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The most potent natural thrombin inhibitor — and the molecular template for three FDA-approved direct thrombin inhibitor drugs.

Anti-platelet adhesion protein that blocks von Willebrand factor–collagen binding.

Anti-platelet adhesion protein blocking collagen-mediated platelet activation.

Lysozyme with isopeptidase activity that dissolves stabilized fibrin clots — including aged thrombi resistant to tPA.

Factor Xa inhibitor — prototype molecule that inspired the entire DOAC drug class (rivaroxaban, apixaban).

RGD-containing peptide inhibiting platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor — eptifibatide ancestor.

RGD-peptide GP IIb/IIIa antagonist — sister molecule to decorsin from a different leech species.

Direct fibrinogenolytic enzyme — degrades fibrinogen independently of plasmin.

Factor Xa inhibitor with anti-inflammatory properties.

Hirudin variant from Hirudinaria manillensis with distinct kinetics.

Synthetic hirudin variant with improved oral pharmacokinetics — preclinical anticoagulant.

Inhibitor of TAFI (thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor) — synergizes with hirudin's anticoagulant action.

Direct fibrinogenolytic enzyme cleaving fibrinogen alpha-chain at unique sites — independent of plasmin.

Leech-derived inhibitor that potentiates host antithrombin III activity — synergistic anticoagulation.

Factor Xa inhibitor from Theromyzon tessulatum — Kunitz-domain analog with novel selectivity profile.

Picomolar-affinity thrombin inhibitor from Indian buffalo leech — distinct mechanism from hirudin.

Factor XIIIa inhibitor — blocks fibrin cross-linking; novel mechanism distinct from hirudin.

Isopeptidase domain of destabilase that cleaves cross-linked fibrin — distinct from lysozyme domain.

Trypsin and Factor Xa inhibitor with broad-spectrum serine protease activity.

Isoform of saratin — collagen-binding anti-platelet protein from Hirudo medicinalis.

Fibrinogenolytic / anti-platelet protein homologous to hementin — disrupts platelet aggregation.

Isoform of LAPP — collagen-binding inhibitor of platelet adhesion.

Salivary protein blocking platelet adhesion to extracellular matrix components.

Non-hirudin thrombin inhibitor from the rhynchobdellid leech Theromyzon tessulatum — highest-affinity natural inhibitor identified in a non-Hirudo species.

Collagen-binding antiplatelet variant from the Hirudo medicinalis sialotranscriptome — paralog of saratin and saratin-2.

Small thrombin-inhibitor peptide identified in the Hirudo medicinalis salivary transcriptome — truncated hirudin-family analog.

Antiplatelet peptide identified in leech salivary transcriptome — inhibits platelet aggregation in vitro.

Paralog of gelin identified in the Hirudo medicinalis sialotranscriptome — putative antiplatelet variant.

Antiplatelet protein from Haementeria officinalis — vWF-A1 / collagen-binding inhibitor with reported antithrombotic activity in preclinical models.

Salivary protein family from Asian medicinal leeches Hirudo nipponia and Hirudo japonica — putative anticoagulant.

Paralog variant of destabilase identified in Hirudo medicinalis sialotranscriptome — isopeptidase/lysozyme bifunctional family member.

Secondary RGD-motif platelet-aggregation inhibitor reported from the leech salivary secretome — family member with decorsin / ornatin.

Novel cysteine-rich recombinant anticoagulant from Hirudo medicinalis saliva — strong anticoagulant activity in clotting assays; C-terminal motif governs membrane affinity.

RGD-motif platelet aggregation inhibitor from the African medicinal leech Asiaticobdella fenestrata — N-terminal RGD distinguishes it from decorsin / ornatin paralogs.

Second RGD-motif platelet aggregation inhibitor paralog from Asiaticobdella fenestrata — Schulz 2025 sialotranscriptome.

Putative hirudin-like factor with RGD motif from African medicinal leech — dual thrombin-inhibitor / integrin-binder mechanism unique to A. fenestrata.

Five-residue intestinally absorbable anticoagulant peptide from Whitmania pigra trypsin hydrolysate — Fang 2025 peptidomics + everted-gut-sac validation.

Bivalent exosite-II thrombin inhibitor from the Malayan land leech Haemadipsa interrupta — Müller 2024 transcriptome identification + recombinant functional characterization.

First oligomeric decorsin-class platelet aggregation inhibitor identified in a haemadipsid leech (Müller 2024) — weak inhibitor in functional assays.

Whitmania pigra destabilase ortholog (Huang 2026) — isopeptidase + clot-destabilizing activity; C-terminal IPATETTTEI deletion enhances isopeptidase activity.

Hirudinaria manillensis destabilase / i-type lysozyme (Gao 2025) — isopeptidase + lysozyme activity, salivary-gland-upregulated on blood feeding.

Tyrosine-sulfated, O-glycosylated hirudin variant from Hirudo medicinalis — Maxwell 2023 chemical-synthesis study reveals sulfation increases thrombin inhibition ~10-fold.

Monomeric + oligomeric decorsin paralogs identified in Asian medicinal leech H. tianjinensis (Kalatehjari 2026) — first recombinant characterization as platelet aggregation inhibitors.

Multi-domain hirudin superfamily proteins from H. tianjinensis (Kalatehjari 2026) — two-or-more central globular domains per molecule.

Salivary-gland hirudin variant from H. nipponia (Shi 2023) — recombinant Pichia pastoris expression with documented antithrombin activity (14,000 ATU/mL).

First documented hirudin / hirudin-like factor family in a non-hematophagous leech — Müller 2022 thrombin-inhibitory characterization of W. pigra salivary transcripts.

Non-classical Kazal-type protease inhibitor from Hirudinaria manillensis — prolongs aPTT without inhibiting trypsin, thrombin, FXa, FXIIa, or kallikrein (Cheng 2019).

Bivalent tandem-domain hirudin homolog from Hirudinaria manillensis — two globular domains without C-terminal tail; structurally distinct from kissing-bug / tick analogs (Lukas 2022).

Synthetic phosphotyrosine-63 hirudin analog with higher thrombin affinity than native sulfo-hirudin — Volkova 2023 steered-MD + in vitro plasma assay.

Novel Hirudo medicinalis salivary protein (28% identity to antistasin) with stronger aPTT inhibition than hirudin at equimolar concentration — Manuvera 2024.