Lower Extremity Reconstruction with Anterolateral Thigh Free-Flap Anastomoses: A Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis

BACKGROUND:  The anterolateral thigh free flap is an option for repairing soft tissue defects of the distal lower extremity. This flap uses the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral (LCF) artery as the flap vessel. The recipient vessel in these flaps is often the anterior tibial (AT), posterior tibial (PT), or peroneal (P) arteries. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) evaluation of anastomoses between these vessels can optimize outcomes. METHODS:  Thirty-eight CFD models were created to model end-to-side (ETS) and end-to-end (ETE) anastomoses for lower extremity reconstruction. Seven out of thirty-eight models represented ETS anastomoses between the LCF and AT arteries with varying anastomotic angles. Nine out of thirty-eight models represented 45-degree ETS anastomoses between varying diameters of the LCF and AT, PT, and P arteries. Nine out of thirty-eight models represented stenosis on the flap vessel and recipient vessel, pre- and post-bifurcation. Nine out of thirty-eight models represented ETE anastomoses, rather than ETS, with varying vessel diameters. Four out of thirty-eight models represented ETE anastomoses with varying regions and levels of stenosis. RESULTS:  Stasis of blood flow in ETS models increased as anastomotic angle increased in a logarithmic relationship (R 2 = 0.918). Flow was optimized overall as flap and recipient vessel diameters approached one another. In ETS models, flap vessel and postbifurcation recipient vessel stenosis were found to substantially increase stasis. CONCLUSION:  Selection of flap and recipient vessels with similar diameters can optimize outcomes in microvascular anastomoses. In the context of lower extremity reconstruction with the ALT flap, the PT artery can be recommended as a first-line recipient vessel due to its similar vessel caliber to the LCF and relative ease of surgical access compared with the P artery. Avoidance of areas of stenosis is recommended to ensure laminar flow and reduce the operative difficulty associated with performing anastomoses on nonpliable arteries. Striving for increased acuity of anastomotic angles is recommended to optimize the flow in ETS microvascular anastomoses.

Abstract sourced from PubMed (NCBI) for the cited record. See the original publication for the authoritative version.

The anterolateral thigh free flap is an option for repairing soft tissue defects of the distal lower extremity.

Explore how this research connects to clinical practice

More peer-reviewed studies in Drug Development.

• Novel Leech Antimicrobial Peptides — Hirunipins — Kumar et al. (2025)
• Medicinal Leech Genome Assembly — Anticoagulant Gene Catalog — Kvist et al. (2020)
• Effects of hirudotherapy on liver functions, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity in rats with metabolic syndrome — Bilden A et al. (2026)
• Hirudotherapy in Medicine and Dentistry — Jha K et al. (2015)
• Medicinal leech therapy (hirudotherapy): a brief overview — Singh A (2010)
• HIRUDOTHERAPY IN PRESBYACUZIS PRAECOX IN CLEAN-UP WORKERS AFTER THE CHORNOBYL ACCIDENT DURING THE POST-CATASTROPHE YEARS — Zabolotnyi D, Mishchanchuk N (2019)
• Investigation of oxidant-antioxidant status in patients treated with hirudotherapy: an experimental study — Sarikan I, Savas H (2024)
• Leech therapeutic applications — Abdualkader A et al. (2013)
• Non-Occlusive Mesenteric Ischemia Due to Hirudotherapy: A Case Report — Akalın Ç, Ekmen N (2020)
• Leech therapy: a history — Hyson J (2005)

Browse all ASH-analysed research →