American Society of Hirudotherapy

Leech therapy

Research article published in The American journal of nursing (2009)

Last Updated: June 18, 2026Reviewed by: ASH Editorial Board
Research article — evidence reviewArticle reference
Evidence: Narrative reviewClinical TrialsGenomics & ProteomicsYantis M, O'Toole K, Ring P · The American journal of nursing, 2009

Abstract

Leech therapy is experiencing a resurgence in health care today, primarily in plastic and reconstructive surgery as a treatment for venous congestion, which can threaten surgical outcomes. Most nurses have had no formal training in administering the therapy or in maintaining Hirudo medicinalis, the species of freshwater worm used therapeutically. Yet nurses may be expected to participate in this therapy in a variety of clinical settings and can use these guidelines for the safe and effective use of the leech in treatment.

Abstract sourced from PubMed (NCBI) for the cited record. See the original publication for the authoritative version.

Publication typeJournal ArticleReview
Indexed MeSH termsAnimalsAttitude to HealthContraindicationsHirudo medicinalisHumansInfection ControlLeechingMedical Waste DisposalNurse's RoleNursing AssessmentPatient Education as TopicPatient Selection

Summary

Leech therapy is experiencing a resurgence in health care today, primarily in plastic and reconstructive surgery as a treatment for venous congestion, which can threaten surgical outcomes.

Why This Matters for Hirudotherapy

This article presents guidelines for the safe and effective clinical use of Hirudo medicinalis in leech therapy, with particular attention to nurses who may be expected to participate in the therapy across various clinical settings despite lacking formal training in administering it or maintaining the leeches. It is directly relevant to hirudotherapy, as it addresses the contemporary resurgence of medicinal leech use—primarily in plastic and reconstructive surgery for treating venous congestion that can threaten surgical outcomes. The abstract indicates the article offers practical clinical guidance rather than original empirical research, quantitative outcomes, or mechanistic findings, and provides no specific data or results.

Citation

Leech therapy.

Yantis M, O'Toole K, Ring P · The American journal of nursing, 2009

Added to ASH library: March 18, 2026 · Site last updated: June 18, 2026

This website provides educational information and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Medicinal leech therapy carries clinically meaningful risks and should be performed only by qualified clinicians under institutionally approved protocols. FDA 510(k) clearance for medicinal leeches is limited to specific indications; investigational and off-label discussions are labeled accordingly. For patient-specific guidance, consult a qualified healthcare provider.