American Society of Hirudotherapy

The hirudin-like factors HLF3 and HLF4-hidden hirudins of European medicinal leeches

Research article published in Parasitology research (2020)

Last Updated: March 18, 2026Reviewed by: ASH Editorial Board
Drug DevelopmentGenomics & ProteomicsMüller C et al. · Parasitology research, 2020

Summary

The hirudin-like factors 3 (HLF3) and 4 (HLF4) belong to a new class of leech-derived factors and are present in specimens of the three European medicinal leeches, Hirudo medicinalis, Hirudo verbana, and Hirudo orientalis, respectively.

Why This Matters for Hirudotherapy

Relevant to the development and clinical application of leech-derived pharmaceutical compounds.

Citation

The hirudin-like factors HLF3 and HLF4-hidden hirudins of European medicinal leeches.

Müller C et al. · Parasitology research, 2020

DOI

Added to ASH library: March 18, 2026 · Site last updated: March 18, 2026

This website provides educational information and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Medicinal leech therapy carries clinically meaningful risks and should be performed only by qualified clinicians under institutionally approved protocols. FDA 510(k) clearance for medicinal leeches is limited to specific indications; investigational and off-label discussions are labeled accordingly. For patient-specific guidance, consult a qualified healthcare provider.