American Society of Hirudotherapy

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RCTs

33

Effect of taleeq (leech therapy) in dawali (varicose veins)

GRADE very low

Nigar Z, Alam MA (2011) · Ancient Science of Life

Cohort / case series

Efficacy of leech therapy in the management of osteoarthritis (Sandhivata)

GRADE very low

Rai PK, Singh AK, Singh OP, Rai NP, Dwivedi AK (2011) · Ayu

Cohort / case series

Medicinal leeches and the microsurgeon: a four-year study, clinical series and risk benefit review

GRADE low

Whitaker IS, Josty IC, Hawkins S, Azzopardi E, Naderi N, Graf J, Damaris L, Lineaweaver WC, Kon M (2011) · Microsurgery

Cohort / case series

Medicinal leeches for surgically uncorrectable venous congestion after free flap breast reconstruction

GRADE very low

Pannucci CJ, Nelson JA, Chung CU, Fischer JP, Kanchwala SK, Kovach SJ, Serletti JM, Wu LC (2014) · Microsurgery

Cohort / case series

Hirudotherapy for limb ischemia in the pediatric intensive care unit: a retrospective observational cohort

GRADE very low

Resch JC, Hedstrom R, Steiner ME, Said SM, Somani A (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics

Cohort / case series

Efficacy of Medicinal Leech Therapy in Diverse Clinical Applications: A Comprehensive Study from Azerbaijan

GRADE very low

Farzali S, Yaraliyeva S, Huseynov F, Manafov A, Saglam N (2025) · Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi

Cohort / case series

Clinical Efficacy of Leech Therapy (Ta'liq al-'Alaq) in Eczema (Nar Farsi): An Open-Label Single-Arm Clinical Study

GRADE very low

Ulla P BS, Aaisha B, Bokhari S, Zabiulla P, Alam MA, Nikhat S (2025) · Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine

Cohort / case series

Prophylactic versus reactive leech therapy for venous congestion after fingertip replantation: A retrospective comparative study and literature review

GRADE low

Kameda Y, Motomiya M, Watanabe N, Ota M, Iwasaki N (2025) · JPRAS Open

Cohort / case series

Standardized protocol for artery-only fingertip replantation

GRADE low

Buntic RF, Brooks D (2010) · The Journal of Hand Surgery

Cohort / case series

Hirudotherapy in Wound Healing

GRADE very low

Nair HKR, Ahmad NW, Lee HL, Ahmad N, Othamn S, Mokhtar NSHM, Chong SSY (2020) · The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds

Cohort / case series

Determining the appropriate number and duration of leech therapy in congested tissues using tissue spectrophotometry and laser Doppler flowmetry

GRADE low

Rothenberger J, Petersen W, Schaller HE, Held M (2016) · Wound Repair and Regeneration

Cohort / case series

Infections Associated with Treatment with Hirudo medicinalis - Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

GRADE very low

Reese K, Gümbel D, Seifert J, Daeschlein G, Napp M, Ekkernkamp A (2015) · Handchirurgie, Mikrochirurgie, plastische Chirurgie

Cohort / case series

Analgesic effect of medicinal leeches in chronic diseases

GRADE very low

Aminov R (2025) · Annals of Parasitology

Cohort / case series

The role of leech water sampling in choice of prophylactic antibiotics in medical leech therapy

GRADE very low

Wilmer A, Slater K, Yip J, Carr N, Grant J (2013) · Microsurgery

Cohort / case series

Antimicrobial prophylaxis during Hirudo medicinalis therapy: a multicenter study

GRADE low

Kruer RM, Barton CA, Roberti G, Gilbert B, McMillian WD (2014) · Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery

Cohort / case series

Management of complications and compromised free flaps following major head and neck surgery

GRADE low

Kucur C, Durmus K, Uysal IO, Old M, Agrawal A, Arshad H, Teknos TN, Ozer E (2015) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology

Cohort / case series

Experience with pharmacologic leeching with bivalirudin for adjunct treatment of venous congestion of head and neck reconstructive flaps

GRADE very low

Harun A, Kruer RM, Lee A, Boahene K, Byrne PJ, Richmon JD (2018) · Microsurgery

Cohort / case series

The Use of Medicinal Leeches for the Treatment of Venous Congestion in Replanted or Revascularized Digits

GRADE low

Arami A, Gurevitz S, Palti R, Menachem S, Berelowitz M, Yaffe B (2018) · Journal of Hand Surgery (American Volume)

Cohort / case series

Leech Therapy in the Head and Neck

GRADE very low

Moen G, Dillon J (2025) · Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Cohort / case series

Analysis of antibiotic resistant infections associated with hirudotherapy

GRADE low

Brauer PR, Saadah M, Fritz MA, Wu SS, Lamarre ED (2024) · American Journal of Otolaryngology

Cohort / case series

Effect of Perioperative Antithrombotics on Head and Neck Microvascular Free Flap Survival After Anastomotic Revision

GRADE low

Bishop JL, Vasudev M, Garcia N, Heslop G, Pham TT, Hicks MD, Chowdhury F, Grayson JW, Goddard JA, Tjoa T, Haidar Y, Thomas CM (2023) · Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery (American Academy of Otolaryngology)

Cohort / case series

Efficacy of Bivalirudin for Therapeutic Anticoagulation in COVID-19 Patients Requiring ECMO Support

GRADE low

Trigonis R, Smith N, Porter S, Anderson E, Jennings M, Kapoor R, Hage C, Moiz S, Garcia J, Rahman O (2021) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Cohort / case series

Bivalirudin or heparin for systemic anticoagulation during pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Multicenter retrospective study

GRADE low

Hamzah M, Seelhammer TG, Beshish AG, Byrnes J, Yabrodi M, Szadkowski A, Lutfi R, Andrijasevic N, Hock K, Worley S, Macrae DJ (2023) · Thrombosis Research

Cohort / case series

Bivalirudin Monitoring in Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Analysis of Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Data 2018-2022

GRADE low

Engel ER, Perry T, Block M, Palumbo JS, Lorts A, Luchtman-Jones L (2024) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine

Cohort / case series

Impact of inflammation and steroids on anti-coagulation in children supported on a ventricular assist device

GRADE very low

Brandewie K, Lorts A, Luchtman-Jones L, Gao Z, Geer B, Villa C, Perry T (2024) · Journal of Artificial Organs

Cohort / case series

Improved outcomes with pulsatile paracorporeal ventricular assist device support in children: A single-center experience

GRADE low

Iaprintsev V, Fricke TA, Buratto E, Zubritskiy A, Perrier S, Eastaugh L, Barnes C, Sheridan B, Naimo PS, Brizard CP, Mathew J, Konstantinov IE (2025) · JTCVS Open

Cohort / case series

Comparison of two pediatric cases requiring the use of bivalirudin during cardiopulmonary bypass

GRADE very low

Bryant ME, Regan WL, Fynn-Thompson F, Hoganson D, Nasr VG, Zaleski K, Faella K, Matte GS (2018) · Perfusion

Cohort / case series

Catheter-Directed Bivalirudin for Local Anticoagulation and Clot Dissolution in Children Requiring Mechanical Circulatory Support

GRADE very low

Chaudhry-Waterman N, Schardt TQ, Soderstrom RM, Warren BB, Buckvold S, Morgan G, Kim JS (2025) · ASAIO Journal

Cohort / case series

Unani treatment and leech therapy saved the diabetic foot of a patient from amputation

GRADE very low

Zaidi SM (2014) · International Wound Journal

Cohort / case series

Reconstruction of the soft tissue defects of foot and ankle with neural-island flaps: mono-institutional case series

GRADE very low

Sonmez E, Safak T (2011) · Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery

Cohort / case series

Successful Microsurgical Replantation of Amputated Penis: A Case Report and Review of Literature

GRADE very low

Akhoondinasab MR, Farahmand HR, Zahedi A, Saraee A (2023) · World Journal of Plastic Surgery

Cohort / case series

Anterior approach to posterior auricular artery in microvascular anastomosis - a new concept in replanting amputated ears - experience from four successful cases and literature review

GRADE very low

Hong Ha N, Thanh Huyen TT (2025) · Acta Chirurgiae Plasticae

Cohort / case series

Reverse posterior interosseous flap for defects of the dorsal ulnar wrist using previously burned and recently grafted skin

GRADE very low

Baylan JM, Chambers JA, McMullin N, Fletcher JL, Sinha I, Lundy J, King BT, Chan RK (2015) · Burns

Cohort / case series

This website provides educational information and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations. Medicinal leech therapy carries clinically meaningful risks and should be performed only by qualified clinicians under institutionally approved protocols. FDA 510(k) clearance for medicinal leeches is limited to specific indications; investigational and off-label discussions are labeled accordingly. For patient-specific guidance, consult a qualified healthcare provider.

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