Heroic medicine in neurology: A historical perspective
Historical analysis published in Eur J Neurol (2023)
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Repetitive bloodletting, promoting profuse diarrhoea and vomiting, the formation of artificial ulcers, and other aggressive treatment methods based on humoral theory and Brunonian medicine were used for patients with nervous system (NS) diseases until the end of the 19th century. These methods are also termed "heroic" medicine by modern medical historians. METHODS: I analysed doctoral dissertations on the subject of NS diseases, clinical reports from 1806 to 1842 from the Vilnius University clinics, and other primary sources. This study was conducted in the vein of a historical-medical analysis and synthesis of primary sources, using comparative analysis, analogy, descriptive methods, and the method of retrospective diagnosis. RESULTS: Copious bloodletting, purgatives, leeches, cupping therapy, and other potentially harmful methods were frequently employed as habitual treatments for patients with NS diseases. Calomel was used as a purgative and an anti-inflammatory drug, and acidum borussicum was prescribed for patients with hydrophobia. After analysing three clinical cases, I revealed how principles of desperate, "heroic" medicine were applied to treat severe NS diseases with the "strongest" drugs, described in the scientific literature of the time. CONCLUSIONS: My work was not intended to judge or criticize historical treatment methods but to demonstrate on what contemporary scientific theories they were based. We should not rule out the idea that some aggressive treatment methods used nowadays, although they eradicate or reduce the burden of a NS disease, or even prolong patients' lives, may offer exceptional examples of 21st century "heroic" medicine for future generations.
Abstract sourced from PubMed (NCBI) for the cited record. See the original publication for the authoritative version.
Resumen
Historical analysis of 'heroic medicine' for neurological diseases (1806-1842) including repetitive bloodletting, leeches, cupping therapy, and other humoral-theory-based methods at Vilnius University clinics.
Por qué esto importa para la hirudoterapia
This historical-medical analysis examined primary sources, such as 19th-century clinical reports and doctoral dissertations, to describe "heroic" medicine practices—including bloodletting, purgatives, and leeches—used for nervous system diseases. It highlights the historical application of leeches within the broader context of humoral theory and aggressive medical treatments of the 19th century. For the American Society of Hirudotherapy, this article provides historical context on how leeches were integrated into conventional medical practices for severe neurological conditions. However, the study is strictly historical and does not provide modern clinical evidence, efficacy data, or support for the contemporary use of leeches in neurology.
Citación
Heroic medicine in neurology: A historical perspective.
Sakalauskaite-Juodeikiene E · European journal of neurology, 2023
Contexto clínico relacionado
Explore cómo esta investigación se conecta con la práctica clínica
Añadido a la biblioteca ASH: May 27, 2026 · Última actualización del sitio: June 18, 2026