American Society of Hirudotherapy

Pharmacology of hirudin: one hundred years after the first report of the anticoagulant agent in medicinal leeches

Historical pharmacology published in Biomed Biochim Acta (1985)

Last Updated: June 18, 2026Reviewed by: ASH Editorial Board
Research article — evidence reviewArticle reference
Evidence: Research reportSalivary PharmacologyDrug DevelopmentMarkwardt F et al. · Biomed Biochim Acta, 1985

Abstract

One hundred years after its discovery hirudin, the selective thrombin inhibitor from medicinal leeches, has been brought into the focus of interest again. Advanced methods of peptide isolation and gene technology are expected to provide the opportunity to obtain pure hirudin in sufficient yield for therapeutic uses. Therefore, the present state of knowledge of this naturally occurring anticoagulant is reported.

Abstract sourced from PubMed (NCBI) for the cited record. See the original publication for the authoritative version.

Publication typeHistorical ArticleJournal Article
Indexed MeSH termsAnimalsBlood CoagulationHirudinsHistory, 19th CenturyHistory, 20th CenturyHumansIn Vitro TechniquesKineticsLeechesThrombinThrombosis

Summary

Markwardt's centennial review of hirudin pharmacology covering its discovery in 1884, isolation in the late 1950s, and the renewed therapeutic interest enabled by gene technology.

Why This Matters for Hirudotherapy

This historical article reviews the pharmacology of hirudin — the selective thrombin inhibitor originally discovered in medicinal leeches — approximately one hundred years after its first reported identification as an anticoagulant agent. The abstract notes that advanced peptide isolation and gene technology methods are expected to enable production of pure hirudin in sufficient yield for therapeutic uses, and that the article reports the state of knowledge of this naturally occurring anticoagulant. This is directly relevant to the ASH domain as it addresses the foundational bioactive compound of hirudotherapy and evolving production technology. Caveat: This is a historical/review article providing no new experimental data, specific findings, or quantitative results, and the knowledge described reflects its era of publication.

Citation

Pharmacology of hirudin: one hundred years after the first report of the anticoagulant agent in medicinal leeches.

Markwardt F et al. · Biomed Biochim Acta, 1985

Added to ASH library: May 27, 2026 · Site last updated: June 18, 2026

This website provides educational information and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Medicinal leech therapy carries clinically meaningful risks and should be performed only by qualified clinicians under institutionally approved protocols. FDA 510(k) clearance for medicinal leeches is limited to specific indications; investigational and off-label discussions are labeled accordingly. For patient-specific guidance, consult a qualified healthcare provider.