Clinical Evidence
Evidence-first framing with explicit separation of FDA-cleared vs investigational/off-label contexts.
What Is Hirudotherapy →
Definition, mechanisms, and U.S. device-centered regulatory framing.
Clinical Applications →
FDA-cleared clinical use vs investigational/off-label areas, with risk disclosure always adjacent.
Condition-Specific Evidence
Osteoarthritis
Pain reduction and functional improvement in knee osteoarthritis.
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Venous stasis, edema, and vascular complications.
Hypertension
Blood pressure management and cardiovascular outcomes.
Dermatological Applications
Skin flap salvage, graft survival, and wound healing.
Pain Syndromes
Chronic pain management across various conditions.
Post-Thrombotic Syndrome
Management of venous complications following deep vein thrombosis.
Wound Healing
Accelerated healing in chronic and complex wounds.
Medical advice disclaimer
Essential Resources
Safety Protocols
Patient selection, infection control, bleeding management, and institutional implementation.
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Clinical Applications
Tier-organized applications from FDA-cleared to investigational uses.
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Research & Regulation
FDA framework, clinical research landscape, and evidence priorities.
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