom — Herd et al. (2025)
In vivo real-time monitoring of tissue perfusion via L-lactate levels in interstitial fluid: an innovative and portable microfluidic device trial using a pig model — Zhao et al. (2026)
Oropharyngeal Free Flap Inset With a Single Port Robot: A Case Series — Chen et al. (2026)
Utilising the Flap Vein of a Pedicled TRAM Flap for LYMPHA: A Case Report — Zhang et al. (2025)
Personal Strategies for DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction in Patients with Prior Abdominal Surgery and Hernia Repairs — Gupta et al. (2026)
A proposal for dose-adjustment of dabigatran etexilate in atrial fibrillation guided by thrombin time — Chin et al. (2014)
Rivaroxaban for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism — Liang et al. (2021)
Rivaroxaban versus aspirin in prevention of venous thromboembolism following total joint arthroplasty or hip fracture surgery: a meta-analysis — Hu et al. (2021)
Low-Dose Rivaroxaban as Extended Prophylaxis Reduces Postdischarge Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Malignancy and IBD — Ogilvie et al. (2024)
Anticoagulation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease — Elenjickal et al. (2024)
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety Between Apixaban, Dabigatran, Edoxaban, and Rivaroxaban Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation : A Multinational Population-Based Cohort Study — Lau et al. (2022)
Pharmacological properties of betrixaban — Huisman et al. (2018)
Executive Summary: Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report — Stevens et al. (2021)
Fondaparinux sodium — Reverter. (2002)
Tridegin, a novel peptidic inhibitor of factor XIIIa from the leech, Haementeria ghilianii, enhances fibrinolysis in vitro — Seale et al. (1997)
Supermicrosurgical Experience pertaining to Replantation of Tamai Zone 1 Fingertip Amputations — Pamuk. (2023)
Functional Assays in the Diagnosis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Review — Minet et al. (2017)
How I treat cancer-associated thrombosis — Moik et al. (2020)
How I Manage Cancer-Associated Thrombosis — Moik et al. (2020)
Anticoagulation Strategies in Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass, Weight-Based vs. Concentration-Based Approaches — Harnish et al. (2022)
Systemic anticoagulation related to heparin locking of non-tunnelled venous dialysis catheters in intensive care patients — Bong et al. (2016)
Pulmonary embolus — Dix et al. (2022)
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcomes of Patients With Subsegmental Pulmonary Embolism With and Without Anticoagulation Treatment — Bariteau et al. (2018)
Putative nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing cells in the central nervous system of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis: NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry — Leake et al. (1996)
Fibrinogen degradation by hementin, a fibrinogenolytic anticoagulant from the salivary glands of the leech Haementeria ghilianii — Malinconico et al. (1984)
Design of selective eglin inhibitors of HCV NS3 proteinase — Martin et al. (1998)
Predictors of Complications in Autologous Breast Reconstruction Using DIEP Flaps: Implications for Management — Wu et al. (2023)
Delineating the risk factors of venous congestion: An analysis of 455 deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps with radiographic correlation — Huang et al. (2022)
Morbidity of microsurgical breast reconstruction in patients with comorbid conditions — Seidenstuecker et al. (2011)
Measuring the pressure in the superficial inferior epigastric vein to monitor for venous congestion in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator breast reconstructions: a pilot study — Smit et al. (2010)
Early institutional head and neck oncologic and microvascular surgery practice patterns across the United States during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19) pandemic — Patel et al. (2020)
Delayed-onset functional ischemia 16 years after digital replantation: A Raynaud's-like vasospasm case report — Wu et al. (2026)
Use of the labial artery for replantation of the lip and chin — Schubert et al. (1988)
Entire scalp replantation: case report and review of the literature — Arashiro et al. (1995)
Microsurgical replantation of a total scalp avulsion. Case report — Fogdestam et al. (1986)
Replantation of the totally avulsed scalp — Tantri et al. (1980)
Avoiding prophylactic tracheostomies in head and neck surgeries with reconstructive free flaps: An institutional shift in practice — Liu et al. (2026)
Evaluation of Sensibility of Noninnervated, Intraoral, Microsurgically Transferred Flaps — Modabber et al. (2026)
Clinical use of leeches in reconstructive surgery — Daane et al. (1997)
Leeching as initial treatment in a cat with polycythaemia vera — Nett et al. (2001)
Reconstruction of a Volar Thumb Defect Using a Princeps Pollicis Artery Perforator Flap: A Case Report of Partial Flap Congestion and Successful Salvage — Zin et al. (2026)
Assessing current applications of tranexamic acid in reconstructive microsurgery and future direction: An 11-year meta-analysis — Bright et al. (2026)
Clinical reliability of pedicled perforator flaps in the management of adult limb and trunk soft tissue sarcomas: Experience of two French expert centres — Lafaye et al. (2022)
Reconstruction of intraoral defects after resection of cancer with two types of submental artery perforator flaps — Huang et al. (2018)
Free temporal artery posterior auricular skin (TAPAS) flap: A new option in facial and intra-oral reconstruction — Lassus et al. (2017)
Salvage of a failed partial prosthetic breast reconstruction using a free deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap — Cherian et al. (2025)
Lower limb salvage in necrotizing burn wound infection: The role of fibular ostectomy and local flaps in a resource-limited setting - A case report and literature review — Dawit (2024)
High Above-Knee Amputations for Femoral Osteosarcomas Treated with Free Microsurgical Tibial Reconstruction in the Pediatric Population — Wilkes et al. (2025)
Comparison of Lymphatic Drainage of the Lower Limbs After Soft Tissue Reconstruction by Microvascular Muscle Flap Versus Fasciocutaneous Flaps — Cordelia et al. (2023)
The Partial Removal of Rectus Abdominis Muscle Inserting into Ribs in Ipsilateral Pedicled TRAM Flap for Breast Reconstruction — Son et al. (2022)
Is It Reasonable to Use Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging to Determine the Border of Pedicled TRAM Flap Zone IV? — Chirappapha et al. (2020)
New perspective on the in vivo use of cold stress dynamic thermography in integumental reconstruction with the use of skin-muscle flaps — Kolacz et al. (2017)
Survival Differences in Women with and without Autologous Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy for Breast Cancer — L et al. (2017)
A Cadaveric Anatomy Study of the Shape-Modified Radial Forearm Flap — Charvillat et al. (2025)
Simultaneous Bi-Jaw Reconstruction: Double Free Fibula Flap Following Resection of Synchronous Oral Malignancy — Khan et al. (2026)
Relationship between fibula free flap complications and dental implant outcomes: a retrospective cohort study — Attia et al. (2025)
Reconstruction of mandibular defects using free fibula flaps with a spliced surgical template system — Cao et al. (2026)
Flap reconstruction following Fournier's gangrene: A systematic review of techniques and outcomes — Alammar et al. (2026)
Extremity and Mandibular Reconstruction After Gunshot Trauma-Orthoplastic Strategies from Five Years of Humanitarian Missions in a Resource-Limited Setting — Koenig et al. (2025)
Evolution and practice pattern in microsurgical breast reconstruction-A European multicenter study — Siegwart et al. (2025)
The Effect of Medial Circumflex Artery Variation on the Success Rate of Gracilis Flap Procedures: A Systematic Review — Vallas et al. (2024)
Low Skeletal Muscle Mass as a Key Predictor of Postoperative Diet Outcomes in Circumferential Hypopharyngeal Cancer Reconstruction — Kodama et al. (2026)
Oblique Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous Versus Anterolateral Thigh-Vastus Lateralis Flap for Perineal Reconstruction: A Retrospective Comparative Study — Guillier et al. (2026)
Heparin-induced thrombosis with a normal platelet count — Alvarez et al. (2007)
Delayed-onset eptifibatide-induced thrombocytopenia — Huffman et al. (2024)
Clinical impact of kidney function in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving oral anticoagulants — Matsuoka et al. (2025)
Renal outcomes following oral anticoagulation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A multicentre, propensity-matched retrospective analysis in an Asian population — Koh et al. (2025)
Effectiveness and Safety in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation Who Switched from Warfarin to Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Medicare Population — Atreja et al. (2025)
Bleeding Associated With Antiarrhythmic Drugs in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Using Direct Oral Anticoagulants: A Nationwide Population Cohort Study — Wu et al. (2024)
Comparing Efficacy and Safety of Different Anticoagulants in Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis — Waseem et al. (2026)
PROS1 (Cys228Tyr) missense mutation associated with mesenteric and pulmonary venous thromboembolism during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case report — Huang et al. (2025)
Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis Secondary to Gastric Cancer: A Case Report — Takano et al. (2026)
Treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis: The evolution of anticoagulant choice and clinical insights into practical management — Riess et al. (2021)
An update on the efficacy and safety of novel anticoagulants for cancer associated thrombosis — Cosmi (2021)
Real-world evidence comparing oral anticoagulants for NVAF in Europe: a systematic review and network meta-analysis — Cichewicz et al. (2025)
Segmented worms (Phylum Annelida): a celebration of twenty years of progress through Zootaxa and call for action on the taxonomic work that remains — Magalhes et al. (2021)
A new subspecies of Trypanosoma cyclops found in the Australian terrestrial leech Chtonobdella bilineata — Ellis et al. (2021)
Batracobdella leeches, environmental features and Hydromantes salamanders — Lunghi et al. (2018)
In-hospital outcomes after switching from a bivalirudin-first strategy to an unfractionated heparin-first strategy for percutaneous coronary interventions — Jaswaney et al. (2018)
Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and venous limb gangrene after aortic dissection repair: in vitro and in vivo effects of intravenous immunoglobulin — Arcinas et al. (2019)
Bleeding and Thrombotic Adverse Events in Hospitalized Patients Under Empiric Treatment for Suspected Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia While Awaiting Confirmatory Testing — Dykes et al. (2021)
Argatroban dosage requirements and outcomes in intensive care versus non-intensive care patients — Smythe et al. (2009)
Retrospective study of clinical settings, indications and consequences of measurement of direct oral anticoagulant plasma levels in Northern Tasmania, Australia — Lim et al. (2024)
Treatment of dabigatran intoxication in critically ill patients with Acute Kidney Injury: The role of Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis — Pacchiarini et al. (2023)
Atrial Fibrillation Detected before or after Stroke: Role of Anticoagulation — Lyrer et al. (2023)
Coagulation factor XI and cardiovascular disease: A complex, cardio-specific conundrum — Cate et al. (2026)
Factor XI and XIa inhibition: a new approach to anticoagulant therapy — Sammut et al. (2024)
Factor XII in Thrombosis and Thromboinflammation: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Translation — Stpnicki et al. (2026)
Engineering the Cyclization Loop of MCoTI-II Generates Targeted Cyclotides that Potently Inhibit Factor XIIa — Tian et al. (2022)
CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION IN OTHERWISE HEALTHY CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: Association With Multigenetic Variants of Thrombophilia — BremondGignac et al. (2020)
Tirofiban-Associated Profound Thrombocytopenia in a Patient With Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Case Report — Zhao et al. (2026)
Resolution of thrombocytopenia through sodium bicarbonate intervention as an alternative diluent for heparin in an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patient: a case report — AlFaifi et al. (2026)
Bilateral Adrenal Infarction as an Uncommon Complication of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report — Singla et al. (2026)
A Case of Piperacillin-Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia: Diagnostic Challenges and Management — Patel et al. (2025)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring VA-ECMO management during percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome: A case report — Kawamura et al. (2024)
A Case of COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia — Harrison et al. (2022)
PF4-dependent P-selectin expression assay in comparison to the heparin-induced platelet activation assay for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Meier et al. (2025)
The use of 1E12, a monoclonal anti-platelet factor 4 antibody, to improve the diagnosis of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia — Vayne et al. (2024)
Challenges in the Monitoring of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange during Acute Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Adults under ECMO — Gendron et al. (2024)
Molecular mechanism underlines heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis — Qian et al. (2010)
Advances in flap monitoring and impact of enhanced recovery protocols — Karinja et al. (2018)
Head and neck pedicled flap autonomization using a new high-resolution indocyanine green fluorescence video-angiography device — Giordano et al. (2022)
Evidence for Leech Therapy in Reconstructive Surgery — ASH Evidence Compendium (2026)
Leech Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis — ASH Evidence Compendium (2026)
Venous Disease and Hirudotherapy — ASH Evidence Compendium (2026)
Research Gaps and Future Directions in Hirudotherapy — ASH Evidence Compendium (2026)

Drug Development (101)

Recombinant hirudin in clinical practice: focus on lepirudin — Greinacher A, Lubenow N (2001)
In-vitro antileishmanial potential of peptide drug hirudin — Khan H et al. (2017)
Parenteral anticoagulants: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines — Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, Samama MM (2012)
Direct thrombin inhibitors — Lee CJ, Ansell JE (2011)
Updates on Use and Monitoring of Direct Thrombin Inhibitors — Navaei A et al. (2026)
Production and functional characteristics of a novel hirudin variant with better anticoagulant activities than bivalirudin — Ge P et al. (2025)
Impact of CytoSorb on kinetics of vancomycin and bivalirudin in critically ill patients — Scandroglio AM et al. (2021)
Potent Trivalent Inhibitors of Thrombin through Hybridization of Salivary Sulfopeptides from Hematophagous Arthropods — Agten SM et al. (2021)
Lessons Learned from Managing Antithrombotic Therapy in Children Supported with Pediatric Ventricular Assist Devices — Murray JM et al. (2022)
A Comparative Analysis of Bivalirudin and Heparin for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Pediatric Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit — Daniels Z et al. (2025)
Current agents for the treatment of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Warkentin TE (2002)
Differences between human proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase and their murine homologues are relevant for murine model experiments — Wiesner O et al. (2005)
Intra-procedural stent thrombosis: a new risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes — Brener SJ et al. (2012)
The safety and effectiveness of bivalirudin in female patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: A subgroup analysis of the BRIGHT trial — Liang Z et al. (2016)
Intravenous Direct Thrombin Inhibitors for Acute Venous Thromboembolism or Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia with Thrombosis in Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature — Kiskaddon AL et al. (2024)
Dabigatran approaching the realm of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Ho PJ et al. (2016)
Use of heparin versus lepirudin flushes to prevent withdrawal occlusion of central venous access devices — Horne MK et al. (2006)
Designing allosteric regulators of thrombin. Monosulfated benzofuran dimers selectively interact with Arg173 of exosite 2 to induce inhibition — Abdel Aziz MH et al. (2012)
National survey of the use and application of leeches in oral and maxillofacial surgery in the United Kingdom — Taneja P et al. (2010)
Chromosome-level genome assembly and anticoagulant protein annotation of the buffalo leech Hirudinaria bpling (Hirudinea: Hirudinidae) — Khan MS et al. (2025)
Epidemiology of anticoagulation for children supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the United States: A Pediatric Hospital Information System database study — Nellis ME et al. (2023)
Plasma exchange on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with bivalirudin anticoagulation — Preston TJ et al. (2015)
Crystal structure of the human alpha-thrombin-haemadin complex: an exosite II-binding inhibitor — Richardson JL et al. (2000)
The crystal structure of human alpha-thrombin complexed with LY178550, a nonpeptidyl, active site-directed inhibitor — Chirgadze NY et al. (1997)
The marginal mandibular nerve in relation to the inferior border of the mandible — Baur DA et al. (2014)
The variable region-1 from tissue-type plasminogen activator confers specificity for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 to thrombin by facilitating catalysis: release of a kinetic block by a heterologous protein surface loop — Dekker RJ et al. (1999)
Interactions of oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) from different sources with unfractionated heparin — Gray A et al. (2012)
American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: venous thromboembolism in the context of pregnancy. — Bates et al. (2018)
The role of the insertion loop around tryptophan 148 in tthe activity of thrombin. — DiBella et al. (1996)
Reversal agents for use with direct and indirect anticoagulants. — Smythe et al. (2016)
Anticoagulant activity of a sulfated galactan: serpin-independent effect and specific interaction with factor Xa. — Glauser et al. (2009)
Antithrombotic therapy for acute coronary syndrome: Past, present and future. — Sibbing et al. (2017)
Real World Outcomes Associated with Idarucizumab: Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. — Singh et al. (2020)
Systematic review of drug-drug interactions between rifamycins and anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents and considerations for management. — MacDougall C et al. (2022)
Direct thrombin inhibitors — Maffrand JP (1992)
The new anticoagulants — Stone WM et al. (2007)
Global coagulation tests: their applicability for measuring direct factor Xa- and thrombin inhibition and reversal of anticoagulation by prothrombin complex concentrate — Dinkelaar J et al. (2014)
Direct factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban and apixaban) versus enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: A meta-analysis of 6 randomized clinical trials — Ma G et al. (2015)
An updated comprehensive meta-analysis of bivalirudin vs heparin use in primary percutaneous coronary intervention — Shah R et al. (2016)
Using metabarcoding to compare the suitability of two blood-feeding leech species for sampling mammalian diversity in North Borneo — Drinkwater R et al. (2018)
Outcomes of single digit replantation for amputation proximal to the flexor digitorum superficialis insertion: A systematic review with meta-analysis — Wong S et al. (2022)
Role of Infrared Thermography in Planning and Monitoring of Head and Neck Microvascular Flap Reconstruction — Chava SK et al. (2023)
Effect of concurrent use of rivaroxaban or apixaban with amiodarone on international normalised ratio: a retrospective observational study — Kho C et al. (2025)
Old and new natural products as the source of modern antithrombotic drugs — Beretz A et al. (1991)
Unique overlap in the prerequisites for thrombin inhibition and oral bioavailability resulting in potent oral antithrombotics — Adang AE et al. (2002)
Design, parallel synthesis, and crystal structures of pyrazinone antithrombotics as selective inhibitors of the tissue factor VIIa complex — Parlow JJ et al. (2003)
In-vitro profile and ex-vivo anticoagulant activity of the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and its orally active prodrug, dabigatran etexilate — Wienen et al. (2007)
Effects of argatroban as an anticoagulant for intermittent veno-venous hemofiltration (IVVH) in patients at high risk of bleeding — Sun et al. (2011)
Bifunctional lipocalin ameliorates murine immune complex-induced acute lung injury — Roversi et al. (2013)
Development of an Oral Anticoagulation Strategy for Permanent Artificial Lung Support — Hong et al. (2026)
Venous thromboembolism prevention and treatment with factor XI/XIa inhibitors: current status and future perspectives — Del et al. (2026)
Retrospective modeling study of ChatGPT (GPT 4) warfarin dose adjustment in patients with INRs outside the therapeutic range — Tezcan et al. (2026)
PK/PD interactions of antiarrhythmic drugs and oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients: clinical implications for stroke and dementia prevention — Oh et al. (2026)
Hirudin prevents vascular endothelial cell apoptosis and permeability enhancement induced by the serum from rat with chronic renal failure through inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway — Chen et al. (2021)
Correlation between partial thromboplastin time and thromboelastography in adult critically ill patients requiring bivalirudin for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation — Buckley et al. (2023)
Investigation into the binding domains of platelet factor 4 unlocks new avenues for the design and synthesis of selective sulfated pseudo-tetrasaccharide aminoglycoside ligands — Philip et al. (2025)
Herb-Drug Interaction Between Sailuotong and Pitavastatin: A Systematic Pharmacokinetic Investigation and Mechanism Analysis — Zhang et al. (2025)
Delayed-type hypersensitivity and cross-reactivity to heparins and danaparoid: a prospective study — Grassegger et al. (2001)
The therapeutic potential of novel anticoagulants — Chi et al. (1997)
Current Opinion on the use of Direct Oral Anticoagulants for the Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism among Medical Inpatients — Lee et al. (2021)
Argatroban in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Babuin et al. (2010)
Lung transplantation using argatroban in severe heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case series — Lee et al. (2020)
Dabigatran etexilate versus warfarin as the oral anticoagulant of choice? A review of clinical data — Ma et al. (2011)
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-World Studies Evaluating Rivaroxaban for Cancer-Associated Venous Thrombosis — Martinez et al. (2018)
Effectiveness and Safety of Rivaroxaban in Patients With Cancer-Associated Venous Thrombosis — Kohn et al. (2018)
Oral anticoagulation in primary care — Altirriba et al. (2017)
Fondaparinux: use in thromboprophylaxis of acute medical patients — Dhillon et al. (2008)
Fondaparinux as a treatment option for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia — Papadopoulos et al. (2007)
Refractory autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia following cardiac surgery — Zlamal et al. (2025)
The identification and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the vascular patient — LaMuraglia et al. (2012)
Comparison of bleeding and thrombotic outcomes in veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Heparin versus bivalirudin — Kartika et al. (2024)
Argatroban anticoagulation for heparin induced thrombocytopenia in patients with ventricular assist devices — Pappalardo et al. (2012)
Effects of Bivalirudin and Unfractionated Heparin on Liver and Renal Function in Chinese Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Coronary Angiography with/without Percutaneous Coronary Intervention — Jia et al. (2021)
Association Between Argatroban and Outcomes of Branch Atheromatous Disease: A Propensity-Matched Analysis From MRI-Based Study — Li et al. (2025)
Safety and efficacy of argatroban combined with antiplatelet therapy for acute mild-to-moderate ischemic stroke with large artery atherosclerosis — Yan et al. (2025)
Population pharmacokinetics of unfractionated heparin and multivariable analysis of activated clotting time in patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation — Konecki et al. (2024)
Efficacy and safety of Xa inhibitors for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism — Kimpton et al. (2019)
Peak and Trough Concentration Ranges of Factor Xa Inhibitors for Preventing Thromboembolic Stroke in Korean Patients with Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation — Park et al. (2026)
Edoxaban-Induced Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome: A Case Report With Review of the Literature — Borgonovo et al. (2024)
Optimizing warfarin dosing for patients with atrial fibrillation using machine learning — Petch et al. (2024)
The dosing and monitoring of argatroban for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a word of caution — Phillips et al. (2014)
Direct thrombin inhibitors and factor xa inhibitors can influence the diluted prothrombin time used as the initial screen for lupus anticoagulant — Olah et al. (2013)
Factor XIa Inhibitors in Anticoagulation Therapy: Recent Advances and Perspectives — Xie et al. (2023)
Coumarins as factor XIIa inhibitors: Potency and selectivity improvements using a fragment-based strategy — Davoine et al. (2023)
Pharmacokinetic studies with recombinant hirudin in dogs — Nowak et al. (1988)
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of recombinant hirudin via four non-parenteral routes — Liu et al. (2005)
Bivalirudin in peripheral interventions — Maclean et al. (2006)
Antibodies against lepirudin are polyspecific and recognize epitopes on bivalirudin — Eichler et al. (2004)
The in vitro anticoagulant effects of danaparoid, fondaparinux, and lepirudin in children compared to adults — Ignjatovic et al. (2008)
Clinical application of argatroban as an alternative anticoagulant for extracorporeal circulation — Kawada et al. (2000)
Argatroban: a synthetic thrombin inhibitor of low relative molecular mass — Fitzgerald et al. (1996)
Removal of dabigatran using sorbent hemadsorption — Angheloiu et al. (2019)
Andexanet alfa versus PCC products for factor Xa inhibitor bleeding: A systematic review with meta-analysis — White et al. (2024)
Apixaban, an oral, direct inhibitor of activated Factor Xa — Shantsila et al. (2008)
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban--an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor — Kreutz et al. (2014)
Real world utilization of Andexanet alfa in the management of oral factor Xa inhibitor-associated gastrointestinal bleeding — Brown et al. (2023)
Alpha-1-antitrypsin-Pittsburgh. A potent inhibitor of human plasma factor XIa, kallikrein, and factor XIIf — Scott et al. (1986)
The Coagulation Factor XIIa Inhibitor rHA-Infestin-4 Improves Outcome after Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats — Krupka et al. (2016)
Substrate-Guided Design of Selective FXIIa Inhibitors Based on the Plant-Derived Momordica cochinchinensis Trypsin Inhibitor-II (MCoTI-II) Scaffold — Swedberg et al. (2016)
The full-length cDNA of anticoagulant protein infestin revealed a novel releasable Kazal domain, a neutrophil elastase inhibitor lacking anticoagulant activity — Lovato et al. (2006)
Direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: principal results of a meta-analysis based on individual patients' data — Direct et al. (2002)

Safety & Infection Control (37)

Leech related Aeromonas complex infection after reconstruction with a microvascular forearm flap — Beger B, von Loewenich F, Goetze E, Moergel M, Walter C (2016)
Aeromonas septicemia after medicinal leech use following replantation of severed digits — Levine SM, Frangos SG, Hanna B, Colen K, Levine JP (2009)
The role of leech water sampling in choice of prophylactic antibiotics in medical leech therapy — Wilmer A et al. (2013)
Insights into gut microbiota communities of Poecilobdella manillensis, a prevalent Asian medicinal leech — Meng F et al. (2022)
Cellulitis caused by Aeromonas bites that lead to an allergic reaction — Najjari M et al. (2022)
Septic gangrene and thrombophlebitis following leech therapy in a patient with undiagnosed arterial occlusive disease — Ostovar M et al. (2025)
Complement resistance is essential for colonization of the digestive tract of Hirudo medicinalis by Aeromonas strains — Braschler TR et al. (2003)
Leech bites: massive bleeding, coagulation profile disorders, and severe anemia — Kose A et al. (2008)
Aeromonas septicemia after medicinal leech use following replantation of severed digits — Levine SM et al. (2009)
Symbiosis of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria and Hirudo medicinalis, the medicinal leech: a novel model for digestive tract associations — Graf J (1999)
Humoral response of captive zebra sharks Stegostoma fasciatum to salivary gland proteins of the leech Branchellion torpedinis — Marancik DP et al. (2012)
Closed Genome Sequence of Aeromonas veronii Strain Hm21, an Isolate from the Medicinal Leech Hirudo verbana — Graf J et al. (2020)
Novel Leech Antimicrobial Peptides, Hirunipins: Real-Time 3D Monitoring of Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Mechanisms Using Optical Diffraction Tomography — Kumar SD et al. (2025)
Bivalirudin for anticoagulation in elderly acute coronary syndrome: Effects on myocardial microcirculation and adverse events. — Cheng CY et al. (2025)
Argatroban: a direct thrombin inhibitor for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and other clinical applications. — Chen JL (2001)
Andexanet Alfa in Urgent Cardiac Surgery: A Case Report of Edoxaban Reversal for Acute Hemopericardium. — Al Mawed M et al. (2025)
[Overdosing of direct oral anticoagulants]. — Neumann MA et al. (2024)
Aeromonas hydrophila infections following use of medicinal leeches in replantation and flap surgery — Lineaweaver WC et al. (1992)
The clinical effectiveness and safety of intravenous unfractionated heparin following digital replantation and revascularization: A narrative systematic review — Deblois et al. (2022)
Avoiding Systemic Heparinization During Hemodialysis: How the Dialysis Setup Might Help — Janssens et al. (2024)
A Case Description of Spontaneous Intracardiac Thrombogenesis During Mitral Valve Repair: A Complication of Aminocaproic Acid? — Zavala et al. (2025)
Development and validation of interpretable machine learning models for predicting the risk of necrosis after finger replantation: A retrospective multicenter study — Dong et al. (2025)
Vascular venous anatomy of the calcaneal fillet flap for tibial stump reconstruction: Anatomical study focused on reduction of vascular complications — Crosio et al. (2025)
Extended Anticoagulation Therapy With Rivaroxaban for Cancer-Associated Low-Risk Pulmonary Embolism According to Different Performance Status Scores: Insights From the ONCO PE Randomized Trial — Xiong et al. (2026)
Infection risk related to the use of medicinal leeches — Bauters et al. (2007)
Epistaxis Versus Nonepistaxis Bleeding in Anticoagulated Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Results From the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Trial — Semco et al. (2025)
Targeting factor XI as a compromise between thrombosis and bleeding — Żuk-Łapan et al. (2025)
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Various Anticoagulation Regimens for Portal Venous Thrombosis in Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis — Abideen et al. (2025)
Perioperative anticoagulation management in patients with left ventricular assist devices undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery: a retrospective study of bleeding and thrombosis — Lam et al. (2026)
Efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in pediatric congenital and acquired heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials — Bakry et al. (2026)
Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Thrombolysis with Tenecteplase in Patients with Wake-Up Branch Atheromatous Disease — Zhu et al. (2026)
Efficacy and Safety of Reteplase Versus Alteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke Based on Fibrinogen Levels: The RAISE Trial Subgroup — Wang et al. (2026)
Synthetic anticoagulant octaparin targets mitochondrial cardiolipin-GSDMD axis to rescue redox homeostasis in sepsis — Zhang et al. (2025)
Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica Infections in two patients with osteomyelitis, China — Meng et al. (2025)
Osteomyocutaneous Free Fibula Flap Prevents Osteoradionecrosis and Osteomyelitis in Head and Neck Cancer Reconstruction — Wang et al. (2021)
Comparison of VTE prophylaxis agents on hemoglobin levels after total knee arthroplasty: a hospital information system-based observational study — Yuan et al. (2025)
Safety Profile of Medicinal Leech Therapy — ASH Evidence Compendium (2026)

Genomics & Proteomics (25)

434 Salivary Proteins — Integrated Proteomics of Hirudo medicinalis — Liu et al. (2019)
Medicinal Leech Genome Assembly — Anticoagulant Gene Catalog — Kvist et al. (2020)
AIF-1 and RNASET2 Play Complementary Roles in the Innate Immune Response of Medicinal Leech — Baranzini N et al. (2019)
The duration of rest and feeding greatly affects the re-breeding of ectoparasites: Hirudo verbana, Hirudo medicinalis and Hirudo orientalis — Aminov R, Frolov A, Aminova A (2022)
Bacterial symbioses of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana — Nelson M, Graf J (2012)
Devosia epidermidihirudinis sp. nov. isolated from the surface of a medical leech — Galatis H, Martin K, Kämpfer P, Glaeser SP (2013)
Regeneration of a distinctive set of axosomatic contacts in the leech central nervous system — French KA, Muller KJ (1986)
Identification and characterization of hirudin-HN, a new thrombin inhibitor, from the salivary glands of Hirudo nipponia — Cheng B et al. (2019)
The development and application of mini-barcodes from mitochondrial DNA for identifying medicinal leeches from traditional medicines — Liu Y et al. (2025)
Salivary transcriptome of the North American medicinal leech, Macrobdella decora — Min GS et al. (2010)
Comparative study of hirustasin superfamily gene expression in two medicinal leeches — Sun et al. (2025)
Hitchhiking of host biology by beneficial symbionts enhances transmission — Ott BM et al. (2014)
Expression and characterization of the N-terminal half of antistasin, an anticoagulant protein derived from the leech Haementeria officinalis — Palladino LO et al. (1991)
Genetic variation, pseudocryptic diversity, and phylogeny of Erpobdella (Annelida: Hirudinida: Erpobdelliformes), with emphasis on Canadian species — Anderson K et al. (2019)
Evidence that heparin but not hirudin reduces PAI-1 expression in cultured human endothelial cells — Orbe J et al. (1999)
Biotechnological production of recombinant analogs of hirudin-1 from Hirudo medicinalis — Kostromina MA et al. (2012)
Reduced axon sprouting after treatment that diminishes microglia accumulation at lesions in the leech CNS. — Ngu et al. (2007)
Beyond the central pattern generator: amine modulation of decision-making neural pathways descending from the brain of the medicinal leech. — Crisp et al. (2006)
Three-dimensional culture of leech and snail ganglia for studies of neural repair. — Babington EJ et al. (2005)
WPK5, a Novel Kunitz-Type Peptide from the LeechInhibiting Factor XIa, and Its Loop-Replaced Mutant to Improve Potency. — Zheng YZ et al. (2021)
Emergingspp. infections in Europe: characterization of human clinical isolates from German patients — Schwartz K et al. (2024)
High-resolution structure of a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor from the dengue vector Aedes aegypti — Torquato et al. (2017)
A new species of medicinal leech in the genus Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 (Hirudiniformes, Hirudinidae) from Tianjin City, China — Wang et al. (2022)
Comparative proteomic analysis reveals the response mechanism of freshwater leech (Whitmania pigra) under heat-stress challenge — Wang et al. (2025)
Tissue-level Consequences of Segmental Abnormalities in Hirudo verbana: A Morphological and Histological Approach — Tozak et al. (2026)

Salivary Pharmacology (25)

[Research progress in hirudin fusion protein--review] — Zhang C et al. (2007)
A unique proteolytic fragment of human fibrinogen containing the A alpha COOH-terminal domain of the native molecule — Kirschbaum NE, Budzynski AZ (1990)
Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease: the mechanisms of signaling pathways regulations — Li W et al. (2026)
Prostaglandin E1 is an efficient molecular tool for forest leech blood sucking — Zheng F et al. (2021)
Investigation of kinetic parameters in vitro of serine proteinases included in the blood coagulation cascade — Danalev DL (2006)
Outcomes and current state of deep inferior epigastric perforator flap surgery in Peru and Mexico — Ziegler Rodriguez OR et al. (2025)
Identification and Screening of Novel Antimicrobial Peptides from Medicinal Leech via Heterologous Expression in E. coli — Serebrennikova M et al. (2025)
Couplet medicines of leech and centipede granules improve erectile dysfunction via inactivation of the CaSR/PLC/PKC signaling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats — Ma JX et al. (2020)
Proteomic analysis methods for characterization of proteins from the salivary gland secretions of the medicinal leech during different seasons — Baskova IP et al. (2007)
The collagen-binding leech products rLAPP and calin prevent both von Willebrand factor and alpha2beta1(GPIa/IIa)-I-domain binding to collagen in a different manner — Depraetere H et al. (1999)
Different susceptibility of elastase inhibitors to inactivation by proteinases from Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa — Sponer M et al. (1991)
Cardiovascular chemotherapy: anticoagulants — Shafer JA (1998)
The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of(Annelida: Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae). — Zhu X et al. (2023)
Primary structure and function of novel O-glycosylated hirudins from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis. — Steiner V et al. (1992)
Penthalaris, a novel recombinant five-Kunitz tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) from the salivary gland of the tick vector of Lyme disease, Ixodes scapularis. — Francischetti IM et al. (2004)
Designing allosteric regulators of thrombin. Exosite 2 features multiple subsites that can be targeted by sulfated small molecules for inducing inhibition. — Sidhu PS et al. (2013)
Erpobdellid leeches (Annelida, Clitellata, Hirudinida) from Tunisia: new records with the description of a new Trocheta species. — Ben Ahmed R et al. (2013)
A new species of buffalo leech in the genusWhitman, 1886 (Arhynchobdellida, Hirudinidae) from Thailand. — Jeratthitikul E et al. (2020)
Allosteric Modulation of Thrombin by Thrombomodulin: Insights from Logistic Regression and Statistical Analysis of Molecular Dynamics Simulations. — Wu D et al. (2024)
Identification of structural-kinetic and structural-thermodynamic relationships for thrombin inhibitors — Winquist et al. (2013)
Entry from the Lipid Bilayer: A Possible Pathway for Inhibition of a Peptide G Protein-Coupled Receptor by a Lipophilic Small Molecule — Bokoch et al. (2018)
Direct thrombin inhibitors fail to reverse the negative effects of heparin on lung growth and function after murine left pneumonectomy — Tsikis et al. (2024)
Fibrinolytic compromise by simultaneous administration of site-directed inhibitors of thrombin — Callas et al. (1994)
Additive effect of the combined administration of low molecular weight heparin and recombinant hirudin on thrombus growth in a rabbit jugular vein thrombosis model — Biemond et al. (1994)
Structural and Functional Characterization of Hirudin P6 Derived Novel Bivalent Thrombin Inhibitors - Studying the Effect of Linker Length and Glycosylation on Their Function — Shabareesh et al. (2016)

Antimicrobial Resistance (16)

Novel Leech Antimicrobial Peptides — Hirunipins — Kumar et al. (2025)
Low-Level Antimicrobials in the Medicinal Leech Select for Resistant Pathogens — Beka L et al. (2018)
Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Immunity of Parasitic Leeches — Kaygorodova IA (2023)
The elastase-inhibitor eglin has no effect in an ovine model of endotoxemia — Redl H et al. (1988)
Competitive inhibition of heparinase by persulfonated glycosaminoglycans: a tool to detect heparin contamination — Aich U et al. (2011)
A novel Toll like receptor with two TIR domains (HcToll-2) is involved in regulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression of Hyriopsis cumingii. — Ren Q et al. (2014)
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a short peptidoglycan recognition protein from triangle-shell pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii). — Huang Y et al. (2018)
Isolation, Characterization, and Evaluation of a Lytic Jumbo Phage Z90 Againstin American Eels (). — Zhang M et al. (2025)
Elucidating environmental reservoir of antimicrobial resistance - a phenotypic characterization of gut microbiota from aquatic coleoptera in a low-anthropogenic impact zone. — Orhan F et al. (2025)
Culture, qPCR, and genome-based surveillance of,, andin school wastewater from Santiago, Chile. — Cortez-Astorga A et al. (2026)
Diversity and antibiograms of bacteria isolated from cutaneous leishmaniasis wounds in the Nkwanta South District of Ghana. — Yeboaa C et al. (2023)
Molecular Epidemiological Characteristics of Carbapenem Resistantfrom Hospital Wastewater. — Zhang Q et al. (2024)
Global spread and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila in aquatic food animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis — Jeamsripong S et al. (2025)
Genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of Aeromonas veronii isolated from aquatic animals in Sichuan, China — Peng et al. (2025)
Aeromonas characteristics in Iran, Southwest Asia; a systematic review and meta-analysis on epidemiology, reservoirs and antibiotic resistance profile from aquatic environments to human society during 2000-2023 — Moradi et al. (2025)
Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes in Aeromonas spp. isolated from marketed Manila Clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in Korea — Dahanayake et al. (2019)